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Autor	Radovan Savov, Xénia Szarková
Tytuł	THE CONTRIBUTION OF BREWERIES TO THE V4 ECONOMY
Title
Słowa kluczowe	excise duties, direct employment, V4, the brewing industry
Key words
Abstrakt	The consumption of beer can be considered a cultural element of many European countries. Therefore, it rep_x0002_resents a great contribution to Central European economies mainly in terms of employment, value-added or taxes and duties. Since beer has a plentiful history and permanent popularity, the most powerful global multi_x0002_nationals gradually took over the global market over the last few decades. Therefore, globalization highly af_x0002_fected the structure of the brewing industry that caused the homogenization of products. The aforementioned and also other factors have led to the increase in the establishment of local craft breweries which produce the beloved beverage characterised by traditional recipe and uniqueness. Hence, in this article, we are focus_x0002_ing on the selected macroeconomic indicators like employment or excise duties generated by breweries in Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. Since there is no separate economic data available on industrial and craft beer yet, we focused on the economic impacts of the brewing industry in general, during the period 2010–2019. In the first part of the results, we provide the rate of excise duty on beer as opposed to other alcoholic beverages and in the second part, we focus on direct employment in the industry. The last part focuses on the relation between these two variables by using regression analysis.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Savov R., Szarková X.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2021_n5_s76.pdf

Autor	Maksym Klymenko
Tytuł	Environmental Taxation as a Policy Instrument for Green Growth
Title	Environmental Taxation as a Policy Instrument for Green Growth
Słowa kluczowe	environmental taxation, green growth, tax instruments, environmental issues
Key words	environmental taxation, green growth, tax instruments, environmental issues
Abstrakt	The article is devoted to environmental taxation as a tool for green growth and assistant to solve environmental issues of the world and Ukraine in particular. Nowadays, the world's economic growth goes side by side with environmental protection, and taxation aims to become an economic instrument to stop large-scale over-use of energy and consider effective resource utilisation, expand the share of organic farming and move towards “green” economy. The paper identifies the main groups of environmental taxes in the EU countries, analyses the European experience of the economic impact on the environment protection, examines possible ways of environmental taxation reforming in Ukraine, based on successful foreign experience.
Abstract	The article is devoted to environmental taxation as a tool for green growth and assistant to solve environmental issues of the world and Ukraine in particular. Nowadays, the world's economic growth goes side by side with environmental protection, and taxation aims to become an economic instrument to stop large-scale over-use of energy and consider effective resource utilisation, expand the share of organic farming and move towards “green” economy. The paper identifies the main groups of environmental taxes in the EU countries, analyses the European experience of the economic impact on the environment protection, examines possible ways of environmental taxation reforming in Ukraine, based on successful foreign experience.
Cytowanie	Klymenko M. (2019) Environmental Taxation as a Policy Instrument for Green Growth.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 3: 35-45
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n3_s35.pdf

Autor	Tetiana Kaminska, Natalia Wasilewska
Tytuł	PRECONDITIONS OF LAND RELATIONS DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL
Title
Słowa kluczowe	economic, legal and institutional preconditions, land market, land evaluation, mortgage institution, moratorium on sale of agricultural land.
Key words
Abstrakt	This paper discusses the issues related to the implementation of the land reform in Ukraine. The purpose of the research is to work out a system of measures aimed at developing land relations, in particular, the introduction of the land market in Ukraine, as well as determining the economic impact of the effective turnover of land plots. The analysis of the economic situation in Ukraine over the past 10 years has been carried out. Issues related to land legislation, in particular land valuation, are briefly identified. The institutions without functioning of which the introduction of the land market is impossible, are established. The conducted analysis gave basis to the proposal of preconditions of economic, legal and institutional character, necessary for the successful development of land relations. The article also proposes mortgage refinancing mechanism through the issue of mortgage land securities.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kaminska T., Wasilewska N. (2018) PRECONDITIONS OF LAND RELATIONS DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 20(69): 234-244
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2018_n69_s234.pdf

Autor	Adam Węgrzyn
Tytuł	Próba oceny procesu konsolidacji sektora dystrybucji paliwa gazowego w Polsce na przykładzie grupy kapitałowej polskiego górnictwa naftowego i gazownictwa S.A.
Title	An attempt to assess the process of consolidation of the distribution of gas in poland on the example of the pgnig group PLC.
Słowa kluczowe	konsolidacja spółek; branża dystrybucji gazu; ocena procesu integracji; EVA; ROE; długoterminowy model regulacyjny
Key words	consolidation companies; gas transmission industry; the assessment of the integration process; EVA; ROE; long-term regulatory model
Abstrakt	Liczne w polskiej gospodarce procesy konsolidacyjne wymuszone postępującą liberalizacją rynku stanowią ciekawy obszar badawczy. Celem poniższego artykułu jest próba oceny zasadności decyzji o konsolidacji, efektywności samego procesu konsolidacji branży dystrybucji paliwa gazowego w ramach Grupy Kapitałowej Polskiego Górnictwa Naftowego i Gazownictwa S.A., a także skutków ekonomicznych konsolidacji sześciu regionalnych operatorów dystrybucyjnych dla nowo powstałego operatora dystrybucji gazu w Polsce, jakim jest od dnia 1 lipca 2013 roku Polska Spółka Gazownictwa Sp. z o.o. z siedzibą w Warszawie. Zdaniem autora, ocena podjęcia decyzji o rozpoczęciu procesu konsolidacji jest negatywna. Doprowadziła do zaprzepaszczenia możliwości, jakie niosło zawarcie porozumienia taryfowego pomiędzy Urzędem Regulacji Energetyki a spółkami dystrybucyjnymi w formie Długoterminowego Modelu Regulacyjnego. Model miał zapewnić poszczególnym spółkom stały wzrost przychodu regulowanego do 2015 roku, co bezpośrednio przełożyłoby się na zapewnienie stabilnego rozwoju. Konsolidacja doprowadziła także do jednej z większych w skali Europy koncentracji operatorskiej w zakresie dystrybucji energii gazowej. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi próbę oceny dotychczasowych działań w ramach procesu konsolidacji branży dystrybucji gazu.
Abstract	Many of the Polish economy consolidation processes, forced by progressive liberalization of the market, constitute an interesting area of research. The aim of this paper is to assess the validity of the decision on consolidation, the effectiveness of the process of consolidation of the transmission of gas within the Polish and Gas Company Holding, as well as the economic impact of the consolidation of six regional transmission operators for the newly formed gas transmission operator in Poland, which has been since July 1st, 2013 the Polish Gas Company. The decision to start the process of consolidation is negative in authors’ opinion. Led to the undermining of the possibility of an agreement which carried the tariff between the Energy Regulatory Office and transmission companies in the form of Long Term Regulatory Model. It was to ensure each company a steady increase in regulated revenues for 2015, which directly translate into ensuring stable development. Consolidation has led to one of the largest in Europe, in terms of carrier concentration, transmission of gas. This article is an attempt at an objective assessment of current activities in the process of consolidation of the transmission of gas.
Cytowanie	Węgrzyn A. (2015) Próba oceny procesu konsolidacji sektora dystrybucji paliwa gazowego w Polsce na przykładzie grupy kapitałowej polskiego górnictwa naftowego i gazownictwa S.A..Zarządzanie Finansami i Rachunkowość, nr 1: 89-101
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Pełny tekst	ZFIR_2015_n1_s89.pdf

Autor	Jarosław Mikołajczyk
Tytuł	Skutki ekonomiczne sprzedaży ziemi w dużych obszarowo gospodarstwach polskiego FADN
Title	ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE SALE OF LAND ON LARGE-AREA FARMS OF POLISH FADN
Słowa kluczowe	dywestycje, sprzedaż ziemi, skutki ekonomiczne, gospodarstwa rolne, FADN
Key words	divestments, sale of land, economic impact, farms, FADN
Abstrakt	W artykule podjęto próbę wykorzystania ekonomicznych miar oceny ekonomicznych skutków działań dywestycyjnych w dużych obszarowo gospodarstwach rolnych polskiego FADN, które dokonały w 2005 r. sprzedaży ziemi. Sprzedaż była przedsięwzięciem obejmującym dużą powierzchnię. W wyniku dywestycji dochodziło do wyraźnego obniżenia dochodu z gospodarstwa rolniczego. Badania potwierdziły przydatność zmodyfikowanych (na potrzeby oceny dywestycji) miar oceny efektywności inwestycji służących do oceny ekonomicznych skutków sprzedaży ziemi. Miary wskazały jednoznacznie, że sprzedaż znacznych powierzchni przez gospodarstwa duże obszarowo jest przedsięwzięciem nieefektywnym z ekonomicznego punktu widzenia.
Abstract	The paper presents the attempt to use economic measures of assessment of divestments’ economic effects on large-area agricultural farms participating in the Polish FADN system, which made divestments regarding farmland in 2005. The average size of utilized agricultural area in the analyzed group was in the range 22.5 to 69.7 hectares. Over 50 percent of the farmland has been sold. As a result of those divestments a significant reduction in farm income from farming occurred. The analyses allowed to confirm the usefulness of measures of investment efficiency evaluation in estimating the economic consequences of land sale, modified for the purpose of divestment assessment. The data clearly indicated that the disposal of significant ratio of farmland is ineffective from an economic perspective.
Cytowanie	Mikołajczyk J. (2014) Skutki ekonomiczne sprzedaży ziemi w dużych obszarowo gospodarstwach polskiego FADN.Roczniki Naukowe Ekonomii Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich, t. 101, z. 1: 119-126
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Pełny tekst	RNR_2014_n1_s119.pdf

Autor	Barbara Gołębiewska, Natalia Sobczak
Tytuł	Kierunki wykorzystania i opłacalność produkcji truskawek
Title	The Use and Profitability of Strawberries
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Key words
Abstrakt
Abstract	The study provides an assessment of profitability of strawberries, grown for direct consumption in the traditional time of harvest. The aim was to determine the economic impact of strawberries in Poland and in the world, determine the direction of the use of strawberries in Poland and to determine the profitability of production and the factors shaping it. Our study was carried out for the period 2006–2011 in deliberately chosen farm, where for more than 10 years are produced strawberries. It was found that the fundamental determinants of profitability was the level of yields, the price obtained and the level of direct costs incurred in the production process.
Cytowanie	Gołębiewska B., Sobczak N. (2012) Kierunki wykorzystania i opłacalność produkcji truskawek.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 98: 109-121
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2012_n98_s109.pdf

Autor	Zdenka Kádeková, Anton Kretter
Tytuł	Advertising and Public Relations Efficiency Measurement and Control
Title	Advertising and Public Relations Efficiency Measurement and Control
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Abstrakt
Abstract	Public relations and advertising are important tools of marketing activities in meeting the business objectives, contributing the building of reputation and image of the enterprise and the customer´s awareness about the products. PR and advertising help to activate the customer´s interest in buying the product. Implementation of advertising and PR is a cost item for the enterprise. The amount of funds entered into advertising and PR is based on a comparison between actual and desired effect. Monitoring the efficiency of advertising and PR should be oriented primarily on measuring of microeconomic effects. Through this communicative effects in conjunction with other tools of marketing mix can be measured impact on sales (though not exactly) because the ultimate goal is obviously the economic impact of business activities.
Cytowanie	Kádeková Z., Kretter A. (2011) .Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 5(54): 71-77
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2011_n54_s71.pdf

Autor	Boróka Bíró, Emese Szocs
Tytuł	Territorial differences of climate change impact on Romanian crop production
Title	Territorial differences of climate change impact on Romanian crop production
Słowa kluczowe
Key words	climate change, crop yields, regional differences
Abstrakt
Abstract	Effects of the climate change appear in several fields of the economy and agriculture can be considered as one of the most affected among them. In a country, where almost 10% of the total GDP is produced by the agricultural sector and more than 30% of the total work force is employed in this field, these changes may have severe economic impacts. As in Romania almost 65% of the agricultural production is represented by vegetal production, we concentrate our investigations on this agricultural sector. Our aim is to present, basing on econometric modeling, how the climate changes will affect the Romanian crop production in the next 20 years, highlighting the territorial differences which appear between the Romanian NUTS2 development regions. This paper presents some of the first results of the FP6 research project “CLAVIER – Climate Change and Variability: Impact on Central and Eastern Europe”, contract no. 037013 (2006-2009).
Cytowanie	Bíró B., Szocs E. (2009) .Scientific Journal Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW - Problems of World Agriculture, t. 6(21), z. : 74-87
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2009_T6(21)_n_s74.pdf