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Autor	Anna Twardowska
Tytuł	Wyrównywanie się cen gruntów rolnych w krajach Unii Europejskiej
Title	Equalization of Agricultural Land Prices in the European Union Countries
Słowa kluczowe	beta-konwergencja, ceny ziemi rolnej, Unia Europejska
Key words	beta-convergence, agricultural land prices, European Union
Abstrakt	W artykule poruszono problematykę związaną z kształtowaniem się cen ziemi rolniczej w krajach Unii Europejskiej. Poddano weryfikacji hipotezę dotyczącą występowania beta-konwergencji absolutnej cen ziemi rolnej wśród 20 wybranych państw UE. Badania przeprowadzono dla lat 2006 – 2017 z wykorzystaniem modeli absolutnej konwergencji typu beta opartych na danych przestrzennych. Uzyskane wyniki badań potwierdzają występowanie tzw. efektu doganiania na rynku cen ziemi rolnej w Unii Europejskiej. Tym samym w krajach, w których początkowo stwierdzono niższy poziom cen ziemi rolnej następuje szybszy wzrost cen, niż w krajach o początkowo wyższym ich poziomie.
Abstract	The paper deals with issues related to the development of agricultural land prices in the countries of the European Union. The hypothesis regarding absolute beta-convergence of agricultural land prices among 20 selected EU countries was verified. The research was carried out for the years 2006 - 2017 using absolute beta convergence models based on spatial data. Obtained test results confirm the occurrence of so-called the effect of catching up on the agricultural land market in the European Union. Thus, in countries where initially a lower level of agricultural land prices were found, there is a faster increase in prices than in countries with initially higher levels.
Cytowanie	Twardowska A. (2020) Wyrównywanie się cen gruntów rolnych w krajach Unii Europejskiej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 20(35), z. 1: 67-77
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2020_T20(35)_n1_s67.pdf

Autor	Arkadiusz Zalewski
Tytuł	Zmiany wartości zużytych nawozów i środków ochrony roślin w krajach Unii Europejskiej w latach 2010-2018
Title	Changes in the Value of Used Fertilizers and Plant Protection Products in the Countries of the European Union in the Years 2010-2018
Słowa kluczowe	nawozy, środki ochrony roślin, Unia Europejska, metoda Warda
Key words	fertilizers, plant protection products, European Union, Ward method
Abstrakt	Aktualnie duże znaczenie w agrobiznesie mają przemysłowe środki produkcji rolnej, w tym zwłaszcza nawozy mineralne oraz chemiczne środki ochrony roślin. W artykule próbowano przedstawić i porównać zmiany wartości zużytych nawozów i środków ochrony roślin w krajach Unii Europejskiej w latach 2010-2018. Badano zmiany wartości zużytych nawozów i środków ochrony roślin w przeliczeniu na 1 ha UR oraz zmiany udziału omawianych środków produkcji w zużyciu pośrednim. Stwierdzono, że wartość zużytych nawozów i środków ochrony roślin w przeliczeniu na 1 ha UR średnio w UE zwiększyła się. Wzrósł ich również udział w zużyciu pośrednim. W wyniku grupowania obiektów metodą Warda otrzymano 4 skupienia krajów, które różniły się pomiędzy sobą pod względem zaproponowanych cech, natomiast kraje, które tworzyły dane skupienie charakteryzowały się zbliżonymi wartościami zmiennych. Krajami w których zaobserwowano zarówno wyraźny wzrost wartości zużytych nawozów i środków ochrony roślin w przeliczeniu na jednostkę powierzchni jak również zdecydowane zwiększenie ich wartości w zużyciu pośrednim były: Litwa, Bułgaria i Estonia. Spadek popytu na omawiane środki produkcji wystąpił natomiast w Belgii, Chorwacji, Słowenii, Danii, Finlandii oraz w Portugalii.
Abstract	Currently, agricultural means of production are of great importance in agribusiness, in particular mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection products. The article attempts to present and compare changes in the value of used fertilizers and plant protection products in European Union countries in 2010-2018. Changes in the value of used fertilizers and plant protection products per 1 ha of UAA and changes in the share of these means of production in intermediate consumption were examined. It was found that the value of used fertilizers and plant protection products per 1 ha of UAA increased on average in the EU. Their share in intermediate consumption also increased. As a result of grouping objects using the Ward method, 4 clusters of countries were obtained, which differed in terms of the proposed features, while the countries that created the given cluster were characterized by similar values of variables. The countries where both a clear increase in the value of used fertilizers and plant protection products per unit area as well as a significant increase in their value in intermediate consumption were observed: Lithuania, Bulgaria and Estonia. However, a decline in demand for the discussed means of production occurred in Belgium, Croatia, Slovenia, Denmark, Finland and Portugal.
Cytowanie	Zalewski A. (2020) Zmiany wartości zużytych nawozów i środków ochrony roślin w krajach Unii Europejskiej w latach 2010-2018.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 20(35), z. 1: 78-87
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2020_T20(35)_n1_s78.pdf

Autor	Ryszard Kata
Tytuł	Zadłużenie rolników w Polsce w aspekcie przemian strukturalnych i koniunktury w rolnictwie
Title	INDEBTEDNESS OF FARMERS IN POLAND IN LIGHT OF STRUCTURAL CHANGES AND ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS IN AGRICULTURE
Słowa kluczowe	gospodarstwa rolne, kredyt bankowy, koniunktura w rolnictwie, przemiany strukturalne.
Key words	agricultural holdings, bank credit, economic fluctuations in agriculture, structural changes
Abstrakt	W artykule dokonano analizy dynamiki oraz struktury zobowiązań kredytowych rolników wobec banków w Polsce w latach 1996-2018. Zadłużenie kredytowe rolników przedstawiono na tle przemian strukturalnych i koniunktury w rolnictwie. Założono, że korzystna koniunktura w rolnictwie stymuluje wzrost zadłużenia rolników w bankach. Podobnie założono, że proces koncentracji struktury agrarnej oraz wzrost technicznego uzbrojenia pracy i technicznego uzbrojenia ziemi będą czynnikami sprzyjającymi wzrostowi zadłużenia kredytowego rolników. Badania nie dały jednoznacznej odpowiedzi na postawione tezy badawcze. Ujawniono dodatnią współzmienność pomiędzy zadłużeniem kredytowym rolników a koniunkturą w rolnictwie, a także procesem substytucji nakładów pracy i ziemi przez nakłady kapitału. Analiza regresji wykazała, że stymulantą zadłużenia kredytowego są nakłady inwestycyjne w rolnictwie, natomiast koncentracja struktury agrarnej oraz poprawa relacji ziemia/praca prowadzi do zmniejszenia przyrostów zadłużenia.
Abstract	The paper presents an analysis of the dynamics and structure of farmers' credit obligations towards banks in Poland in 1996-2018. The credit debt of farmers is presented against the background of the structural changes and economic fluctuations in agriculture. It was assumed that a favorable economic situation in agriculture stimulates the growth in farmers' indebtedness to banks. Similarly, it was assumed that the process of increasing concentration within the agrarian structure and the increase in the technical equipment of labor and technical equipment of land would be factors conducive to the growth in farmers' credit debt. The research did not give a definite answer to the research thesis. A positive correlation between farmers' credit debt and economic fluctuations in agriculture was revealed, as well as the process of substitution of labor and land inputs by capital expenditures. Regression analysis showed that investment stimulus in agriculture is the stimulus of credit debt, while increased concentration within the agrarian structure and the improvement of the land/work relationship leads to a reduction in debt increases.
Cytowanie	Kata R. (2020) Zadłużenie rolników w Polsce w aspekcie przemian strukturalnych i koniunktury w rolnictwie .Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 23(72): 33-44
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2020_n72_s33.pdf

Autor	Nazli Ceylan
Tytuł	Policy Assessment of Wheat Production in Turkey
Title	Policy Assessment of Wheat Production in Turkey
Słowa kluczowe	policy analysis matrix, wheat production, Turkey
Key words	policy analysis matrix, wheat production, Turkey
Abstrakt	Turkey plays a significant role in global wheat trade, importing wheat grain and exporting processed wheat products such as pasta, flour and biscuits. Wheat growing areas in Turkey have shown a decrease of about 10% over the last decade. Although an increase in yields keeps the production amount in balance, policies toward the wheat sector have reached a more critical point due to an increasing population and growing demand on the wheat flour sector. In this study, the profitability and sustainability of the sector were analyzed by using the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) approach, and by examining the effects of the policies that have been applied on the wheat market recently. According to the PAM results, domestic wheat prices are higher than world prices due to existing policies and the wheat sector is not competitive without support.
Abstract	Turkey plays a significant role in global wheat trade, importing wheat grain and exporting processed wheat products such as pasta, flour and biscuits. Wheat growing areas in Turkey have shown a decrease of about 10% over the last decade. Although an increase in yields keeps the production amount in balance, policies toward the wheat sector have reached a more critical point due to an increasing population and growing demand on the wheat flour sector. In this study, the profitability and sustainability of the sector were analyzed by using the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) approach, and by examining the effects of the policies that have been applied on the wheat market recently. According to the PAM results, domestic wheat prices are higher than world prices due to existing policies and the wheat sector is not competitive without support.
Cytowanie	Ceylan N. (2020) Policy Assessment of Wheat Production in Turkey.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 20(35), z. 2: 4-11
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2020_T20(35)_n2_s4.pdf

Autor	Jacek Jaśkiewicz, Maria Parlińska, Iwona Rackiewicz
Tytuł	Wyzwania dla rolnictwa związane ze strategią Europejski Zielony Ład w okresie pandemii
Title	Challenges for Agriculture under the European Green Deal Development Strategy during the Covid-19 Pandemic Period
Słowa kluczowe	Europejski Zielony Ład, gospodarka obiegu zamkniętego, rolnictwo, odpady i marnotrawstwo żywności
Key words	European Green Deal, circular economy, agriculture, waste and food waste
Abstrakt	Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie wyzwań związanych z realizacją strategii Europejski zielony ład w zakresie rolnictwa. Wyzwania te wpisują się w realizację koncepcji zrównoważonego rozwoju i związanego z tym zatrzymania zmian klimatu oraz transformacji w kierunku gospodarki obiegu zamkniętego. Warto już obecnie, w dobie pandemii, przygotować strategię jak wykorzystać szanse rozwoju rolnictwa, aby po jej zakończeniu maksymalnie wykorzystać sytuację opierając się na zasadach określonych w EZŁ. W artykule przedstawiono szereg możliwości w tym zakresie.
Abstract	The aim of the article is to present the challenges in the field of agriculture related to implementing the European Green Deal (EGD). These challenges arise from the implementation of sustainable development strategies and the related efforts to arrest climate change and create a more circular economy. During this time of a global Covid-19 pandemic, it is worth preparing an approach, based on the principles set out in the EGD, that will maximize opportunities for agricultural development and which can be put into place as soon as the pandemic begins to wane. The article presents a number of possibilities in this regard.
Cytowanie	Jaśkiewicz J., Parlińska M., Rackiewicz I. (2020) Wyzwania dla rolnictwa związane ze strategią Europejski Zielony Ład w okresie pandemii.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 20(35), z. 2: 22-36
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2020_T20(35)_n2_s22.pdf

Autor	Pelageya Papkovskaya, Kateryna Pylypenko, Sviatlana Shсharbatsiuk
Tytuł	The Counterparty Assessment Mechanism in the Receivables Management System of Agricultural Organizations in the Republic of Belarus and the Ukraine
Title	The Counterparty Assessment Mechanism in the Receivables Management System of Agricultural Organizations in the Republic of Belarus and the Ukraine
Słowa kluczowe	counterparties, receivables, monitoring, solvency
Key words	counterparties, receivables, monitoring, solvency
Abstrakt	The article investigates issues regarding settlements between business counterparts in the Republic of Belarus, including those between Ukrainian and Belarusian enterprises. The presence of bad debts is identified as a key issue, leading to overdue and unrealistic debt collection accounting that burdens a company's balance sheet, resulting in a loss of financial stability of the creditor enterprise. Monitoring of business counterparts helps minimize this risk. Therefore, a mechanism has been developed to collect information about a counterparty and create a credit dossier. There is a proposal to monitor a counterparty's solvency based on criteria that has been specifically established for an industry. The proposed mechanism will help control unjustified growth in the receivables of agricultural organizations in The Republic of Belarus and the Ukraine in hopes of keeping funds in circulation, and reducing the risk of companies losing their own financial stability due to overly loyal credit policies.
Abstract	The article investigates issues regarding settlements between business counterparts in the Republic of Belarus, including those between Ukrainian and Belarusian enterprises. The presence of bad debts is identified as a key issue, leading to overdue and unrealistic debt collection accounting that burdens a company's balance sheet, resulting in a loss of financial stability of the creditor enterprise. Monitoring of business counterparts helps minimize this risk. Therefore, a mechanism has been developed to collect information about a counterparty and create a credit dossier. There is a proposal to monitor a counterparty's solvency based on criteria that has been specifically established for an industry. The proposed mechanism will help control unjustified growth in the receivables of agricultural organizations in The Republic of Belarus and the Ukraine in hopes of keeping funds in circulation, and reducing the risk of companies losing their own financial stability due to overly loyal credit policies.
Cytowanie	Papkovskaya P., Pylypenko K., Shсharbatsiuk S. (2020) The Counterparty Assessment Mechanism in the Receivables Management System of Agricultural Organizations in the Republic of Belarus and the Ukraine.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 20(35), z. 2: 37-50
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2020_T20(35)_n2_s37.pdf

Autor	Tetyana Kuts, Oksana Makarchuk
Tytuł	Ukrainian Sunflower Market on the Background of EU and US Markets
Title	Ukrainian Sunflower Market on the Background of EU and US Markets
Słowa kluczowe	market integration, Ukraine, European Union, United States, sunflower oil market
Key words	market integration, Ukraine, European Union, United States, sunflower oil market
Abstrakt	This paper aims to provide market analysis of the sunflower market in Ukraine (UA) and research the existence of integration between the sunflower oil markets in Ukraine, the European Union (EU) and the United States (US). To fulfill the aims in the paper, yearly balances of sunflower seed, sunflower oil and sunflower cake were analyzed and price analysis was conducted. Price integration was assessed with the use of the error correction model (ECM) which was applied to monthly prices for sunflower oil from 2000 to 2020. Our findings provide evidence of high price transmission between the UA and EU markets, conversely lower price transmission was observed between the UA and the US.
Abstract	This paper aims to provide market analysis of the sunflower market in Ukraine (UA) and research the existence of integration between the sunflower oil markets in Ukraine, the European Union (EU) and the United States (US). To fulfill the aims in the paper, yearly balances of sunflower seed, sunflower oil and sunflower cake were analyzed and price analysis was conducted. Price integration was assessed with the use of the error correction model (ECM) which was applied to monthly prices for sunflower oil from 2000 to 2020. Our findings provide evidence of high price transmission between the UA and EU markets, conversely lower price transmission was observed between the UA and the US.
Cytowanie	Kuts T., Makarchuk O. (2020) Ukrainian Sunflower Market on the Background of EU and US Markets .Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 20(35), z. 3: 4-15
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2020_T20(35)_n3_s4.pdf

Autor	Paweł Buchowski
Tytuł	Ocena racjonalności działań inwestycyjnych w powiecie suwalskim w ramach wsparcia młodych rolników
Title	Evaluation of Machinery Investment Decisions Undertaken by Young Farmers in Poland’s Suwalki County
Słowa kluczowe	młodzi rolnicy, inwestycje, racjonalność
Key words	young farmers, investment, reasonableness
Abstrakt	Celem badań była ocena racjonalności doboru maszyn w ramach działań inwestycyjnych podejmowanych przez młodych rolników. Analizie poddano wyposażenie techniczne 54 losowo wybranych gospodarstw, których właściciele uzyskali wsparcie w ramach działań „Ułatwianie startu młodym rolnikom” lub „Premie dla młodych rolników”. Z przeprowadzonych rozważań wynika, że prawie połowa zakupów wozów asenizacyjnych była nieracjonalna pod względem ekonomicznym. Bardziej racjonalne pod względem organizacyjnym i technologicznym były inwestycje w ciągniki rolnicze i kosiarki dyskowe.
Abstract	The aim of the research was to evaluate the rationality of machinery selection within the framework of investment operations undertaken by young farmers. Technical equipment of 54 randomly selected farms, whose owners received support under the measures "Facilitating start-ups of young farmers" or "Bonuses for young farmers", was analysed. The conducted analyses show that almost half of the purchases of slurry tankers was economically unreasonable. Investments in agricultural tractors and disc mowers were more rational in terms of organisation and technology.
Cytowanie	Buchowski P. (2020) Ocena racjonalności działań inwestycyjnych w powiecie suwalskim w ramach wsparcia młodych rolników.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 20(35), z. 3: 16-25
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2020_T20(35)_n3_s16.pdf

Autor	Karolina Pawlak, Karolina Sowa
Tytuł	Zmiany w produkcji i handlu soją w Polsce i wybranych krajach UE
Title	Changes in Soybean Production and Trade in Poland and Selected EU Countries
Słowa kluczowe	produkcja, eksport, import, soja, kraje UE
Key words	production, export, import, soybean, EU countries
Abstrakt	Ze względu na niedostatek białka paszowego z produkcji krajowej, państwa UE są znaczącymi importerami nasion i śrut z roślin strączkowych, w tym przede wszystkim soi i śruty sojowej. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zmian w produkcji i handlu soją w wybranych krajach UE w latach 2000-2017. W badaniach wykorzystano dane wtórne pochodzące z zasobów Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych do spraw Wyżywienia i Rolnictwa (FAO). Omówiono zmiany w wolumenie produkcji soi w krajach jej największych producentów w UE, wartość i wolumen obrotów handlowych soją w państwach największych eksporterów i importerów, ich udziały w handlu oraz wyniki bilansu handlowego. Wolumen produkcji soi w krajach UE zwiększał się wolniej niż zapotrzebowanie na wysokobiałkowe surowce paszowe, powodując wzrost wartości przywozu soi i stawiając państwa UE w roli importerów netto tego surowca. Inaczej niż w Polsce, zwiększenie wartości przywozu nie wynikało jednak ze wzrostu jego wolumenu. Największymi importerami soi w UE były Holandia, Hiszpania i Niemcy.
Abstract	Due to the deficit in feed protein from domestic production, EU countries are significant importers of legume crops and meals, including soybean and soybean meal. The aim of the paper is to present changes in soybean production and trade in selected EU countries in 2000-2017. Secondary data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) database were used in the research. The following issues were discussed: the changes in the volume of soybean production in the countries of its largest producers in the EU, the value and quantity of trade flows in the countries of the largest exporters and importers, their share in trade and trade balance. The volume of soybean production in the EU countries has increased more slowly than the demand for high-protein fodder raw materials, resulting in an increase in the value of soybean imports and making EU countries net importers of this raw material. Unlike in Poland, the increase in the value of imports was not due to an increase in its volume. The Netherlands, Spain and Germany were the largest soybean importers in the EU.
Cytowanie	Pawlak K., Sowa K. (2020) Zmiany w produkcji i handlu soją w Polsce i wybranych krajach UE.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 20(35), z. 3: 26-35
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2020_T20(35)_n3_s26.pdf

Autor	Naume Maponya, Isaac Oluwatayo
Tytuł	Economic Efficiency of Table Grape Production in Waterberg and Sekhukhune Districts, Limpopo Province, South Africa
Title	Economic Efficiency of Table Grape Production in Waterberg and Sekhukhune Districts, Limpopo Province, South Africa
Słowa kluczowe	efficiency, farmers, table grapes, South Africa, stochastic frontier model
Key words	efficiency, farmers, table grapes, South Africa, stochastic frontier model
Abstrakt	Table grape production plays an important role in the economy of many countries in Africa. It serves as a source of income for the people who are engaged in its production and being one of the enterprises that is labour-intensive, thereby providing employment for more people. The main purpose of this study was to analyse the economic efficiency of table grape production in Waterberg and Sekhukhune Districts of Limpopo province, South Africa. The study used primary data collected through administration of structured questionnaires on a sample of 12 farmers by employing a snowball sampling method. Analytical tools employed include descriptive statistics (such as tables and frequencies), Stochastic Frontier Model and Technical Inefficiency Model.Results from data analysis revealed that in terms of efficiency, farming experience (p<0.01), educational level (p<0.05), household size (p<0.10) and age of farmer (p<0.10) were associated with increased efficiency indicating that these factors play important roles in ensuring that resources used in the production of table grapes enhanced productivity and were not wasted. Also, technical efficiency among farmers was found to range from 0.8 to 1, with a mean of 0.89, thus implying a major possibility for improvement in production. However, the allocative efficiency was found to range from 0.47 to 1, with a mean of 0.68. This indicates that some farmers were finding it difficult to allocate their resources efficiently. Again, economic efficiency ranges from 0.56 to 1, with a mean of 0.73, an indication that most of the farmers were economically efficient. Meanwhile, some of the constraints faced by these farmers include high electricity bills and labour costs, water shortages as well as instability around land policy. The study therefore recommends capacity building of farmers through education and other skill enhancement programmes. Also, provision of incentives to encourage youth participation in farming through internship programmes is very important to increase farm productivity.
Abstract	Table grape production plays an important role in the economy of many countries in Africa. It serves as a source of income for the people who are engaged in its production and being one of the enterprises that is labour-intensive, thereby providing employment for more people. The main purpose of this study was to analyse the economic efficiency of table grape production in Waterberg and Sekhukhune Districts of Limpopo province, South Africa. The study used primary data collected through administration of structured questionnaires on a sample of 12 farmers by employing a snowball sampling method. Analytical tools employed include descriptive statistics (such as tables and frequencies), Stochastic Frontier Model and Technical Inefficiency Model.Results from data analysis revealed that in terms of efficiency, farming experience (p<0.01), educational level (p<0.05), household size (p<0.10) and age of farmer (p<0.10) were associated with increased efficiency indicating that these factors play important roles in ensuring that resources used in the production of table grapes enhanced productivity and were not wasted. Also, technical efficiency among farmers was found to range from 0.8 to 1, with a mean of 0.89, thus implying a major possibility for improvement in production. However, the allocative efficiency was found to range from 0.47 to 1, with a mean of 0.68. This indicates that some farmers were finding it difficult to allocate their resources efficiently. Again, economic efficiency ranges from 0.56 to 1, with a mean of 0.73, an indication that most of the farmers were economically efficient. Meanwhile, some of the constraints faced by these farmers include high electricity bills and labour costs, water shortages as well as instability around land policy. The study therefore recommends capacity building of farmers through education and other skill enhancement programmes. Also, provision of incentives to encourage youth participation in farming through internship programmes is very important to increase farm productivity.
Cytowanie	Maponya N., Oluwatayo I. (2020) Economic Efficiency of Table Grape Production in Waterberg and Sekhukhune Districts, Limpopo Province, South Africa.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 20(35), z. 3: 36-52
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2020_T20(35)_n3_s36.pdf

Autor	Agnieszka Cyburt, Agnieszka Gałecka
Tytuł	THE EFFICIENCY OF PRODUCTION FACTORS ON AGRICULTURAL FARMS OF THE VISEGRAD GROUP
Title	Efektywność wykorzystania czynników produkcji w gospodarstwach rolniczych państw grupy wyszehradzkiej
Słowa kluczowe	effectiveness, agricultural farms, FADN, Visegrad Group
Key words	efektywność, gospodarstwa rolne, FADN, grupa Wyszehradzka
Abstrakt	The objective of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the use of production factors on farms of the Visegrad Group countries. The research covered farms participating in the European system for collecting accounting data from FADN (Farm Accountancy Data Network) farms. Under the main objective, an assessment was made of the productivity and profitability of land, labour and capital. The research period covered the years 2014-2017. Based on the analyses that was conducted, it was found that the most effective use of land resources was on farms in Hungary and Poland, and the least effective in Slovakia. Considering labour and capital productivity, the highest results were achieved by farms in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, while the lowest by Polish farms. On the other hand, Hungarian farms were characterized by the highest profitability of labour and return on assets, where the analysed indicators were higher than the EU average.
Abstract	Celem opracowania było określenie efektywności wykorzystania czynników produkcji w gospodarstwach rolniczych państw Grupy Wyszehradzkiej. Badaniami objęte zostały gospodarstwa uczestniczące w europejskim systemie zbierania danych rachunkowych z gospodarstw rolnych FADN (Farm Accountancy Data Network). W ramach celu głównego dokonano oceny produktywności i dochodowości ziemi, pracy i kapitału. Okres badawczy obejmował lata 2014-2017. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych analiz stwierdzono, że najefektywniej zasoby ziemi były wykorzystywane na Węgrzech i w Polsce, zaś najmniej efektywnie na Słowacji. Biorąc pod uwagę produktywność pracy i kapitału najwyższe wyniki osiągnęły gospodarstwa z Czech i Słowacji, zaś najniższe gospodarstwa polskie. Natomiast najwyższą dochodowością pracy i majątku charakteryzowały się gospodarstw węgierskie, gdzie analizowane wskaźniki były wyższe od średniej w UE.
Cytowanie	Cyburt A., Gałecka A. (2020) THE EFFICIENCY OF PRODUCTION FACTORS ON AGRICULTURAL FARMS OF THE VISEGRAD GROUP.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 24(73): 70-80
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2020_n73_s70.pdf

Autor	Paweł Kraciński, Ludwik Wicki
Tytuł	Pozycja konkurencyjna jabłek i zagęszczonego soku jabłkowego na rynkach zagranicznych
Title	Competitive position of apples and concentrated apple juice on foreign markets
Słowa kluczowe	eksport jabłek, eksport zagęszczonego soku jabłkowego, pozycja konkurencyjna
Key words	apple export, export of concentrated apple juice, competitive position
Abstrakt	Celem opracowania była ocena pozycji konkurencyjnej polskich jabłek i zagęszczonego soku jabłkowego (ZSJ) na rynkach zagranicznych. W pracy zidenty-fikowano tendencje na rynku jabłek i ZSJ w Polsce i na świecie. Dokonano także oceny potencjału konkurencyjnego polskiego sadownictwa. Określono pozycję konku-rencyjną polskiego eksportu jabłek i ZSJ oraz czynniki wpływające na pozycję konkurencyjną eksportu tych produktów na rynku światowym. Analizą objęto okres 2005-2017. Stwierdzono, że Polska należała do czołówki największych eksporterów jabłek i ZSJ na świecie, a w badanym okresie pozycja konkurencyjna Polski na rynku zagęszczonego soku jabłkowego rosła. Rosła także pozycja konkurencyjna Polski na rynku jabłek, ale tylko do wprowadzenia w 2014 roku rosyjskiego embargo na ich import z Polski. Pozycja konkurencyjna polskich jabłek na rynku światowym w latach 2005-2017 zależała od cen tych owoców, wielkości zbiorów, ale także kursu walu-towego (PLN/USD) oraz wolumenu importu jabłek w Rosji, a na rynku ZSJ od cen eksportowych i kursu walutowego (PLN/EUR).
Abstract	The aim of the study was to assess the competitive position of Polish apples and apple juice concentrate (CAJ) on foreign markets. The study identifies trends in the apple market and CAJ in Poland and in the world. The competitive potential of Polish horticulture was also assessed. The competitive position of Polish exports of apples and CAJ was determined as well as factors influencing the competitive position of exports of these products on the world market. The analysis covered the period 2005-2017. It was found that Poland was one of the leading exporters of apples and CAJ in the world, and in the analyzed period, Poland's competitive position on the apple juice concentrated market was growing. Poland's competitive position on the apple market also increased, but only until the Russian embargo on apple imports from Poland was introduced in 2014. The competitive position of Polish apples on the world market in 2005-2017 depended on the prices of these fruits, the size of the harvest, but also the exchange rate (PLN / USD) and the volume of apple imports in Russia, and on the CAJ market on export prices and the exchange rate (PLN / EUR).
Cytowanie	Kraciński P., Wicki L. (2020) Pozycja konkurencyjna jabłek i zagęszczonego soku jabłkowego na rynkach zagranicznych.
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Pełny tekst	MONO_2020_pkracinski_pozycja_konkurencyjna_jablek.pdf

Autor	Łukasz Ambroziak
Tytuł	Wpływ pandemii COVID-19 na handel rolno-spożywczy Polski: pierwsze doświadczenia
Title	The Impact of the Pandemic COVID-19 on Agri-Food Trade of Poland: First Experiences
Słowa kluczowe	pandemia COVID-19, eksport, import, produkty rolno-spożywcze, Polska
Key words	pandemic COVID-19, export, import, agri-food products, Poland
Abstrakt	Wybuch pandemii COVID-19 na początku 2020 r. w sposób istotny zmienił uwarunkowania rozwoju wymiany handlowej produktami rolno-spożywczymi. Celem artykułu jest próba oceny wpływu pierwszych miesięcy pandemii COVID-19 na polski handel rolno-spożywczy. Analizy dokonano na podstawie niepublikowanych danych Ministerstwa Finansów, stosując metodę statystyczno-opisową. Z wstępnych danych handlowych za pierwsze półrocze 2020 r. wynikało, że poza nielicznymi wyjątkami polski eksport rolno-spożywczy dobrze radził sobie w okresie największych ograniczeń związanych z przemieszczaniem się ludności wprowadzonych wskutek pandemii COVID-19. Było to efektem m.in. tego, iż żywność jest produktem pierwszej potrzeby (tak, jak np. leki) i cechuje ją niższa elastyczność dochodowa popytu, a także relatywnie niewielkich zakłóceń w produkcji.
Abstract	The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic at the beginning of 2020 significantly changed the conditions for the development of trade in agri-food products. The aim of the article is to assess the impact of the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic on the agri-food trade of Poland. The analysis was based on unpublished data from the Ministry of Finance, using descriptive statistics method. Preliminary trade data for the first half of 2020 showed that with few expectations Polish agri-food exports performed well during lockdown, that is in the period of the greatest restrictions related to the movement of people introduced by the COVID-19 pandemic. It resulted, inter alia, from the fact that food is a basic necessity (such as e.g. medicines) and is characterized by lower income elasticity of demand, and also from relatively small disruptions in production.
Cytowanie	Ambroziak Ł. (2020) Wpływ pandemii COVID-19 na handel rolno-spożywczy Polski: pierwsze doświadczenia.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 20(35), z. 4: 5-17
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2020_T20(35)_n4_s5.pdf

Autor	Heorhiy Cherevko, Iryna Cherevko
Tytuł	Efficiency of Niche Agriculture in Ukraine
Title	Efficiency of Niche Agriculture in Ukraine
Słowa kluczowe	niche agriculture, efficiency, prospects and barriers to development
Key words	niche agriculture, efficiency, prospects and barriers to development
Abstrakt	The deepening of the dualization of Ukraine's agriculture into "large" and "small" producers force the latters to search opportunities for competitive opposition to the firsts by intensive development of niche agriculture. The purpose of the study is to present the efficiency of niche agriculture in Ukraine, describing the main features of this branch and anticipating prospects and barriers to stable development. There are few scientific publications on this topic so far, so their use in the study was quite limited. Materials of specialized scientific conferences and publications of materials of practitioners are more widely used. The research methodology includes general methods (monographic, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, scientific generalization and abstraction) as well as economic research methods (comparisons, indexes). The results show, that niche agriculture in Ukraine is especially relevant for small farms, which can increase profitability not because of the number of products, but because of its niche character. Niche agriculture has advantages and disadvantages, so there is no reason to absolutize it as a panacea for all the problems of the small producers. The barriers to develop niche agriculture in Ukraine: the lack of the culture of consumption, of technology and of knowledge of niche products marketing.
Abstract	The deepening of the dualization of Ukraine's agriculture into "large" and "small" producers force the latters to search opportunities for competitive opposition to the firsts by intensive development of niche agriculture. The purpose of the study is to present the efficiency of niche agriculture in Ukraine, describing the main features of this branch and anticipating prospects and barriers to stable development. There are few scientific publications on this topic so far, so their use in the study was quite limited. Materials of specialized scientific conferences and publications of materials of practitioners are more widely used. The research methodology includes general methods (monographic, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, scientific generalization and abstraction) as well as economic research methods (comparisons, indexes). The results show, that niche agriculture in Ukraine is especially relevant for small farms, which can increase profitability not because of the number of products, but because of its niche character. Niche agriculture has advantages and disadvantages, so there is no reason to absolutize it as a panacea for all the problems of the small producers. The barriers to develop niche agriculture in Ukraine: the lack of the culture of consumption, of technology and of knowledge of niche products marketing.
Cytowanie	Cherevko H., Cherevko I. (2020) Efficiency of Niche Agriculture in Ukraine.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 20(35), z. 4: 18-28
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2020_T20(35)_n4_s18.pdf

Autor	Yuriy Hubeni, Volodymyr Krupa, Oksana Krupa, Sofiia Tsiolkovska
Tytuł	The Foreign Economic Vector of Agribusiness Activity in the Western Region of Ukraine
Title	The Foreign Economic Vector of Agribusiness Activity in the Western Region of Ukraine
Słowa kluczowe	foreign economic activity, agribusiness, international trade, export and import of agricultural products, Western region of Ukraine
Key words	foreign economic activity, agribusiness, international trade, export and import of agricultural products, Western region of Ukraine
Abstrakt	The article is devoted to researching peculiarities and trends of foreign economic activity of agribusinesses in the Western region of Ukraine according to the terms of the Ukraine-European Union Association Agreement. The authors discuss the theoretical essence of agribusiness, as a kind of entrepreneurship, and the nature of foreign economic activity of enterprises. The main conditions of free trade in agricultural products introduced by the terms of the Agreement are determined and their influence on agribusiness export-import operation dynamics in the Western economic region is analyzed. The contribution of certain regions to forming agrarian product export and import volume and structure is considered and the reasons for the considerable advantages of the Lviv region in foreign trade turnover of the Western region are elucidated. It was found that agribusiness cooperation with foreign partners is mainly realized by indirect methods through trade agency organizations or agrarian holding companies. The structure dynamics of production goods for export and import by agribusinesses was studied. Based on the results, some negative tendencies for the Ukrainian economy were noted. They include the preservation of raw exports with a high share of plant origin products and timber, and the predominance of ready-made products with high added value in the import structure. It was established that the Agreement and social political events in Ukraine changed the direction of some export-import flows of agribusiness from CIS countries towards the markets of the European Union and Asian countries. According to the scale of external trade operations with enterprises of the Western region of Ukraine, in general, and within certain trade groups, in particular, country-leaders are defined. Some positive and negative consequences of changes in the foreign economic activity vector are described. And finally, measures which will ensure an expansion and strengthening of Ukraine’s agribusiness presence on international market, are suggested.
Abstract	The article is devoted to researching peculiarities and trends of foreign economic activity of agribusinesses in the Western region of Ukraine according to the terms of the Ukraine-European Union Association Agreement. The authors discuss the theoretical essence of agribusiness, as a kind of entrepreneurship, and the nature of foreign economic activity of enterprises. The main conditions of free trade in agricultural products introduced by the terms of the Agreement are determined and their influence on agribusiness export-import operation dynamics in the Western economic region is analyzed. The contribution of certain regions to forming agrarian product export and import volume and structure is considered and the reasons for the considerable advantages of the Lviv region in foreign trade turnover of the Western region are elucidated. It was found that agribusiness cooperation with foreign partners is mainly realized by indirect methods through trade agency organizations or agrarian holding companies. The structure dynamics of production goods for export and import by agribusinesses was studied. Based on the results, some negative tendencies for the Ukrainian economy were noted. They include the preservation of raw exports with a high share of plant origin products and timber, and the predominance of ready-made products with high added value in the import structure. It was established that the Agreement and social political events in Ukraine changed the direction of some export-import flows of agribusiness from CIS countries towards the markets of the European Union and Asian countries. According to the scale of external trade operations with enterprises of the Western region of Ukraine, in general, and within certain trade groups, in particular, country-leaders are defined. Some positive and negative consequences of changes in the foreign economic activity vector are described. And finally, measures which will ensure an expansion and strengthening of Ukraine’s agribusiness presence on international market, are suggested.
Cytowanie	Hubeni Y., Krupa V., Krupa O., Tsiolkovska S. (2020) The Foreign Economic Vector of Agribusiness Activity in the Western Region of Ukraine.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 20(35), z. 4: 29-46
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2020_T20(35)_n4_s29.pdf

Autor	Mariusz Hamulczuk, Oksana Makarchuk, Edgardo Sica
Tytuł	Price Behaviour and Market Integration: Preliminary Evidencefrom the Ukrainian and European Union Rapeseed Markets
Title	Price Behaviour and Market Integration: Preliminary Evidencefrom the Ukrainian and European Union Rapeseed Markets
Słowa kluczowe	price behavior, horizontal market integration, Ukraine, European Union, rapeseed market
Key words	price behavior, horizontal market integration, Ukraine, European Union, rapeseed market
Abstrakt	This paper aims to provide preliminary evidence about the existence of horizontal integration between the rapeseed markets in Ukraine (UA) and the European Union (EU). To this end, both a trade analysis and a price analysis were carried out. In particular, the trade analysis was performed using yearly trade flows between the UA and EU, whereas price co-movement was assessed by means of linear vector error correction model (VECM) applied to weekly prices for rapeseed from 2008 to 2018. Our findings provide evidence of strong integration between the UA and EU markets in terms of the trade of rapeseeds, rape cake, and rape oil, as well as high horizontal rapeseed price transmission between the two economies.
Abstract	This paper aims to provide preliminary evidence about the existence of horizontal integration between the rapeseed markets in Ukraine (UA) and the European Union (EU). To this end, both a trade analysis and a price analysis were carried out. In particular, the trade analysis was performed using yearly trade flows between the UA and EU, whereas price co-movement was assessed by means of linear vector error correction model (VECM) applied to weekly prices for rapeseed from 2008 to 2018. Our findings provide evidence of strong integration between the UA and EU markets in terms of the trade of rapeseeds, rape cake, and rape oil, as well as high horizontal rapeseed price transmission between the two economies.
Cytowanie	Hamulczuk M., Makarchuk O., Sica E. (2019) Price Behaviour and Market Integration: Preliminary Evidencefrom the Ukrainian and European Union Rapeseed Markets.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 1: 47-58
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n1_s47.pdf

Autor	Arkadiusz Piwowar
Tytuł	Development of the Agricultural Biogas Market in Poland – Production Volume, Feedstocks, Activities and Behaviours of Farmers
Title	Development of the Agricultural Biogas Market in Poland – Production Volume, Feedstocks, Activities and Behaviours of Farmers
Słowa kluczowe	low carbon agriculture, agricultural biogas plants, Poland
Key words	low carbon agriculture, agricultural biogas plants, Poland
Abstrakt	The activity and efficiency of agricultural biogas plants are important issues in the field of low-emission development in rural areas and in agribusiness. The essence of the problems concerns mainly sustainable waste management in agricultural production. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the volume of agricultural biogas production in Poland and the structure of consumption of raw materials used for production of agricultural biogas. The analyses were carried out in the period of 2011–2017. The paper also presents results of empirical research on the agricultural practices as part of the subject area of the development of the agricultural biogas market in Poland. The aim of the questionnaire surveys of agricultural holdings was to obtain information on the use of the biomass from field crops and grasslands for energy purposes and the interest in the development of agricultural production towards the cultivation of energy crops. The results of the analyses were presented in the spatial arrangement of research.
Abstract	The activity and efficiency of agricultural biogas plants are important issues in the field of low-emission development in rural areas and in agribusiness. The essence of the problems concerns mainly sustainable waste management in agricultural production. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the volume of agricultural biogas production in Poland and the structure of consumption of raw materials used for production of agricultural biogas. The analyses were carried out in the period of 2011–2017. The paper also presents results of empirical research on the agricultural practices as part of the subject area of the development of the agricultural biogas market in Poland. The aim of the questionnaire surveys of agricultural holdings was to obtain information on the use of the biomass from field crops and grasslands for energy purposes and the interest in the development of agricultural production towards the cultivation of energy crops. The results of the analyses were presented in the spatial arrangement of research.
Cytowanie	Piwowar A. (2019) Development of the Agricultural Biogas Market in Poland – Production Volume, Feedstocks, Activities and Behaviours of Farmers.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 1: 88-97
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n1_s88.pdf

Autor	Agnieszka Kurdyś-Kujawska, Agnieszka Strzelecka, Danuta Zawadzka
Tytuł	Kapitał obcy a potencjał wytwórczy i wyniki produkcyjno-ekonomiczne towarowych gospodarstw rolnych
Title	Debt Versus Production Potential as Well as Production and Economic Results of Commodity Farms
Słowa kluczowe	kapitał obcy, potencjał produkcyjny, wyniki produkcyjno-ekonomiczne, towarowe gospodarstwo rolne, test U Manna-Whitney’a
Key words	debt, production potential, production and economic results, commodity farm, U Mann-Whitney rank sum test
Abstrakt	Celem badania jest odpowiedź na pytanie: czy wykorzystanie kapitału obcego przez towarowe gospodarstwa rolne przyczynia się do zwiększenia potencjału wytwórczego oraz poprawy warunków produkcyjno-ekonomicznych? Badania przeprowadzono w oparciu o dane zebrane w ramach Polskiego FADN dla 2015 roku. Próba badawcza liczyła 12 021 towarowych gospodarstw rolnych, w tym blisko połowa (48,61%), obok kapitału własnego korzystała także z zewnętrznych źródeł finansowania działalności rolniczej. Ze względu na silną asymetrię, do opisu cech charakteryzujących badane podmioty wykorzystano miary pozycyjne. Do oceny istotności różnic rozkładów zastosowano test sumy rang U Manna-Whitney'a. Uzyskane wyniki badań wskazują na występowanie istotnych różnic w potencjale produkcyjnym oraz efektywności produkcyjnej i ekonomicznej podmiotów finansujących działalność rolniczą kapitałem obcym i gospodarstw, które korzystają wyłącznie z kapitału własnego. Podmioty, które wykorzystują do finansowania działalności rolniczej, obok kapitału własnego, także kapitał obcy, charakteryzują się wyższym potencjałem wytwórczym oraz uzyskują wyższe wyniki produkcyjno-ekonomiczne, niż gospodarstwa korzystające tylko z kapitału własnego.
Abstract	The aim of the research is to find an answer to the question: Does the use of debt by commodity farms contribute to the increase of production potential and improvement of production and economic conditions? The research was based on data collected as part of the Polish FADN for 2015. The research sample consisted of 12021 commodity farms, of which almost half (48.61%), apart from equity also used external sources of financing agricultural activity. To describe the features characterizing the studied entities, positional measures were used due to strong asymmetry. The U Mann-Whitney rank sum test was used to assess the significance of differences in distributions. The obtained research results indicate the existence of significant differences in production potential as well as production and economic efficiency of commodity farms financing agricultural activity with debt and farms that use only own capital. Entities that use debt to finance agricultural activities, apart from equity, are characterized by a higher production potential and obtain higher production and economic results than farms using only equity.
Cytowanie	Kurdyś-Kujawska A., Strzelecka A., Zawadzka D. (2019) Kapitał obcy a potencjał wytwórczy i wyniki produkcyjno-ekonomiczne towarowych gospodarstw rolnych.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 1: 110-119
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n1_s110.pdf

Autor	Anna Twardowska
Tytuł	Konwergencja typu sigma cen gruntów rolnych w państwach Unii Europejskiej
Title	Sigma Convergence of Agricultural Land Prices in European Union Countries
Słowa kluczowe	sigma-konwergencja, grunty rolne, ceny, Unia Europejska
Key words	sigma-convergence, agricultural land, prices, the European Union
Abstrakt	W artykule poruszono problematykę zależności pomiędzy cenami ziemi rolniczej w państwach Unii Europejskiej. Celem artykułu jest próba uzyskania odpowiedzi na pytanie czy ma miejsce zmniejszanie się zróżnicowania poziomu cen gruntów rolnych w krajach Unii Europejskiej. Analizie poddano ceny gruntów rolnych w wybranych państwach UE w latach 2006 – 2016. Badaniu poddano występowanie konwergencji w trzech wymiarach: w całej Unii Europejskiej, pomiędzy państwami tzw. starej Unii oraz pomiędzy tzw. nowymi krajami UE. W wyniku przeprowadzonych analiz potwierdzono występowanie zjawiska sigma-konwergencji cen gruntów rolnych w całej UE. Stwierdzono również, że w tzw. nowych państwach UE oraz pomiędzy państwami należącymi do tzw. starych państw UE nie zachodzi zjawisko sigma-konwergencji cen gruntów rolnych.
Abstract	The article raises the issue of dependence between agricultural land prices in the European Union countries. The aim of the article is to provide an answer to the following question: if the level of agricultural land price differentiation in the European Union is diminishing. The analysis covered prices of agricultural land in selected the EU countries in the period 2006 - 2016. The study was based on the occurrence of convergence in three dimensions: throughout the European Union, between the so-called old EU and between the so-called new EU countries. As a result of the conducted analyses, the phenomenon of sigma-convergence of agricultural land prices across the EU was confirmed. It was also found that in the so-called new EU countries and in so-called old EU countries there is no sigma convergence of agricultural land prices.
Cytowanie	Twardowska A. (2019) Konwergencja typu sigma cen gruntów rolnych w państwach Unii Europejskiej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 1: 133-143
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n1_s133.pdf

Autor	Kaja Karwowska, Magdalena Skotnicka, Maria Śmiechowska
Tytuł	Tea Production and its Forecasts, and the Possibility of Tea Cultivation in the Context of Environmental Requirements in China
Title	Tea Production and its Forecasts, and the Possibility of Tea Cultivation in the Context of Environmental Requirements in China
Słowa kluczowe	tea, plantations, crop types, climate changes, local ecosystems
Key words	tea, plantations, crop types, climate changes, local ecosystems
Abstrakt	The present study demonstrates the reasons for the foundation of tea plantations and conditions of their cultivation. The limitations and negative consequences of cultivation of tea plants along with the ideas for their minimization are shown. Plantations were created to optimize the harvest. However, it has been found that they negatively influence local ecosystems. The global demand for tea leaves is constantly growing. Due to the specific climate requirements of tea plants and progressive climate changes, the arable land area suitable for their cultivation is constantly decreasing. New solutions should be implemented as soon as possible, ensuring a constant supply of raw material. Otherwise, in the next few years tea may become a luxury product. FAO has presented the activities that could reduce the losses. At the moment, the best solution might be to change crop types and diversify sources of raw material. It is also highlighted that there is a need to carry out research aiming at developing varieties of Camella sinensis with lower climate requirements.
Abstract	The present study demonstrates the reasons for the foundation of tea plantations and conditions of their cultivation. The limitations and negative consequences of cultivation of tea plants along with the ideas for their minimization are shown. Plantations were created to optimize the harvest. However, it has been found that they negatively influence local ecosystems. The global demand for tea leaves is constantly growing. Due to the specific climate requirements of tea plants and progressive climate changes, the arable land area suitable for their cultivation is constantly decreasing. New solutions should be implemented as soon as possible, ensuring a constant supply of raw material. Otherwise, in the next few years tea may become a luxury product. FAO has presented the activities that could reduce the losses. At the moment, the best solution might be to change crop types and diversify sources of raw material. It is also highlighted that there is a need to carry out research aiming at developing varieties of Camella sinensis with lower climate requirements.
Cytowanie	Karwowska K., Skotnicka M., Śmiechowska M. (2019) Tea Production and its Forecasts, and the Possibility of Tea Cultivation in the Context of Environmental Requirements in China.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 1: 180-191
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n1_s180.pdf