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Autor	Daniel Błażejczyk, Anna Milewska
Tytuł	Program „Rodzina 500+” szansą na rozwiązanie problemów polityki rodzinnej i demograficznej
Title	POLAND’S “FAMILY 500+” PROGRAM AS AN OPPORTUNITY TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS OF FAMILY AND DEMOGRAPHIC POLICY
Słowa kluczowe	„Program 500+”, finanse, efektywność, dzietność
Key words	“Family 500+” programme, finance, effectiveness, fertility
Abstrakt	Głównym celem artykułu było zbadanie efektów wprowadzenia programu „Rodzina 500+” w kontekście społeczno-ekonomicznym. Autorzy preferowali podejście interdyscyplinarne w badaniu konsekwencji programu. W tym celu szczególną uwagę poświęcono na weryfikację i analizę założeń, jakie stawiał sobie pomysłodawca programu. Głównym zakresem badań była dzietność, której poprawa jest kluczowym celem programu. Zestawienie tych założeń z danymi statystycznymi dało odpowiedź na pytanie, czy program jest skuteczny i spełnia swoją rolę. Do zbadania efektów programu wykorzystano dane z lat 2015-2019.Ważnym aspektem była także weryfikacja efektywności w aspekcie ekonomicznym i społecznym. Istotnym zamiarem było także przybliżenie historii programu „Rodzina 500+”, jego założeń, finansowania i zakładanej zmiany w podejściu do polityki prodemograficznej w Polsce.
Abstract	The goal of this article was to identify and characterize the socio-economic effects of theintroduction of the “Family 500+” program in Poland. The research part focused on checking theimplementation of the assumptions, which were placed on the introduction of the "Family 500+"program. The main focus of the study was fertility, the improvement of which is a key goal of theprogram.The research methods used in the article were: data analysis method - data on the number ofbirths of children in Poland, the fertility rate as well as the method of synthesis, inference andinterpretation were analyzed. On the basis of the data analysis, conclusions were drawn and theirnature explained. This was done in order to reflect on the effectiveness of public spending on the"Family 500+" program.To achieve the intended objective, research and analysis were carried out using selectedindicators and statistical data. Their results allowed to verify the effectiveness of public fundsspent on the indicated program.
Cytowanie	Błażejczyk D., Milewska A. (2022) Program „Rodzina 500+” szansą na rozwiązanie problemów polityki rodzinnej i demograficznej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 27(76): 58-67
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2022_n76_s58.pdf

Autor	Marian Podstawka
Tytuł	Inflacja a koszty produkcji wybranych produktów rolniczych w 2022 roku
Title	INFLATION AND PRODUCTION COSTS OF SELECTED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN POLAND IN 2022
Słowa kluczowe	produkcja rolna, inflacja, cena, prognoza
Key words	agricultural production, inflation, price, forecast
Abstrakt	Celem opracowania było przedstawienie działań podejmowanych, w ostatnich latach, przez państwowe władze publiczne wpływających na inflację w Polsce. Na tym tle dokonano oceny wzrostu cen na rolnicze kupowane środki produkcji, które skorelowano ze strukturą kosztów i na tej podstawie oszacowany został wzrost kosztów produkcji podstawowych produktów rolniczych w 2022 roku. Następnie ten prognozowany wzrost kosztów produkcji odniesiono do szacowanych przychodów. Pozwoliło to ustalić ich wzrost, który umożliwiałby utrzymanie dotychczasowego poziomu dochodów rolniczych. Działania ratunkowe rządu wywołane przez COVID-19 miały trzy główne źródła finansowania:• wydatki budżetu państwa i budżetu środków europejskich – 23,2 mld zł,• Fundusz Przeciwdziałania COVID-19 – 92,7 mld zł,• tarcze finansowe Polskiego Funduszu Rozwoju – 63,5 mld zł,O ile działania interwencyjne rządu, w warunkach kryzysu, należy ocenić pozytywnie, to ich sposoby realizacji krytycznie. Wsparcie finansowe w ramach tarcz otrzymały firmy, które wykazywały spadek obrotów spowodowany pandemią koronawirusa. W efekcie wspierano te firmy, które być może celowo tworzyły warunki do otrzymania wsparcia. Firmy dobrze prosperujące w warunkach COVID-19 takiego wsparcia były natomiast pozbawione.We wszystkich analizowanych rodzajach działalności produkcji rolniczej roślinnej w 2022 roku nastąpi wzrost kosztów ich wytwarzania o około 50-60% Wyjątkiem będzie produkcja żyta, gdzie wzrost kosztów będzie jeszcze wyższy.
Abstract	The aim of the paper is to present measures taken in recent years by state public authoritiesthat affect inflation in Poland. An assessment was made of the growth in prices for purchasedagricultural inputs, which was correlated with cost structures, and on this basis an increase in theproduction costs of basic agricultural products in 2022 was estimated. This projected increase inproduction costs was then related to estimated income. This made it possible to determine theirgrowth, which would allow the current level of agricultural income to be maintained. Thegovernment rescue measures triggered by COVID-19 had three main sources of funding:expenditure of the state budget and the budget of European funds - PLN 23.2 billion, COVID-19Counteracting Fund - PLN 92.7 billion, and financial shields of the Polish Development Fund -PLN 63.5 billion,While the government's intervention activities, under the conditions of the crisis, should beassessed positively, their methods of implementation should be assessed critically. Financialsupport under the shields was given to companies that showed a decline in turnover caused by thecoronavirus pandemic. As a result, those companies that may have deliberately created theconditions to receive support were supported. In all analyzed types of agricultural crop productionactivities in 2022, there will be an increase in the cost of their production by about 50-60%. Theexception will be the production of rye, where the cost increase will be even higher.
Cytowanie	Podstawka M. (2022) Inflacja a koszty produkcji wybranych produktów rolniczych w 2022 roku.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 27(76): 89-98
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2022_n76_s89.pdf

Autor	Aleksandra Kłosowska, Mateusz Śliwa
Tytuł	Zmiana poziomu kredytowania przedsiębiorstw w Polsce w okresie pandemii COVID-19
Title	CHANGE IN THE LEVEL OF CORPORATE LENDING IN POLAND DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Słowa kluczowe	przedsiębiorstwo, kredytowanie, interwencjonizm państwowy, COVID-19, kryzys, finanse przedsiębiorstw.
Key words	enterprise, lending, COVID-19, state interventionism, corporate finances, crisis
Abstrakt	Tematem przewodnim niniejszego opracowania jest ocena wpływu pandemii COVID-19 na kredytowanie przedsiębiorstw. Głównym celem artykułu jest analiza zmian jakościowych i ilościowych poziomu kredytowania przedsiębiorstw w Polsce. Autorzy skupiają się z jednej strony na możliwościach zaciągnięcia zobowiązań przez firmy, z drugiej zaś na zmiany zasad udzielania pożyczek przez banki na przestrzeni zmieniającej się rzeczywistości gospodarczej, obarczonej kryzysem spowodowanym przez pandemię. W poszczególnych analizach ukazano również szerszy kontekst porównawczy odwołując się do danych statystycznych przed wystąpieniem kryzysu spowodowanego wirusem. W analizowanym przypadku niepewność co do kondycji sektora MSP w okresie kryzysu zaważyła na zaostrzeniu polityki kredytowej. wzrost zapotrzebowania na finansowanie bankowe w okresie pandemii zgłaszały zarówno duże firmy, jak i mikroprzedsiębiorstwa, jednak tylko w przypadku tych pierwszych dostępność kredytów wzrosła. W związku z tym różnica między dostępnością kredytów bankowych dla sektora dużych firm i sektora MSP powiększyła się.
Abstract	The main theme undertaken in this paper is the assessment of the impact of the COVID-19pandemic on corporate lending. The main objective of the article is to analyze the qualitative andquantitative changes in the level of corporate lending in Poland. The author focuses, on the onehand, on the ability of firms to incur liabilities and, on the other hand, on the changes in banklending rules over the course of a changing economic reality burdened by the crisis caused by thepandemic. The individual analyses also show a broader comparative context by referring tostatistical data before the onset of the virus crisis. In the case under review, uncertainty about thehealth of the MSP sector during the crisis weighed on the tightening of credit policy. An increasein demand for bank financing in the pandemic period was reported by both large companies andmicro enterprises. However, only in the case of the former did the availability of loans increase.As a result, the gap between the availability of bank loans to large firms and the MSP sectorwidened.
Cytowanie	Kłosowska A., Śliwa M. (2022) Zmiana poziomu kredytowania przedsiębiorstw w Polsce w okresie pandemii COVID-19.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 27(76): 99-110
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2022_n76_s99.pdf

Autor	Elwira Laskowska, Kamil Stefański
Tytuł	Determinanty zróżnicowania regionalnego cen gruntów rolnych w Polsce
Title	Determinants of Regional Differentiation of Agricultural Land Prices in Poland
Słowa kluczowe	cena gruntów rolnych, zróżnicowanie regionalne, Polska
Key words	price of agricultural land, regional differentiation, Poland
Abstrakt	Celem badań zaprezentowanych w niniejszym artykule była próba wyjaśnienia regionalnego zróżnicowania cen gruntów ornych w Polsce w 2018 roku w aspekcie uwarunkowań przyrodniczo-ekonomicznych, wynikających zarówno z czynników charakteryzujących wielkość, strukturę i jakość gruntów, jak również poziomu rozwoju gospodarczego i potencjału rolniczego poszczególnych województw. W badaniach zastosowano analizę jakościową i ilościową danych statystycznych GUS. Wyniki przeprowadzonej analizy potwierdziły zróżnicowanie regionalne uwarunkowań przyrodniczo-ekonomicznych oraz poziomu cen i czynszów dzierżawnych na rynku gruntów rolnych w Polsce. Wśród zmiennych wyjaśniających zróżnicowanie cen gruntów znalazły się wskaźniki charakteryzujące jakość zasobu gruntów rolnych, ich dochodowość oraz potencjał rolniczy danego regionu.
Abstract	The aim of the research presented in this article was an attempt to explain the regional differentiation of arable land prices in 2018 in terms of natural and economic conditions, resulting both from factors characterizing the size, structure and quality of land, as well as the level of economic development and agricultural potential of individual voivodeships. The research used qualitative and quantitative analysis of Polish Statistical Office data. The results of the analysis carried out confirmed the regional differentiation of natural and economic conditions as well as the level of prices and rents on the agricultural land market in Poland. The variables explaining the differentiation in land prices include indicators characterizing the quality of the agricultural land resource, its profitability and the agricultural potential of a given region.
Cytowanie	Laskowska E., Stefański K. (2021) Determinanty zróżnicowania regionalnego cen gruntów rolnych w Polsce.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 21(36), z. 3: 41-54
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2021_T21(36)_n3_s41.pdf

Autor	Arkadiusz Weremczuk, Michał Wielechowski, Joanna Wrzesińska-Kowal
Tytuł	Developments and convergence of real housing pricesin Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic:focus on voivodeship capitals
Title
Słowa kluczowe	real estate market, housing prices, regional price convergence in housing market, COVID-19, voivodeship capitals, Poland
Key words
Abstrakt	The paper aims to present and assess the changes in real housing prices in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyse transaction prices of residential premises in a multi-family housing (apartments) in the primary and secondary markets within 16 administrative capitals of voivodeships. We use quarterly data on House Prices Database collected by the National Bank of Poland and data on quarterly price indices of consumer goods and services from Statistics Poland. The research period covers the period 2018-2021, with distinction into COVID-19- and pre-COVID-19 periods. We observe the highest housing prices in Warszawa, Gdańsk, Kraków, and Wrocław, while the lowest in Zielona Góra and Kielce. Surprisingly, the growth rate in real housing prices in the pandemic sub-period is lower than in corresponding pre-COVID-19 period. In the COVID-19 sub-period, we observe the most significant increases in real estate prices in Zielona Góra and Szczecin in the primary market, and Kraków, Lublin, and Łódź in the secondary market. Additionally, we reveal the existence of regional price convergence in the housing market in analysed cities, both in primary and secondary markets. However, we do not observe a common price convergence, but only convergence clubs (city-groups) where the housing prices tend to converge in the COVID-19 sub-period.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Weremczuk A., Wielechowski M., Wrzesińska-Kowal J.
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Pełny tekst	TIRR_2021_n16_s111.pdf

Autor	Anna Makuch, Anna Tatarczak
Tytuł	COMPARISON OF THE LIFE STANDARDS OF INHABITANTS IN EASTERN AND WESTERN POLAND
Title
Słowa kluczowe	living standard, multi-dimensional statistical analysis, Hellwig’s synthetic measure
Key words
Abstrakt	The main aim of the study is to analyse and compare the quality of life of the inhabitants of eastern and western Poland. This is accomplished by investigating whether the division of Poland into ʽPoland A’ and ʽPoland B’, which has been the norm for years, is valid. The spatial scope applies to all voivodeships. The criterion for the division of eastern and western Poland was adopted based on the historical division along the Vistula river. The characteristics used in the analysis described: education, access to medical care, health, safety, housing, the labour market, culture, and material resources. The period examined in the study covers the years 2005–2015. The study used Ward’s and taxonomic methods, in particular the Hellwig’s method.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Makuch A., Tatarczak A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2021_n5_s82.pdf

Autor	Katarzyna Maj-Waśniowska, Katarzyna Stabryła-Chudzio
Tytuł	Wpływ wydatków budżetowych na zmniejszanie ubóstwa w Polsce
Title	IMPACT OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON REDUCING POVERTY IN POLAND
Słowa kluczowe	polityka finansowa państwa, ubóstwo, wykluczenie społeczne, pomoc społeczna.
Key words	state financial policy, poverty, social exclusion, social assistance.
Abstrakt	Problem ubóstwa i wykluczenia społecznego stał się niezwykle ważny w następstwie kryzysu finansowego i gospodarczego z 2008 roku. Opracowanie koncentruje się na ocenie wdrażanych instytucjonalno-prawnych form pomocy w Polsce. Głównym celem opracowania jest identyfikacja rodzajów wydatków budżetowych związanych z analizowanym zagadnieniem i zbadanie zależności pomiędzy wydatkami z budżetu państwa na realizację zadań związanych z pomocą społeczną a zasięgiem ubóstwa w Polsce. W rezultacie przeprowadzonych badań z wykorzystaniem analizy statystycznej stwierdzono, że wzrost wydatków publicznych wpływa na poziom ubóstwa w Polsce zmniejszając jego zasięg. W ramach wniosków płynących z badań odnotowano, że liniowe zależności między wydatkami z budżetu państwa w działach dotyczących pomocy społecznej i rodziny a dwoma zmiennymi zależnymi będącymi wskaźnikami ubóstwa (skrajnego i relatywnego) są statystycznie istotne i są to zależności silne bądź umiarkowane.
Abstract	The problem of poverty and social exclusion has become extremely important in the wake of the financial and economic crisis of 2008. The study assesses the institutional and legal forms of social assistance that were implemented in Poland. The main objective of the study is to examine the dependence between state budget expenditures for the implementation of social assistance and the extent of poverty in Poland. As a result of the conducted research using statistical analysis, it was found that an increase in public expenditure influences the level of poverty in Poland, reducing its range. As part of the conclusions drawn from the research, it was noted that linear dependencies between expenditures from the state budget in the spheres of social and family policy, and two dependent variables that are indicators of poverty (extreme and relative), are statistically significant and have strong or moderate dependence.
Cytowanie	Maj-Waśniowska K., Stabryła-Chudzio K. (2020) Wpływ wydatków budżetowych na zmniejszanie ubóstwa w Polsce.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 23(72): 95-112
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2020_n72_s95.pdf

Autor	Piotr Sołtyk
Tytuł	IMPACT OF SUBSIDIES ON THE FINANCIAL POSITION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT BUDGETARY ESTABLISHMENTS IN POLAND
Title	Wpływ dotacji na sytuację finansową samorządowych zakładów budżetowych w Polsce
Słowa kluczowe	local government, budgetary establishment, subsidy, revenues, budget of local government, costs of budgetary establishments
Key words	samorząd lokalny, budżet, dotacja, przychody, budżet samorządu, koszty zakładów budżetowych.
Abstrakt	The article presents an assessment of the impact of subsidies received from the budget of a local government unit on the financial situation of local government budgetary establishments in Poland. As a result of the change in the financial law in 2009, budgetary establishments operate only at the local government level. Despite the fact that legislators decided that the sphere of tasks of budgetary establishments is strictly defined in the law, it is justified to assess the impact of the subjective subsidy transferred from the local government budget on the generated revenues. The article verifies the hypothesis, that the amount of the subsidy depends on the generated revenues. The hypothesis was verified using Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient vector and Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance. All analyses were performed with the Statistica v.12 package.
Abstract	Artykuł sprowadza się do oceny wpływu dotacji otrzymanych z budżetu jednostki samorządu terytorialnego na sytuację finansową samorządowych instytucji budżetowych w Polsce. W wyniku zmiany prawa finansowego w 2009 r. Zakłady budżetowe działają wyłącznie na poziomie samorządu terytorialnego. Pomimo faktu, że ustawodawcy zdecydowali, że sfera zadań zakładów budżetowych jest ściśle określona w prawie, uzasadniona jest ocena wpływu subiektywnej subwencji przekazywanej z budżetu samorządu terytorialnego na generowane przychody. Artykuł weryfikuje hipotezę, zgodnie z którą kwota dotacji zależy od generowanych przychodów. Hipotezę zweryfikowano za pomocą wektora współczynnika korelacji liniowej Pearsona i analizy wariancji Kruskala-Wallisa. Wszystkie analizy przeprowadzono z pakietem Statistica v.12.
Cytowanie	Sołtyk P. (2020) IMPACT OF SUBSIDIES ON THE FINANCIAL POSITION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT BUDGETARY ESTABLISHMENTS IN POLAND.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 23(72): 156-167
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2020_n72_s156.pdf

Autor	Agnieszka Strzelecka, Danuta Zawadzka
Tytuł	Factors determining the tendency of rural households in Central Pomerania to save – PILOT study results
Title	Czynniki determinujące skłonność wiejskich gospodarstw domowych Pomorza Środkowego do oszczędzania - wyniki badania pilotażowego
Słowa kluczowe	rural household, propensity to save, income, Central Pomerania, Poland.
Key words	wiejskie gospodarstwo domowe, skłonność do oszczędzania, dochód, Pomorze Środkowe, Polska.
Abstrakt	The aim of this research is to identify factors affecting the propensity of rural households to save, on the example of 100 entities in Central Pomerania, based on pilot studies (direct questionnaire technique) using the logistic regression model. The study assumes that the dependent variable is the occurrence of savings in the household in 2018. The selection of independent variables for the logistic regression model was made on the basis of literature studies. The results of the analysis confirmed that statistically significant parameters for the variables were: average monthly net income per one person in the household, diversification of the income sources and the share of expenses on food and non-alcoholic beverages in total household consumption expenditure. The first two parameters increase the probability of saving by rural households of Central Pomerania. The last of these parameters reduces the chance of deferring consumption through savings.
Abstract	Celem badań jest identyfikacja czynników wpływających na skłonność do oszczędzania wiejskich gospodarstw domowych na przykładzie 100 podmiotów na terenie Pomorza Środkowego, w oparciu o wykonane badania pilotażowe (technika ankiety bezpośredniej), przy zastosowaniu modelu regresji logistycznej. W badaniu przyjęto, iż zmienną zależną jest występowanie oszczędności w gospodarstwie domowym w 2018 roku. Doboru zmiennych niezależnych do budowy modelu regresji logistycznej dokonano na podstawie przeprowadzonych studiów literaturowych. Wyniki analiz potwierdziły, iż statystycznie istotnymi parametrami przy zmiennych okazały się: przeciętny miesięczny dochód netto na jedną osobę w gospodarstwie domowym, dywersyfikacja źródeł utrzymania oraz udział wydatków na żywność i napoje bezalkoholowe w wydatkach konsumpcyjnych ogółem gospodarstwa domowego. Dwa pierwsze parametry zwiększają prawdopodobieństwo oszczędzania przez wiejskie gospodarstw domowe Pomorza Środkowego. Ostatni z wymienionych parametrów zmniejsza szansę na odroczenie konsumpcji w czasie w drodze oszczędności.
Cytowanie	Strzelecka A., Zawadzka D. (2020) Factors determining the tendency of rural households in Central Pomerania to save – PILOT study results.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 23(72): 180-190
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2020_n72_s180.pdf

Autor	Robert Mroczek
Tytuł	Rynek mięsa w Polsce w dobie koronawirusa SARS-Cov-2
Title	The Meat Market in Poland in the Era of the SARS-Cov-2 Coronavirus
Słowa kluczowe	rynek, handel, eksport, import, przemysł mięsny, produkcja, konsumpcja, ceny
Key words	market, trade, export, import, meet industry, production, consumption, prices
Abstrakt	Celem niniejszego opracowania była ocena wpływu wirusa SARS-CoV-2 na rynek mięsa w Polsce. Rynek mięsa jest ważną częścią polskiej gospodarki. Produkcja żywca rzeźnego (wieprzowego, wołowego oraz drobiowego) stanowi ponad 1/3 produkcji towarowej rolniczej, a przemysł mięsny (mięsa czerwonego i drobiowego) jest największym działem przetwórstwa spożywczego. Pandemia COVID-19, która dotarła także do Polski nie zachwiała w znaczący sposób tym rynkiem. Oznaką wprowadzonych obostrzeń w życiu społecznym i gospodarczym był krótkotrwały zmasowany wykup żywności o przedłużonym terminie przydatności do spożycia. Lockdown zmienił nieco nawyki żywieniowe oraz zakupowe Polaków. W I połowie 2020 roku eksport mięsa wołowego oraz drobiowego zmniejszył się o 3-5%, a o 28% spadł eksport mięsa wieprzowego w porównaniu z I połową 2019 roku. Rynek mięsa borykał się w dalszym ciągu z afrykańskim pomorem świń (ASF) oraz dodatkowo ptasią grypą. Najbardziej poszkodowaną częścią rynku został segment HoReCa.
Abstract	The aim of this study was to assess the impact of SARS-CoV-2 virus on the meat market in Poland. The meat market is an important part of the Polish economy. Production of slaughter animals (pork, beef and poultry) accounts for over 1/3 of agricultural commodity production, and the meat industry (red meat and poultry) is the largest branch of food processing. The COVID-19 pandemic, which also reached Poland, did not significantly shake this market. A sign of the introduced restrictions in social and economic life was a short-term massive purchase of food with an extended shelf life. Lockdown slightly changed the eating and shopping habits of Poles. In the first half of 2020, exports of beef and poultry decreased by 3-5%, and exports of pork decreased by 28% compared to the first half of 2019. The meat market continued to struggle with African Swine Fever (ASF) and, in addition, with bird flu. The HoReCa segment was the most affected part of the market.
Cytowanie	Mroczek R. (2020) Rynek mięsa w Polsce w dobie koronawirusa SARS-Cov-2.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 20(35), z. 3: 53-65
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2020_T20(35)_n3_s53.pdf

Autor	Łukasz Ambroziak
Tytuł	Wpływ pandemii COVID-19 na handel rolno-spożywczy Polski: pierwsze doświadczenia
Title	The Impact of the Pandemic COVID-19 on Agri-Food Trade of Poland: First Experiences
Słowa kluczowe	pandemia COVID-19, eksport, import, produkty rolno-spożywcze, Polska
Key words	pandemic COVID-19, export, import, agri-food products, Poland
Abstrakt	Wybuch pandemii COVID-19 na początku 2020 r. w sposób istotny zmienił uwarunkowania rozwoju wymiany handlowej produktami rolno-spożywczymi. Celem artykułu jest próba oceny wpływu pierwszych miesięcy pandemii COVID-19 na polski handel rolno-spożywczy. Analizy dokonano na podstawie niepublikowanych danych Ministerstwa Finansów, stosując metodę statystyczno-opisową. Z wstępnych danych handlowych za pierwsze półrocze 2020 r. wynikało, że poza nielicznymi wyjątkami polski eksport rolno-spożywczy dobrze radził sobie w okresie największych ograniczeń związanych z przemieszczaniem się ludności wprowadzonych wskutek pandemii COVID-19. Było to efektem m.in. tego, iż żywność jest produktem pierwszej potrzeby (tak, jak np. leki) i cechuje ją niższa elastyczność dochodowa popytu, a także relatywnie niewielkich zakłóceń w produkcji.
Abstract	The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic at the beginning of 2020 significantly changed the conditions for the development of trade in agri-food products. The aim of the article is to assess the impact of the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic on the agri-food trade of Poland. The analysis was based on unpublished data from the Ministry of Finance, using descriptive statistics method. Preliminary trade data for the first half of 2020 showed that with few expectations Polish agri-food exports performed well during lockdown, that is in the period of the greatest restrictions related to the movement of people introduced by the COVID-19 pandemic. It resulted, inter alia, from the fact that food is a basic necessity (such as e.g. medicines) and is characterized by lower income elasticity of demand, and also from relatively small disruptions in production.
Cytowanie	Ambroziak Ł. (2020) Wpływ pandemii COVID-19 na handel rolno-spożywczy Polski: pierwsze doświadczenia.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 20(35), z. 4: 5-17
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2020_T20(35)_n4_s5.pdf

Autor	Aleksandra Górecka, Paulina Zborowska
Tytuł	The factors influencing the growth in dropshipping orders during the COVID-19 pandemic
Title	Czynniki wpływające na wzrost liczby zamówień w modelu dropshipping w czasie pandemii COVID-19
Słowa kluczowe	dropshipping, Polish market, COVID-19
Key words	dropshipping, polski rynek, COVID-19
Abstrakt	The paper aimed to investigate the most significant factors influencing the growth in orders in the dropshipping model in Poland. The research was conducted during the pandemic time and was compared with the results in the levels in orders in 2019. The main factors that have impacts on the growth in the level of orders were introduced out of B2B and B2C variables. The results present that apart from the product type, the payment method, marketing by supplier entity, and the number of suppliers is crucial for a dropshipping business model.
Abstract	Celem artykułu było zbadanie najważniejszych czynników wpływających na wzrost zamówień w modelu dropshipping w Polsce. Badania przeprowadzono w okresie pandemii COVID-19 i porównano z wynikami w zakresie poziomów zamówień w 2019 roku. Czynniki mające wpływ na wzrost poziomu zamówień (zmienne) podzielono na dwie grupy: B2B i B2C. Wyniki wskazują, że poza rodzajem produktu kluczowe dla wzrostu zamówień w modelu biznesowym dropshipping były: dostępne sposoby płatności, rozwiązania marketingowe, dostawcy oraz liczba dostawców sklepu.
Cytowanie	Górecka A., Zborowska P.
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Pełny tekst	EIOL_2020_T5_n3_s65.pdf

Autor	Mieczysław Adamowicz, Tomasz Adamowicz
Tytuł	The World Financial Crisis and The Polish Economy
Title	The World Financial Crisis and The Polish Economy
Słowa kluczowe	financial crisis, effects of financial crisis, anti-crisis action, Poland
Key words	financial crisis, effects of financial crisis, anti-crisis action, Poland
Abstrakt	The subject of the work is to provide an overview of the global financial crisis in the years 2007-2011; its course, symptoms and effects in the world and in Poland. The work presents the causes and the sources of crisis as well as corrective measures taken by governments and financial institutions. The subject literature and information from different national and international financial institutions and organisations were used as a source of research materials and data for analysis. The financial crisis appeared in Poland with some delay and was less intensive than in other developed countries. Anti-crisis measures taken in Poland complied with the recommendations of the European Union and the International Monetary Fund. The measures taken by the Polish central bank concerned the institutional sphere, the manner in which the financial policy worked and how it was pursued, as well as the real sphere of the economy, including especially enterprises, households and public institutions.
Abstract	The subject of the work is to provide an overview of the global financial crisis in the years 2007-2011; its course, symptoms and effects in the world and in Poland. The work presents the causes and the sources of crisis as well as corrective measures taken by governments and financial institutions. The subject literature and information from different national and international financial institutions and organisations were used as a source of research materials and data for analysis. The financial crisis appeared in Poland with some delay and was less intensive than in other developed countries. Anti-crisis measures taken in Poland complied with the recommendations of the European Union and the International Monetary Fund. The measures taken by the Polish central bank concerned the institutional sphere, the manner in which the financial policy worked and how it was pursued, as well as the real sphere of the economy, including especially enterprises, households and public institutions.
Cytowanie	Adamowicz M., Adamowicz T. (2019) The World Financial Crisis and The Polish Economy.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 1: 5-21
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n1_s5.pdf

Autor	Jerzy Bieńkowski, Małgorzata Holka
Tytuł	Environmental Assessment of the Life Cycle of Bovine Compound Feeds from a Feed Milling Plant in a Large Commercial Farm in Wielkopolska Region, Poland
Title	Environmental Assessment of the Life Cycle of Bovine Compound Feeds from a Feed Milling Plant in a Large Commercial Farm in Wielkopolska Region, Poland
Słowa kluczowe	environment, life cycle analysis, impact category indicator, compound feed, feed mill, Poland
Key words	environment, life cycle analysis, impact category indicator, compound feed, feed mill, Poland
Abstrakt	In recent years, the importance of environmental threats associated with intensive livestock production has been emphasized. Compound feeds make up a part of the animal production chain. A complete assessment of the animal production system with regard to environmental criteria is therefore impossible without considering the environmental consequences of feed production. The goal of this research is to fill the gap in an environmental assessment of production processes of compound feeds in Poland. The study presents an assessment of production impacts of bovine compound feeds according to Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) methodology. The data for analysis were based on the set of information obtained from the feed milling plant located in a commercial agricultural enterprise in the Wielkopolska region in the years 2015-2016. An inventory table of inputs was prepared in relation to the functional unit of 1 ton of compound feeds and two phases of production processes, i.e. upstream and core. For average compound feed, the impact category indicators for the global warming potential, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical ozone formation, consumption of mineral resources, fossil fuel resources and the emission of the respirable particles were respectively: 605.9 kg CO2 eq, 8.73 kg SO2 eq, 3.32 kg PO4 eq, 0.73 kg ethylene eq, 3.4x10-3 kg antimony eq, 5141.1 MJ and 2.25 kg PM2.5 eq. The upstream phase had the greatest effect on investigated impacts, while the core processes phase had a relatively low impact on environmental threats. It is recommended to broaden the scope of the research for a larger group of feed milling plants with more complex manufacturing processes, with a more branched supply structure and a wide range of compound feeds for different animal types. The obtained data can be a valuable source base in prospective analyses of the life cycle of various animal products in Poland.
Abstract	In recent years, the importance of environmental threats associated with intensive livestock production has been emphasized. Compound feeds make up a part of the animal production chain. A complete assessment of the animal production system with regard to environmental criteria is therefore impossible without considering the environmental consequences of feed production. The goal of this research is to fill the gap in an environmental assessment of production processes of compound feeds in Poland. The study presents an assessment of production impacts of bovine compound feeds according to Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) methodology. The data for analysis were based on the set of information obtained from the feed milling plant located in a commercial agricultural enterprise in the Wielkopolska region in the years 2015-2016. An inventory table of inputs was prepared in relation to the functional unit of 1 ton of compound feeds and two phases of production processes, i.e. upstream and core. For average compound feed, the impact category indicators for the global warming potential, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical ozone formation, consumption of mineral resources, fossil fuel resources and the emission of the respirable particles were respectively: 605.9 kg CO2 eq, 8.73 kg SO2 eq, 3.32 kg PO4 eq, 0.73 kg ethylene eq, 3.4x10-3 kg antimony eq, 5141.1 MJ and 2.25 kg PM2.5 eq. The upstream phase had the greatest effect on investigated impacts, while the core processes phase had a relatively low impact on environmental threats. It is recommended to broaden the scope of the research for a larger group of feed milling plants with more complex manufacturing processes, with a more branched supply structure and a wide range of compound feeds for different animal types. The obtained data can be a valuable source base in prospective analyses of the life cycle of various animal products in Poland.
Cytowanie	Bieńkowski J., Holka M. (2019) Environmental Assessment of the Life Cycle of Bovine Compound Feeds from a Feed Milling Plant in a Large Commercial Farm in Wielkopolska Region, Poland.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 1: 22-36
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n1_s22.pdf

Autor	Antoni Faber, Zuzanna Jarosz, Aleksandra Król
Tytuł	Wpływ zmian klimatu na efektywność wykorzystywania azotu oraz jego straty
Title	The Impact of Climate Change on the Efficiency of Nitrogen Use and its Losses
Słowa kluczowe	zmiany klimatu, plony, efektywność, azot, straty
Key words	climate change, yield, NUE, nitrogen, losses
Abstrakt	Celem badań było określenie przewidywanych plonów, efektywności wykorzystania N (NUE), wymywania N, emisji N2O i NH3 w zależności od zmian klimatu do 2050 r. Badania wykonano, z zastosowaniem modelu DNDC, dla okresów lat 1991-2010, 2011-2030 i 2031-2050 oraz 10 lokalizacji w Polsce. W symulacjach uwzględniono zmianowanie roślin: kukurydza na ziarno – jęczmień jary – rzepak ozimy – pszenica ozima, które uprawiano na glebach lekkich, średnich i ciężkich, przy nawożeniu wynoszącym odpowiednio: 140, 90, 160 i 120 kg N ha-1. Stwierdzono, że zmiany klimatu przyczynić się mogą do wzrostów plonów kukurydzy na ziarno (6-43%) i rzepaku ozimego (2-8%), spadków plonów pszenicy ozimej (od -18 do -5%) oraz nieistotnych zmian w plonach jęczmienia jarego. NUE wzrośnie w uprawie kukurydzy (2-17%), zmaleje w uprawach pszenicy ozimej (3-22%) i jęczmienia jarego (3-17%) oraz nie ulegnie zmianie w przypadku rzepaku ozimego. Zmiany NUE oraz straty N nie wpływały na konieczność zmniejszenia dawek azotu w przyszłej uprawie badanych roślin.
Abstract	The aim of the study was to determine the expected yields, the efficiency of N (NUE) use, N leaching, N2O and NH3 emissions depending on climate change until 2050. The research was carried out using the DNDC model for the years 1991-2010, 2011-2030 and 2031-2050 as well as 10 locations in Poland. In the simulations, the crop rotation were considered: maize for grain - spring barley - winter rape - winter wheat, which was grown on light, medium and heavy soils, with fertilization of, respectively: 140, 90, 160 and 120 kg N ha-1. It was found that climate change can contribute to increase in the yield of maize (6-43%) and winter rape (2-8%), decreases in winter wheat yield (from -18 to -5%) and negligible changes in yields of spring barley. NUE will increase in the cultivation of maize (2-17%), it will decrease in winter wheat (3-22%) and spring barley (3-17%) crops and will not change in the case of winter oilseed rape. NUE changes and N losses did not affect the need to reduce nitrogen doses in the future cultivation of the studied plants.
Cytowanie	Faber A., Jarosz Z., Król A. (2019) Wpływ zmian klimatu na efektywność wykorzystywania azotu oraz jego straty.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 1: 37-46
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n1_s37.pdf

Autor	Arkadiusz Piwowar
Tytuł	Development of the Agricultural Biogas Market in Poland – Production Volume, Feedstocks, Activities and Behaviours of Farmers
Title	Development of the Agricultural Biogas Market in Poland – Production Volume, Feedstocks, Activities and Behaviours of Farmers
Słowa kluczowe	low carbon agriculture, agricultural biogas plants, Poland
Key words	low carbon agriculture, agricultural biogas plants, Poland
Abstrakt	The activity and efficiency of agricultural biogas plants are important issues in the field of low-emission development in rural areas and in agribusiness. The essence of the problems concerns mainly sustainable waste management in agricultural production. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the volume of agricultural biogas production in Poland and the structure of consumption of raw materials used for production of agricultural biogas. The analyses were carried out in the period of 2011–2017. The paper also presents results of empirical research on the agricultural practices as part of the subject area of the development of the agricultural biogas market in Poland. The aim of the questionnaire surveys of agricultural holdings was to obtain information on the use of the biomass from field crops and grasslands for energy purposes and the interest in the development of agricultural production towards the cultivation of energy crops. The results of the analyses were presented in the spatial arrangement of research.
Abstract	The activity and efficiency of agricultural biogas plants are important issues in the field of low-emission development in rural areas and in agribusiness. The essence of the problems concerns mainly sustainable waste management in agricultural production. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the volume of agricultural biogas production in Poland and the structure of consumption of raw materials used for production of agricultural biogas. The analyses were carried out in the period of 2011–2017. The paper also presents results of empirical research on the agricultural practices as part of the subject area of the development of the agricultural biogas market in Poland. The aim of the questionnaire surveys of agricultural holdings was to obtain information on the use of the biomass from field crops and grasslands for energy purposes and the interest in the development of agricultural production towards the cultivation of energy crops. The results of the analyses were presented in the spatial arrangement of research.
Cytowanie	Piwowar A. (2019) Development of the Agricultural Biogas Market in Poland – Production Volume, Feedstocks, Activities and Behaviours of Farmers.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 1: 88-97
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n1_s88.pdf

Autor	Karolina Anielak
Tytuł	Fintech as a Source of Financial Innovations on the Polish Financial Services Market
Title	Fintech as a Source of Financial Innovations on the Polish Financial Services Market
Słowa kluczowe	Fintech, financial innovations, banks
Key words	Fintech, financial innovations, banks
Abstrakt	The paper presents the definition of innovation, advancement and development of the Fintech sector on the global scale, with particular emphasis put on Poland. Fintechs, i.e. IT companies that provide increasingly more modern solutions for customers active on the financial markets are not fully described in the literature on the subject. The aim of the paper was to present a comprehensive definition of Fintech, show the scale of this type of ventures around the world and in Poland, and analyze the forms and potential of the cooperation of Fintech companies with financial services entities, in particular with the banks. The article uses a critical analysis of the literature of mainly English-language studies from the last 5 years, indicating the state of financial innovations and their importance on the global scale. The author analyzed statistical data from PWC Global Fintech Report, CitiGPS reports, Capgemini reports and KPMG, which enabled her to present the value of global investments in Fintech. The performed cause and effect analysis indicates that investments in the Fintech sector are becoming more and more popular, that this market will be growing due to cooperation, among others, with the banks which want to meet the requirements of their customers using more advanced technologies.
Abstract	The paper presents the definition of innovation, advancement and development of the Fintech sector on the global scale, with particular emphasis put on Poland. Fintechs, i.e. IT companies that provide increasingly more modern solutions for customers active on the financial markets are not fully described in the literature on the subject. The aim of the paper was to present a comprehensive definition of Fintech, show the scale of this type of ventures around the world and in Poland, and analyze the forms and potential of the cooperation of Fintech companies with financial services entities, in particular with the banks. The article uses a critical analysis of the literature of mainly English-language studies from the last 5 years, indicating the state of financial innovations and their importance on the global scale. The author analyzed statistical data from PWC Global Fintech Report, CitiGPS reports, Capgemini reports and KPMG, which enabled her to present the value of global investments in Fintech. The performed cause and effect analysis indicates that investments in the Fintech sector are becoming more and more popular, that this market will be growing due to cooperation, among others, with the banks which want to meet the requirements of their customers using more advanced technologies.
Cytowanie	Anielak K. (2019) Fintech as a Source of Financial Innovations on the Polish Financial Services Market.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 1: 162-171
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n1_s162.pdf

Autor	Urszula Bronisz, Andrzej Jakubowski
Tytuł	Rural Demographic Problem Areas in Poland
Title	Rural Demographic Problem Areas in Poland
Słowa kluczowe	rural areas, demographic problems, Poland
Key words	rural areas, demographic problems, Poland
Abstrakt	Demographic problem areas are perceived as one of the most important types of problem areas and require special research interest. Problem areas conditioned by population factor most often refer to rural areas. Presented article aims to identify and delimit rural demographic problem areas in Poland. The study covered rural areas distinguished on the basis of the classification of the European Commission DEGURBA The analysis enabled to identify depopulation areas, areas with disrupted population reproduction (ie areas of permanent natural decline), areas of permanent outflow of population, areas with impaired population structure by age and areas with disrupted population structure by sex in the group of people of marriage age (20-34 years). To indicate clusters of communes characterised by the presence of the unfavourable demographic phenomena and processes (rural demographic problem areas) the measure of local spatial autocorrelation (Anselin Local Moran's I) was applied. The application value resulting from the research may be the improvement of the effectiveness of public intervention carried out as part of the development policy.
Abstract	Demographic problem areas are perceived as one of the most important types of problem areas and require special research interest. Problem areas conditioned by population factor most often refer to rural areas. Presented article aims to identify and delimit rural demographic problem areas in Poland. The study covered rural areas distinguished on the basis of the classification of the European Commission DEGURBA The analysis enabled to identify depopulation areas, areas with disrupted population reproduction (ie areas of permanent natural decline), areas of permanent outflow of population, areas with impaired population structure by age and areas with disrupted population structure by sex in the group of people of marriage age (20-34 years). To indicate clusters of communes characterised by the presence of the unfavourable demographic phenomena and processes (rural demographic problem areas) the measure of local spatial autocorrelation (Anselin Local Moran's I) was applied. The application value resulting from the research may be the improvement of the effectiveness of public intervention carried out as part of the development policy.
Cytowanie	Bronisz U., Jakubowski A. (2019) Rural Demographic Problem Areas in Poland.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 2: 41-53
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n2_s41.pdf

Autor	Katarzyna Himstedt, Tomasz Kacprzak
Tytuł	The Influence of the Russian Embargo on the Economic Situation of Apple Producers in the Eastern Part of the Masovia Province
Title	The Influence of the Russian Embargo on the Economic Situation of Apple Producers in the Eastern Part of the Masovia Province
Słowa kluczowe	embargo, Russia, apple market
Key words	embargo, Russia, apple market
Abstrakt	The article concerns the effects of the Russian embargo on apple producers in Poland. Scientific literature is quite poor in this field, mainly information articles in industry literature and media information are available. The literature was reviewed in this respect and two studies (questionnaire and interview) were carried out. The information obtained allowed us to draw conclusions about the very large negative impact of the embargo on the apple market and to learn about its characteristics. New markets do not generate sufficient demand, in 2018 apple prices dropped below production costs, but this does not reflect in a drop in prices in stores, which means that price speculations take place, and the situation is used by realtors. It is necessary to quickly return to the Russian market, because soon it will be unrecoverable for Polish fruit farmers. It is also necessary to put pressure on the European Union's policy, because nowadays it is the Polish farmers who bear its effects to the greatest extent.
Abstract	The article concerns the effects of the Russian embargo on apple producers in Poland. Scientific literature is quite poor in this field, mainly information articles in industry literature and media information are available. The literature was reviewed in this respect and two studies (questionnaire and interview) were carried out. The information obtained allowed us to draw conclusions about the very large negative impact of the embargo on the apple market and to learn about its characteristics. New markets do not generate sufficient demand, in 2018 apple prices dropped below production costs, but this does not reflect in a drop in prices in stores, which means that price speculations take place, and the situation is used by realtors. It is necessary to quickly return to the Russian market, because soon it will be unrecoverable for Polish fruit farmers. It is also necessary to put pressure on the European Union's policy, because nowadays it is the Polish farmers who bear its effects to the greatest extent.
Cytowanie	Himstedt K., Kacprzak T. (2019) The Influence of the Russian Embargo on the Economic Situation of Apple Producers in the Eastern Part of the Masovia Province.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 2: 54-64
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n2_s54.pdf

Autor	Zbigniew Korzeb
Tytuł	The Real Estate and Credit Bubble in Spain; Implications for Poland
Title	The Real Estate and Credit Bubble in Spain; Implications for Poland
Słowa kluczowe	mortgage crisis, banking sector, commercial banks, financial stability, Spain, Poland
Key words	mortgage crisis, banking sector, commercial banks, financial stability, Spain, Poland
Abstrakt	The aim of this article is to establish whether the symptoms of an emerging housing bubble can be observed on the Polish market. The concept of this study is based on a comparison between economic, financial and demographic conditions at the time of the mortgage crisis in Spain and the current situation on the housing market and on the market of housing loans granted to households in Poland. An analysis of two economic indicators, (i) housing loans to households-to-GDP expressed in growth rates and (ii) rates of house price growth, does not indicate that a speculative bubble occurs in Poland now. This, however, does not mean that the conclusions drawn from the Spanish crisis cannot and should not have a bearing on the Polish market, especially in terms of potential consequences the crisis may have for the banking sector.
Abstract	The aim of this article is to establish whether the symptoms of an emerging housing bubble can be observed on the Polish market. The concept of this study is based on a comparison between economic, financial and demographic conditions at the time of the mortgage crisis in Spain and the current situation on the housing market and on the market of housing loans granted to households in Poland. An analysis of two economic indicators, (i) housing loans to households-to-GDP expressed in growth rates and (ii) rates of house price growth, does not indicate that a speculative bubble occurs in Poland now. This, however, does not mean that the conclusions drawn from the Spanish crisis cannot and should not have a bearing on the Polish market, especially in terms of potential consequences the crisis may have for the banking sector.
Cytowanie	Korzeb Z. (2019) The Real Estate and Credit Bubble in Spain; Implications for Poland.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 2: 77-88
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n2_s77.pdf