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Autor	Marta Domagalska-Grędys
Tytuł	EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION AND EDUCATION IN COOPERATION BETWEEN AGRICULTURAL HOLDINGS MAINTAINING CONSERVATIVE BREED ANIMALS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	cooperation goals, knowledge exchange and education, livestock conservative breeds, principal component analysis (PCA)
Key words
Abstrakt	The development by means of cooperation, an exchange of knowledge and education is of crucial importance in the contemporary knowledge-based economy. The goal of the study was to determine important goals in cooperation with regard to the scope of knowledge and education of agricultural holdings maintaining conservative breed animals in the region of fragmented agriculture (South-Eastern Poland). The studied entities contribute to an increased biodiversity and maintenance of small agricultural holdings. The conditions of cooperation basing on an exchange of knowledge and education are laid down based on the results of a questionnaire study conducted among 145 agricultural holdings and principal component analyses (PCA). The evaluation of the exchange of knowledge and education varied within the industry. The highest degree of approval for the exchange of knowledge and education was among breeders of pigs and cows, the lowest among sheep breeders. It was demonstrated that participation in fairs and trainings improved the evaluation of analysed cooperation.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Domagalska-Grędys M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s81.pdf

Autor	Ryszard Kata
Tytuł	AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY IN POLAND IN THE CONTEXT OF STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE SECTOR IN 2002–2016
Title
Słowa kluczowe	agriculture, production factors, productivity of land and labour
Key words
Abstrakt	This paper attempts to analyse the changes in labour and land productivity in agriculture in Poland resulting from changes to the production structures in this sector, particularly changes in the relationships between production factors, i.e. land, labour and capital. The analysis covered the years 2002–2016. It was found that this period saw important changes in agriculture expressed in the concentration of agrarian structure and the progressive substitution of land and labour by capital, which was reflected in the increase of work technical equipment and the rate of technical progress. There was also a progressive outflow of some of the labour resources from agriculture. A positive correlation between the productivity of land and labour and the said structural changes in agriculture was found.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kata R.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s109.pdf

Autor	Maria Zuba-Ciszewska
Tytuł	STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE DAIRY INDUSTRY AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE EFFICIENCY OF DAIRIES – A POLISH EXAMPLE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	dairy industry, efficiency, changes, milk market
Key words
Abstrakt	The purpose of this paper was to determine structural changes in Poland’s dairy industry and assess their impact on the efficiency of dairies. It was not until the mid-nineties that the process of concentrating milk processing and the rationalization of its production began in the country. Technical and economical work efficiency have improved. By also taking the dynamic increase in sales profitability into account, one can draw some positive conclusions about the intensive management seen within the dairy sector. Dairies should not only improve their position on the domestic and foreign markets, but also strengthen vertical integration with milk producers.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Zuba-Ciszewska M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s116.pdf

Autor	Aleksandra Matuszewska-Janica
Tytuł	WOMEN’S LABOUR MARKET ACTIVITY IN THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR IN POLAND AND EUROPEAN UNION IN 2016
Title
Słowa kluczowe	labour market, female employment, cluster analysis, k-mean method
Key words
Abstrakt	The European authorities pay particular attention to agriculture and employees in this sector. Women represent more than 33% of this group in the European Union. A significant number of actions are targeted at women from rural areas, having regard to the mentioned issues and specific situation of women in the labour market. Therefore, it requires in-depth analyses. The main aim of the presented study is to assess the diversity of the situation of women working in agriculture across the EU. The quantitative analysis allows to indicate similarities and differences among EU states in the current structure of women’s employment in this sector. In the analysis, the k-mean method is applied with the Labour Force Survey data from the year 2016. The study refers to 28 EU states and a group of women aged 20–64. The obtained results indicated that we have a large proportion of self-employees in agriculture. However, we observe a larger percentage of those who create jobs for others states that are better economically developed. This analysis confirms the findings that the Polish structure of female employment is closer to those in the Mediterranean countries. Poland is assigned to one cluster with Greece. This group is distinguished by several factors. Firstly, it contains a high proportion of people employed in agriculture with a relatively small share of part-timers. Secondly, it is a very high rate of self-employed with a very low proportion of those who create jobs for others.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Matuszewska-Janica A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s124.pdf

Autor	Andrzej Hornowski, Pavel Kotyza, Karolina Pawlak, Luboš Smutka
Tytuł	CZECH AND POLISH SUGAR INDUSTRY – CONCENTRATION OF SUGAR PRODUCTION
Title
Słowa kluczowe	Czech Republic, Poland, sugar, industry, markets, production, concentration, Herfindahl-Hirschman index
Key words
Abstrakt	The sugar industry, as one of the most regulated food industries in the EU, has been given great challenge due to the sugar quota elimination in 2017. Both in the Czech Republic and Poland, sugar industry underwent significant transformation over last 20 years and mainly after the EU accession. Due to EU’s 2006 sugar reform led to significant reduction in number of production facilities. In both countries, we observed improved production of sugar beet driven equally by intensification and extensification in Poland and by extensification forces in the Czech Republic. Reduction in number of refineries also decreased number of competitors which led to market concentration. Conducted Herfindahl-Hirschman analyses proved, that Polish market face lower level of concentration in comparison to Czech market, which is dominated mainly by Tereos TTD and Moravskoslezke curkovary. Even though Krajowa Spółka Cukrowa also dominate the Polish market, other producers also take advantage of their position. KSC is under the increasing competition of German sugar producers (Südzucker Polska; Pfeifer&Langen; Nordzucker Polska).
Abstract
Cytowanie	Hornowski A., Kotyza P., Pawlak K., Smutka L.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s136.pdf

Autor	Martyn Mieczkowski, Marzena Trajer
Tytuł	TRENDS IN POULTRY CONSUMPTION AFTER POLAND’S ACCESSION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION
Title
Słowa kluczowe	poultry consumption, poultry, production, foreign sales
Key words
Abstrakt	The poultry industry is one of the most rapidly developing sectors of the national agriculture, and Poland is the largest poultry producer in the European Union. Since Poland’s accession to the European Union, the two main factors determining the development of the poultry industry in Poland have been export demand and the growing domestic consumption. The aim of this article was to analyse the changes in the balance sheet of poultry consumption in Poland in the context of conditions of the poultry market and to analyse the impact of changes in red meat consumption on changes in the dynamics of poultry consumption.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Mieczkowski M., Trajer M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s154.pdf

Autor	Monika Wojcieszak
Tytuł	WELFARE FARMS IN POLAND AS AN EXAMPLE OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES IN RURAL AREAS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	welfare farms, rural areas, agri-tourism
Key words
Abstrakt	The purpose of the paper was to present the importance of welfare farms in Poland as a social element of mutual relations, connections and co-operation in local and regional development. The concept of welfare farms is characterised in the study and the main idea of their formation is presented. Examples of welfare farms in Poland as part of the first pilot project known as ‘Zielona opieka – gospodarstwa opiekuńcze w woj. kujawsko-pomorskim’ (Green care: welfare farms in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie voivodeship) have also been presented. It was also pointed out that social farming plays an increasingly important role in the contemporary development of rural areas. The paper was compiled using the desk research method and a classical analysis of documents was used. The choice of methods was determined by the availability of source materials, some of which were of primary or secondary nature (social farming literature, reports and public statistic documents). This paper also pointed to the fact that welfare farms are increasingly becoming a popular form of social service in rural areas. It also testifies to the entrepreneurship of farmers, because they offer not only accommodation and catering, but also care on their farms.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Wojcieszak M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s161.pdf

Autor	Karolina Kossowska, Sylwester Kozak
Tytuł	CHANGES IN THE LEVEL OF TECHNICAL AND SCALE EFFICIENCY OF THE FOOD SECTOR ENTERPRISES IN POLAND IN THE YEARS 2006–2016
Title
Słowa kluczowe	technical efficiency, DEA method, food sector
Key words
Abstrakt	This article empirically analyses evaluation of efficiency of Polish food producers. Technical and scale efficiency indices are measured using the non-parametric DEA method. The study is based on the annual financial reports of 51 sugar and confectionery producers operating in 2006–2016. The research revealed that technical efficiency of enterprises ranged from 82 to 93%, with the highest levels in periods of considerable increasing macroeconomic conditions in periods of 2006–2007 and 2013–2016. Most of companies characterised with the high efficiency and increasing return to scale. Throughout the entire period companies characterized with high scale efficiency at the interval of 87–93%.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kossowska K., Kozak S.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s174.pdf

Autor	Mariusz Maciejczak, Kiryll Zahkarov
Tytuł	DELIVERING CONSUMER VALUES BY CONSUMER FOOD COOPERATIVES – A CASE OF TWO TYPES OF COOPS FROM POLAND
Title
Słowa kluczowe	consumer food cooperative, utilitarian values, hedonic values, environmental values, participatory cooperative, supermarket cooperative, Poland
Key words
Abstrakt	Consumer choice of a particular type of retail outlet greatly depends on the consumer values that the outlet provides. The aim of this research was to address specific consumer values created by consumer food cooperatives in general, and in addition to examine the difference in the consumer values provided by two major types of such coops in Poland. It is argued that consumer food cooperatives provide customers with unique blend of values, different from those of consumer cooperatives in general due to their close bond with agriculture and environment. Such coops could deliver their customers not only economic or hedonic values but also an additional environmental ones. The environmental values are prevailing in participatory type of coop, while the supermarket type can deliver better the economic values.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Maciejczak M., Zahkarov K.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s180.pdf

Autor	Joanna Baran
Tytuł	REASONS FOR INTERNATIONALIZATION OF POLISH FOOD INDUSTRY COMPANIES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	internationalization, food industry, companies
Key words
Abstrakt	The primary aim of this article is to identify the reasons for internationalization of Polish food industry companies. As a part of empirical studies, we carried out interviews with managers at 52 of food industry companies. Poland’s accession to the EU, the managers’ experience gained on foreign markets and geographical proximity of foreign markets were the main determinants of internationalization for the respondents. For food industry companies, EU markets are the most attractive while export activities constitute the most common form of internationalization.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Baran J.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s203.pdf

Autor	Malgorzata Just
Tytuł	TRANSFER OF EXTREME RISK BETWEEN SELECTED EU WHEAT MARKETS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	spillover effect, Granger causality in risk, value at risk, wheat prices
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of this study was to analyse the transfer of extreme price risk between selected EU milling wheat markets in the years 2005–2015. Extreme price risk (value at risk) was estimated using the ARMA-GARCH- -EVT models. In turn, the risk transfer phenomenon was identified using the Granger causality in risk test according to Cheung and Ng, the Granger test in relation to logarithmic price increments exceeding values at risk and the quotient of these increments and values at risk. Results of these tests indicate the effect of extreme price risk transfer on the EU milling wheat markets in the years 2005–2015. The market from which the risk was most frequently transferred was the wheat market in France, while the wheat markets in Poland and in Germany were those, onto which the risk was most frequently transferred.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Just M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s216.pdf

Autor	Karolina Pawlak
Tytuł	COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES OF THE POLISH AGRI-FOOD SECTOR ON THE US MARKET
Title
Słowa kluczowe	comparative advantage, agri-food products, export, import, Poland, USA
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of this paper is to identify the level and changes in comparative advantages of the Polish agri-food sector on the US market in 2004–2017. The following indicators were used in the comparative advantage analysis: Balassa’s Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Vollrath’s Revealed Competitiveness (RC), the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) and the Lafay’s Trade Balance Index (TBI). A product mapping scheme based on the level of comparative advantage (RSCA) and export specialisation (TBI) was made. This study was supplemented with the analysis of values for the trade balance and shares of individual groups of products in the structure of Poland’s exports to the US. The analyses showed that, in the years 2004–2017, Poland attained high comparative advantages in trade with these assortment groups, which were characterised by the relatively highest shares in the structure of exports to the US, as well as generated a high and frequently improving positive trade balance.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Pawlak K.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s223.pdf

Autor	Dariusz Czakowski, Andrzej Czyżewski
Tytuł	THE MARKETS OF POTATOES AND SUGAR BEETS IN POLAND BEFORE AND AFTER ACCESSION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION. AN ATTEMPT TO COMPARE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	root crop market, sugar market, potato market, European integration
Key words
Abstrakt	The article attempts to identify the dynamics and direction of the root plant market development in Poland in the period before and after accession to the European Union by defining resource-efficiency relations related to the cultivation of potatoes and sugar beet. The research was carried out in the years 1994–2016. Based on them, it turned out that despite the progressive process of concentration and specialization of production on the market of root crops in Poland, income efficiency (without subsidies), especially in the case of sugar beets, decreased significantly. In addition, the area of cultivation of both potatoes and sugar beet was systematically decreasing, which was partially compensated by the improvement in crops. As a result of these adjustments, sugar beet harvests were at a similar level throughout the entire period considered, while potato production decreased.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Czakowski D., Czyżewski A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s231.pdf

Autor	Funda Gencler, Altay Gul, Berna Turkekul
Tytuł	ARE POLAND AND TURKEY RIVALS IN THE EU AGRICULTURAL MARKET?
Title
Słowa kluczowe	Poland, Turkey, competitiveness
Key words
Abstrakt	Poland and Turkey are one of the largest global producers and particularly exporters of fruits. The export is of great importance to domestic producers of these fruits. This paper attempts to assess Polish and Turkish fruit sectors’ competitiveness. For competitive comparison of Poland and Turkey, balance of foreign trade, trade coverage index, share in export and import, specialisation index, relative revealed comparative export advantage index, relative import penetration index, relative trade advantage index were calculated. According to the results, Turkey has shown to have comparative advantage for all periods. In contrast, however, Poland seems to be losing its advantages. Although Poland’s competitiveness is diminishing, Poland enjoys free access to EU market.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Gencler F., Gul A., Turkekul B.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s238.pdf

Autor	Katarzyna Bentkowska
Tytuł	THE ROLE OF SOCIAL CAPITAL AND TRUST IN CONTRACTING
Title
Słowa kluczowe	informal institutions, social capital, incomplete contracts
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of the study is to analyse how the social capital in Poland affects contracting. It’s role is significant as the contracts concluded on the market are incomplete, i.e. they do not regulate all the issues explicitly. The effects of contractual incompleteness can be mitigated by the high level of trust and well-developed social capital. However, the research results show that the level of trust in Poland has been low for years and that social capital remains underdeveloped. It prevents the social capital to fulfil its role as a factor supporting the conclusion of contracts properly. This results in a real loss for enterprises, as part of the transactions is not conducted.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Bentkowska K.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s267.pdf

Autor	Tsvihun Inna
Tytuł	SOCIAL-DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL TERRITORIES OF POLAND AND UKRAINE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	rural areas, depopulation, birth rate, mortality, population structure, aging
Key words
Abstrakt	Rural areas are an important component of the national economy and perform the following functions: efficient and competitive production; rational saving and protection of natural resources; assistance to rural population expanded reproduction; insurance of employment, proper level and quality of life as well as the revival of historical and the formation of new cultural traditions. The aim of the study is to assess the sociodemographic development of rural areas of the Ukraine and Poland and to identify common and distinctive features of their development. In order to assess the level of rural area development, the following indicators were used: rural population size and structure, fertility, mortality and expected life expectancy of the rural population. The aim of the study is to assess trends in the development of demographic processes and to develop proposals for the sustainable development of Ukrainian rural areas, taking into account the experience of Poland.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Inna T.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s294.pdf

Autor	Aneta Becker, Jarosław Becker
Tytuł	REGIONAL DIFFERENTIATION OF POLAND IN TERMS OF THE DEGREE OF DIGITAL EXCLUSION OF HOUSEHOLDS IN 2017
Title
Słowa kluczowe	ICT, digital divide, households, ELECTRE TRI
Key words
Abstrakt	Nowadays, the digital economy plays a significant role in economic life. It is determined by the intensive development of modern ICT (Information and Communication Technology). Thus, the importance of the information society using techniques of information communication and processing that arose from the connection of other households is increasing. These households participate and form the basis for the process of creating social capital. Therefore, it seems interesting to examine the socio-economic space of Polish households due to the existence of disproportions in ICT development. The article presents the results of the classification of Polish voivodeships in terms of the degree of digital exclusion understood as lack of access or the ability to use ICT in households in 2017. The research used the ELECTRE TRI method, which is an example of a multicriteria decision support method used to classify decision variants based on a relationship of exceedance. The obtained results allowed for the identification of regions that are characterized by the highest degree of exclusion of digital households (the lowest use of ICT). This group includes the following provinces: Podlasie, Lublin and Lubusz. Into the analyses carried out additionally and deliberately introduced the region of Masovia Province without the capital city and separately the region of Warsaw (the capital city), which clearly different from other units. Thus, it served as a reference point in the study, which represents highly urbanized areas of voivodeships characterized by a low degree of digital exclusion.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Becker A., Becker J.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s306.pdf

Autor	Bogdan Klepacki
Tytuł	THE ROLE OF LOGISTIC FOR POLISH ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT
Title
Słowa kluczowe	logistics, transport infrastructure, storage, Logistic Performance Index (LPI)
Key words
Abstrakt	One of the most important sectors currently determining the economic situation of countries, regions, including rural areas and enterprises is logistics. The study presents the directions of the impact of logistics on the economy and changes in equipping Poland with more important elements of the logistics infrastructure, namely transport and storage infrastructure. The place of the logistics sector in the national economy was presented, measured by the share of transport, storage, information and communication, against the background of industry, trade and construction, in the creation of the Net Domestic Product. The logistic competitive position of Poland against the background of neighbouring countries was also determined. It was found that it is high, and logistics can be an important factor in the development of the country. The development of logistics at the Faculty of Economic Sciences at SGGW was also presented.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Klepacki B.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s353.pdf

Autor	Justyna Kaźmierczak, Artur Łabuz
Tytuł	MULTI-LEVEL MARKETING. FEATURES AND CONTROVERSY
Title
Słowa kluczowe	marketing, network of connections, commission system, business model.
Key words
Abstrakt	Multi-Level Marketing is a kind of novelty in the business reality. The greatest popularity gained in Western countries, where it functions as a kind of hybrid method in distribution of the goods with the design of the sales network. It is one of the most secure business models. In Poland the awareness of this type of activity is still small and remains a wide spectrum of scientific research. This situation has led to the creation of this article. The aim of the publication is to highlight the problems of Multi-Level Marketing, an indication of the essence of this phenomenon, and show how far is different than traditional marketing. The article presents the system of functioning of this kind of business, how it works a system of charging commissions and indicated a practical example of this system. Considerations based on literature studies and case studies.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kaźmierczak J., Łabuz A.
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Pełny tekst	AMME_2018_n1_s25.pdf

Autor	Oleksii Lyulyov
Tytuł	MACROECONOMIC STABILITY AND SOCIAL PROGRESS IN THE EU MEMBER STATES AND UKRAINE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	economic growth, unemployment, macroeconomic stability, social factors, European Union, Ukraine.
Key words
Abstrakt	The main purpose of the study is the role and influence of social factors on macroeconomic stability. The research is based on the hypothesis that countries with greater macroeconomic stability achieve greater social progress. The integrated index of human capital is proposed as a target for the construction of an appropriate system for monitoring social progress, and in the future – identifying the impact on macroeconomic stability. The main stages of estimating the integral index of human capital are: identification of relevant indicators that will form each of the sub-indices; filtering the selected indicators in the previous stage based on the analysis of the correlation matrix of each of the subindices; normalization of indicators in each of the subindices, calculation of the integral index for each of the subindices, calculation of the final integral index of human capital. The calculations of the integrated capital human capital index for some of the EU countries (Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Croatia, Romania) and Ukraine for the period 2000–2015 allowed us to conclude that Romania and Ukraine were on a marginal level of social progress, while Lithuania, Poland and Croatia in the range of moderate level. The use of the OLS (the least squares) method to determine the significance of changes in social progress to macroeconomic stability has revealed a positive and statistically significant impact of social progress on macroeconomic stability.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Lyulyov O.
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Pełny tekst	AMME_2018_n1_s53.pdf