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Autor	Alina Daniłowska, Aigerim Duisenbekova
Tytuł	Assessment of Food Security in the East Kazakhstan Region
Title	Assessment of Food Security in the East Kazakhstan Region
Słowa kluczowe	sustainability, agriculture, agri-food policy, food security
Key words	sustainability, agriculture, agri-food policy, food security
Abstrakt	The article assesses the food security of one region of Kazakhstan - the East Kazakhstan region. In the analyses, criteria such as the level of the region’s food independence, the degree of satisfaction of the population’s physiological needs in basic food, and the level of economic availability of food were applied. The research has shown that the food security in the East Kazakhstan region was at an acceptable level. However, some threats to food security were identified, including: a high level of income differentiation among the households of the East Kazakhstan region, an increase in the price index for food products, and a significant proportion of the population with incomes below the subsistence minimum. The results of the evaluation can be useful for creating agri-food policy measures that will ensure, maintain and improve the level of food security at both a regional and national level.
Abstract	The article assesses the food security of one region of Kazakhstan - the East Kazakhstan region. In the analyses, criteria such as the level of the region’s food independence, the degree of satisfaction of the population’s physiological needs in basic food, and the level of economic availability of food were applied. The research has shown that the food security in the East Kazakhstan region was at an acceptable level. However, some threats to food security were identified, including: a high level of income differentiation among the households of the East Kazakhstan region, an increase in the price index for food products, and a significant proportion of the population with incomes below the subsistence minimum. The results of the evaluation can be useful for creating agri-food policy measures that will ensure, maintain and improve the level of food security at both a regional and national level.
Cytowanie	Daniłowska A., Duisenbekova A. (2021) Assessment of Food Security in the East Kazakhstan Region.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 21(36), z. 3: 4-13
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2021_T21(36)_n3_s4.pdf

Autor	Arkadiusz Weremczuk, Michał Wielechowski, Joanna Wrzesińska-Kowal
Tytuł	Developments and convergence of real housing pricesin Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic:focus on voivodeship capitals
Title
Słowa kluczowe	real estate market, housing prices, regional price convergence in housing market, COVID-19, voivodeship capitals, Poland
Key words
Abstrakt	The paper aims to present and assess the changes in real housing prices in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyse transaction prices of residential premises in a multi-family housing (apartments) in the primary and secondary markets within 16 administrative capitals of voivodeships. We use quarterly data on House Prices Database collected by the National Bank of Poland and data on quarterly price indices of consumer goods and services from Statistics Poland. The research period covers the period 2018-2021, with distinction into COVID-19- and pre-COVID-19 periods. We observe the highest housing prices in Warszawa, Gdańsk, Kraków, and Wrocław, while the lowest in Zielona Góra and Kielce. Surprisingly, the growth rate in real housing prices in the pandemic sub-period is lower than in corresponding pre-COVID-19 period. In the COVID-19 sub-period, we observe the most significant increases in real estate prices in Zielona Góra and Szczecin in the primary market, and Kraków, Lublin, and Łódź in the secondary market. Additionally, we reveal the existence of regional price convergence in the housing market in analysed cities, both in primary and secondary markets. However, we do not observe a common price convergence, but only convergence clubs (city-groups) where the housing prices tend to converge in the COVID-19 sub-period.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Weremczuk A., Wielechowski M., Wrzesińska-Kowal J.
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Pełny tekst	TIRR_2021_n16_s111.pdf

Autor	Rolan Albornoz, Stanislava Kontsevaya, Svetlana Kontsevaya, Luboš Smutka
Tytuł	METHODOLOGY FOR ESTIMATION THE EFFICIENCY OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Title
Słowa kluczowe	land assets, economic efficiency, ecological efficiency, criteria, methods, soil quality
Key words
Abstrakt	Paper devoted estimation of the efficiency of agricultural land in the Russian Federation. Land is the main production factor in agriculture, hence it is important to know the effective usage of land. Land efficiency could be evaluated in different ways. In this paper, it was suggested to use as factors – feed units received from 1 ha arable land, amount of growing production in fair price in 1 ha, gross and net profit per 1 ha. Also, methodology suggested calculating potential yield and the potential cost of arable land, using a score of soil quality. The paper aims to suggest a methodology of economic efficiency. Case study base on agricultural company Kolos, Russia.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Albornoz R., Kontsevaya S., Kontsevaya S., Smutka L.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2021_n5_s56.pdf

Autor	Jamiu Hussayn, Ogheneruemu Obi-Egbedi, Isaac Oluwatayo
Tytuł	Trade Liberalization Policy and Competitiveness of Cocoa Beans Exports in Nigeria (1961-2017)
Title	Trade Liberalization Policy and Competitiveness of Cocoa Beans Exports in Nigeria (1961-2017)
Słowa kluczowe	cocoa, competitiveness, market share, trade liberalization policy and vector error correction model
Key words	cocoa, competitiveness, market share, trade liberalization policy and vector error correction model
Abstrakt	The cocoa sector in Nigeria has experienced decline in production, yield, exports coupled with its inability to attain global standards and targets and, gradual loss of competitiveness at the world market. Trade liberalization was government’s panacea to the sector’s problem although, cocoa competitiveness remains an issue since liberalization. Therefore, the relationship between trade liberalization policy and competitiveness of Nigeria’s cocoa exports was examined in this study using data for the period 1961-2017. Cocoa market share was used to measure competitiveness while analytical tools employed were: ADF test, Johansen co-integration test and the vector error correction model (VECM). Market share, quantity of cocoa export and inflation rate were stationary at original level while others, at first difference. The co-integration test showed seven co-integrating equations. Trade liberalization policy was found to be an important driver of competitiveness. In addition, area harvested, production quantity and export quantity positively influenced competitiveness while world price of cocoa, interest rate on agricultural loans, exchange rate and trade liberalization influenced negatively. Therefore, appropriate trade policy formulation and implementation is recommended while, specific attention should be paid to monetary policies and cocoa production by the government.
Abstract	The cocoa sector in Nigeria has experienced decline in production, yield, exports coupled with its inability to attain global standards and targets and, gradual loss of competitiveness at the world market. Trade liberalization was government’s panacea to the sector’s problem although, cocoa competitiveness remains an issue since liberalization. Therefore, the relationship between trade liberalization policy and competitiveness of Nigeria’s cocoa exports was examined in this study using data for the period 1961-2017. Cocoa market share was used to measure competitiveness while analytical tools employed were: ADF test, Johansen co-integration test and the vector error correction model (VECM). Market share, quantity of cocoa export and inflation rate were stationary at original level while others, at first difference. The co-integration test showed seven co-integrating equations. Trade liberalization policy was found to be an important driver of competitiveness. In addition, area harvested, production quantity and export quantity positively influenced competitiveness while world price of cocoa, interest rate on agricultural loans, exchange rate and trade liberalization influenced negatively. Therefore, appropriate trade policy formulation and implementation is recommended while, specific attention should be paid to monetary policies and cocoa production by the government.
Cytowanie	Hussayn J., Obi-Egbedi O., Oluwatayo I. (2021) Trade Liberalization Policy and Competitiveness of Cocoa Beans Exports in Nigeria (1961-2017).Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 21(36), z. 1: 4-15
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2021_T21(36)_n1_s4.pdf

Autor	Bogdan Klepacki, Paulina Mindewicz
Tytuł	The volatility of price offers of passenger airlines on the example of the Warsaw – Brussels route
Title	Zmienność ofert cenowych przewoźników pasażerskich na przykładzie trasy Warszawa – Bruksela
Słowa kluczowe	air communication, ticket prices, pricing policy
Key words	komunikacja lotnicza, ceny biletów, polityka cenowa
Abstrakt	In the study, the authors dealt with the price offer of four air carriers on the Warsaw – Brussels route. There were two traditional carriers (LOT Polish Airlines and Lufthansa) and two low-cost carriers (Ryanair and Wizz Air). The analysis considered changes in the ticket prices for a flight on a specific day over six months. A diversified pricing policy was found. Low-cost carriers and Lufthansa changed prices frequently but to a small extent. On the other hand, the cost of a ticket on Polish airlines was gradually increasing, the fastest in the last month before the flight. To minimize the ticket price at PLL LOT, a reservation had to be made at least three months before the flight. The lowest price of a Lufthansa and Ryanair ticket occurred a month before departure. On the other hand, at Wizz Air, the final price was lower than that offered at the beginning of the study.
Abstract	W opracowaniu autorzy podjęli problematykę oferty cenowej czterech przewoźników lotniczych na trasie Warszawa – Bruksela. Było to dwóch przewoźników tradycyjnych (PLL LOT i Lufthansa) oraz dwóch niskokosztowych (Ryanair i Wizz Air). W analizie uwzględniono zmiany cen biletu na lot konkretnego dnia w półrocznym okresie. Stwierdzono zróżnicowaną politykę cenową. Przewoźnicy niskokosztowi oraz Lufthansa zmieniali cenę często, ale w niewielkim zakresie. Z kolei koszt biletu w polskich liniach stopniowo rósł, najszybciej w ostatnim miesiącu przed lotem. W minimalizacji ceny biletu w PLL LOT należało dokonać rezerwacji minimum trzy miesiące przed lotem. Najniższa cena biletu Lufthansy oraz Ryanair wystąpiła na miesiąc przed wyjazdem. Z kolei w Wizz Air cena ostateczna była niższa od zaoferowanej na początku badania.
Cytowanie	Klepacki B., Mindewicz P.
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Pełny tekst	EIOL_2020_T5_n3_s93.pdf

Autor	Tetyana Kuts, Oksana Makarchuk
Tytuł	Ukrainian Sunflower Market on the Background of EU and US Markets
Title	Ukrainian Sunflower Market on the Background of EU and US Markets
Słowa kluczowe	market integration, Ukraine, European Union, United States, sunflower oil market
Key words	market integration, Ukraine, European Union, United States, sunflower oil market
Abstrakt	This paper aims to provide market analysis of the sunflower market in Ukraine (UA) and research the existence of integration between the sunflower oil markets in Ukraine, the European Union (EU) and the United States (US). To fulfill the aims in the paper, yearly balances of sunflower seed, sunflower oil and sunflower cake were analyzed and price analysis was conducted. Price integration was assessed with the use of the error correction model (ECM) which was applied to monthly prices for sunflower oil from 2000 to 2020. Our findings provide evidence of high price transmission between the UA and EU markets, conversely lower price transmission was observed between the UA and the US.
Abstract	This paper aims to provide market analysis of the sunflower market in Ukraine (UA) and research the existence of integration between the sunflower oil markets in Ukraine, the European Union (EU) and the United States (US). To fulfill the aims in the paper, yearly balances of sunflower seed, sunflower oil and sunflower cake were analyzed and price analysis was conducted. Price integration was assessed with the use of the error correction model (ECM) which was applied to monthly prices for sunflower oil from 2000 to 2020. Our findings provide evidence of high price transmission between the UA and EU markets, conversely lower price transmission was observed between the UA and the US.
Cytowanie	Kuts T., Makarchuk O. (2020) Ukrainian Sunflower Market on the Background of EU and US Markets .Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 20(35), z. 3: 4-15
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2020_T20(35)_n3_s4.pdf

Autor	Jurij Klapkiv
Tytuł	GLOBAL AREAS OF AGRARIAN BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT
Title
Słowa kluczowe	food security, pandemic, poverty, reduction of profitability, strategic development goals, global environment, food security indicators, consumer price index
Key words
Abstrakt	The following research methods are used to achieve this goal: theoretical synthesis, analysis, abstract and logical - to reveal the relationship of the global food crisis in the context of achieving food security goals; interpretation and comparison - to determine the prospects for improving food security; tabular and graphical - for a visual representation of food security in the world. It has been established that food security is an objective necessity for human development. Its provision is a guarantee of regular access of the population to high-quality food necessary for leading an active and healthy life. Taking into account the analysed indicators of food security, reserves have been identified for improving the growth of food security in the strategy of sustainable development of Ukraine and the world. A cumulative interrelated analysis of pandemic and post-pandemic poverty growth, declining profitability, and price differentiation in food security has been conducted. The assessment of divergent changes in the food sector of Ukraine and other countries is carried out taking into account the challenges of the environmental environment. The results of the study on food security can be used in the management of the economy and the agro-industrial sector as one of the goals of sustainable development.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Klapkiv J.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2020_n4_s61.pdf

Autor	Mariusz Hamulczuk, Oksana Makarchuk, Edgardo Sica
Tytuł	Price Behaviour and Market Integration: Preliminary Evidencefrom the Ukrainian and European Union Rapeseed Markets
Title	Price Behaviour and Market Integration: Preliminary Evidencefrom the Ukrainian and European Union Rapeseed Markets
Słowa kluczowe	price behavior, horizontal market integration, Ukraine, European Union, rapeseed market
Key words	price behavior, horizontal market integration, Ukraine, European Union, rapeseed market
Abstrakt	This paper aims to provide preliminary evidence about the existence of horizontal integration between the rapeseed markets in Ukraine (UA) and the European Union (EU). To this end, both a trade analysis and a price analysis were carried out. In particular, the trade analysis was performed using yearly trade flows between the UA and EU, whereas price co-movement was assessed by means of linear vector error correction model (VECM) applied to weekly prices for rapeseed from 2008 to 2018. Our findings provide evidence of strong integration between the UA and EU markets in terms of the trade of rapeseeds, rape cake, and rape oil, as well as high horizontal rapeseed price transmission between the two economies.
Abstract	This paper aims to provide preliminary evidence about the existence of horizontal integration between the rapeseed markets in Ukraine (UA) and the European Union (EU). To this end, both a trade analysis and a price analysis were carried out. In particular, the trade analysis was performed using yearly trade flows between the UA and EU, whereas price co-movement was assessed by means of linear vector error correction model (VECM) applied to weekly prices for rapeseed from 2008 to 2018. Our findings provide evidence of strong integration between the UA and EU markets in terms of the trade of rapeseeds, rape cake, and rape oil, as well as high horizontal rapeseed price transmission between the two economies.
Cytowanie	Hamulczuk M., Makarchuk O., Sica E. (2019) Price Behaviour and Market Integration: Preliminary Evidencefrom the Ukrainian and European Union Rapeseed Markets.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 1: 47-58
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n1_s47.pdf

Autor	Marcin Dudziński, Ewa Wasilewska
Tytuł	Application of conjoint analysis in the study of the wine consumers’ preferences
Title	Zastosowanie conjoint analysis w badaniu preferencji konsumentów wina
Słowa kluczowe	preferences analysis, consumer, conjoint analysis, wine
Key words	analiza preferencji, konsument, conjoint analysis, wino
Abstrakt	In our paper, the results concerning the research devoted to wine consumers’ preferences, obtained with the use of method called the conjoint analysis, are presented. The basis for measurements of such the preferences is the utility function that enables to assign numerical characteristics to each of available variates. The conjoint analysis is a survey-based multivariate statistical technique where respondent has different objects at the disposal, each of which is determined by the chosen set of relevant attributes, taking the given values (levels), in order to give some information about the total preferences regarding these objects. The objective of our work is to gain the knowledge about the wine consumers’ preferences and, in particular, to establish what factors are vital for them when purchasing wine. We conduct a questionnaire survey based on a sample consisting of 248 randomly chosen respondents, declaring wine consumption. The collected sample has been divided into the female and male groups, as well as into the three age categories (18–35 years, 36–55 years and 56 years or more). In our study, we have stated that the price of wine is the most decisive factor when it comes to selection of the preferred sort of wine. The wine dryness and its color turn out to be the second and the third most significant factors regarding this choice, while the sort of wine and the number of awarded prizes or accolades are the least important factors for buying the specific kind of wine.
Abstract	W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań preferencji konsumentów wina przy wykorzystaniu metody conjoint analysis, czyli addytywnego pomiaru łącznego. Podstawę pomiaru preferencji stanowi tu funkcja użyteczności, która umożliwia przypisanie charakterystyki liczbowej każdemu z dostępnych wariantów będących przedmiotem wyboru. Conjoint analysis jest jedną z metod wielowymiarowej analizy statystycznej. Opiera się ona na prezentacji respondentom zbioru obiektów (profilów produktów lub usług) opisanych wybranymi atrybutami, z których każdy przyjmuje określone wartości (poziomy), w celu uzyskania informacji o całkowitych preferencjach odnośnie tych obiektów. Celem opracowania było rozpoznanie preferencji konsumentów wina, w szczególności określenie, jakimi kryteriami kierują się oni, podejmując decyzję o zakupie wina. Przeprowadzono badania ankietowe przy wykorzystaniu kwestionariusza ankiety wśród 248 wybranych w sposób przypadkowy osób deklarujących spożywanie wina, w podziale na kobiety i mężczyzn oraz trzy grupy wiekowe (18–35 lat, 36–55 lat oraz 56 lat lub więcej). W wyniku analizy stwierdzono, że czynnikiem decydującym o wyborze wina jest dla konsumentów przede wszystkim cena. W dalszej kolejności konsumenci uwzględniają wytrawność wina i jego barwę. Najmniej ważnymi czynnikami okazały się rodzaj wina (spokojne, musujące) oraz to, czy wino było laureatem nagród lub wyróżnień.
Cytowanie	Dudziński M., Wasilewska E. (2019) Application of conjoint analysis in the study of the wine consumers’ preferences.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 126: 53-68
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2019_n126_s53.pdf

Autor	Mariusz Maciejczak
Tytuł	Korzyści zewnętrzne prowadzenia zrównoważonych winnic w Polsce w warunkach zmian klimatu
Title	THE EXTERNAL BENEFITS OF SUSTAINABLE VINEYARDS IN POLAND UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Słowa kluczowe	korzyści zewnętrzne, zrównoważona produkcja, winnice, zmiany klimatu
Key words	external benefits, sustainable production, vineyards, climate change
Abstrakt	Głównymi celami badań było określenie rodzajów korzyści zewnętrznych związanych z prowadzeniem winnicy zgodnie z zasadami zrównoważonej produkcji, a następnie, w oparciu o wnioski z oceny rozwoju upraw winiarskich w Polsce w warunkach zmian klimatu, zbadanie opinii konsumentów na temat ich warunkowej skłonności do zapłaty wyższej ceny za wino pochodzące z upraw generujących pozytywne efekty zewnętrzne. Stwierdzono, że uprawa winorośli odbywająca się w sposób zrównoważony cechuje się występowaniem korzyści zewnętrznych. Korzyści te wynikają z lokalnego charakteru dóbr publicznych, do których można zaliczyć przede wszystkim dany ekosystem, określany jako terroir i powiązane z nim sieciowo elementy takie jak bioróżnorodność czy krajobraz. Oddziałują one w sposób synergiczny na inne korzyści zewnętrzne o charakterze społecznym, takie jak atrakcyjność turystyczna czy dziedzictwo kulturowe. Wykazano, że uprawa winorośli z przeznaczeniem na wino i produkcja wina w Polsce dynamicznie wzrastają, a zmiany klimatu będą wpływały na dalsze potencjalne możliwości rozwoju tego sektora. Badani konsumenci wskazali, że ważne są dla nich takie atrybuty wina jak ekologiczny sposób produkcji czy praktyki odpowiadające na zmiany klimatu. W większości deklarowali oni gotowość zapłaty za nie więcej niż za cechy związane z innymi korzyściami zewnętrznymi, takimi jak bioróżnorodność czy krajobraz. Ukierunkowanie polskich winnic na produkcję generującą korzyści zewnętrzne, np. ekologiczną, pozwoli na skorzystanie z efektu sieciowego, co może przełożyć się na chęć konsumentów do zapłaty wyższej ceny za wino.
Abstract	The research aimed to determine the types of external benefits associated with running the vineyard in accordance to with the principles of sustainable production, and then, based on conclusions from the assessment of the development of vineyards growing in Poland under climate change conditions, to examine consumer opinions on their willingness to pay for wine originating from crops that generate positive externalities. It was found that the cultivation of grapes in a sustainable manner is characterized by the existence of external benefits. These benefits result from the local character of public goods, which include primarily the ecosystem described as terroir and related elements such as biodiversity and landscape. They interact in a synergistic way to other external social benefits, such as tourist attractiveness or cultural heritage. It has been shown that viticulture for wine and wine production in Poland is growing rapidly, and climate change will affect further potential development opportunities for this sector. The surveyed consumers pointed out that the wine attributes such as the organic way of production or practices responding to climate change are important for them. For the most part, they are willing to pay for it more than for features related to other external benefits, i.e. biodiversity or landscape. It is argued, that orientation of Polish vineyards to produce in a way that generates external benefits, ie. organically, will allow to take advantage of the network effect which may translate into the desire of consumers to pay a higher price for wine.
Cytowanie	Maciejczak M. (2019) Korzyści zewnętrzne prowadzenia zrównoważonych winnic w Polsce w warunkach zmian klimatu.Roczniki Naukowe Ekonomii Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich, t. 106, z. 1: 97-109
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Pełny tekst	RNR_2019_n1_s97.pdf

Autor	Anatolii Dibrova, Larysa Dibrova, Maksym Dibrova, Yaroslav Krylov
Tytuł	PERSPECTIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GRAIN MARKET AND ITS REGULATION MECHANISM IN UKRAINE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	grain market, grain production, mechanism, state regulation, logistics, export potential
Key words
Abstrakt	The article gives an economic assessment of the current state of the grain industry development, determinesthe main factors influencing the formation of demand and supply on the grain market. The lack of efficiencyof the mechanism of regulation of the grain market in Ukraine is substantiated on the basis of the obtainedvalues of “market price support” indicators per 1 t of grain and “nominal coefficient of protection of producers”used in the countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Theforecasts of gross collections of cereals and legumes, as well as their volumes of domestic consumption inUkraine for the period up to 2025 are estimated. The state of transport and logistics infrastructure of the grainmarket of Ukraine is estimated. Based on the analysis carried out, strategic guidelines for the development ofthe grain market and its regulation mechanism are proposed.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Dibrova A., Dibrova L., Dibrova M., Krylov Y.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2019_n3_s67.pdf

Autor	Piotr Szajner
Tytuł	Wahania cykliczne na światowym rynku cukru
Title	Cyclical Changes on the World Market of Sugar
Słowa kluczowe	cukier, trzcina cukrowa, buraki cukrowe, rynek światowy, cykl koniunkturalny, zmienność cen
Key words	sugar, sugar cane, sugar beets, world market, business cycle, price volatility
Abstrakt	W historii gospodarczej świata cukier jest uznawany za jeden z pierwszych produktów globalnych, a sytuacja podażowo-popytowa na światowym rynku miała duży wpływ na rozwój rynków lokalnych. Polski sektor cukrowniczy od wielu lat pozostaje pod wpływem rynku światowego. Reforma systemu regulacji rynku cukru w UE spowodowała, że rynek unijny i krajowy w coraz większym stopniu są uzależnione od sytuacji na rynku światowym. Potencjał produkcyjny krajowego przemysłu cukrowniczego jest większy od zapotrzebowania na rynku wewnętrznym i nadwyżki podaży są kierowane na eksport. Światowy rynek charakteryzuje się wahaniami koniunkturalnymi, które są determinowane cyklicznością uprawy trzciny cukrowej. Długość cyklu koniunkturalnego skróciła się do 2-3 lat. Ceny rynku światowego wpływają na ceny zbytu i eksportowe w kraju i wyniki finansowe branży cukrowniczej.
Abstract	In the economic history of the world, sugar is considered one of the first global products, and the supply-demand in the global market has had a major impact on the development of local markets. The Polish sugar sector has been under the influence of the world market for many years. The reform of the sugar market regulation system in the EU has made the EU and domestic markets increasingly dependent on the world market. The production potential of the domestic sugar industry is greater than the demand on the internal market and the excess supply is directed to exports. The global market is characterized by cyclical fluctuations, which are determined by the cyclical nature of sugar cane cultivation. The length of the business cycle has been reduced to 2-3 years. The world market prices affect domestic sales and export prices and the financial performance of the sugar industry.
Cytowanie	Szajner P. (2019) Wahania cykliczne na światowym rynku cukru.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 2: 186-195
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n2_s186.pdf

Autor	Justyna Góral, Włodzimierz Rembisz
Tytuł	Marże marketingowe i wartości dodane w łańcuchu dostaw żywności w Polsce
Title	Marketing Margins and Added Value in the Food Supply Chain in Poland
Słowa kluczowe	marża marketingowa, wartość dodana, łańcuch dostaw żywności
Key words	marketing margin, added value, food supply chain
Abstrakt	Zagadnienie udziału producenta rolnego w finalnej cenie żywności budzi zainteresowanie naukowców oraz polityków. Komisja Europejska (2014, 2016) podjęła działania mające na celu wzmocnienie sektora rolnego w ramach łańcucha dostaw żywności. W Polsce zintensyfikowano promocję sprzedaży bezpośredniej. Działanie te mają na celu skrócenie łańcucha dostaw żywności oraz poprawę siły rynkowej producentów rolnych. Siła rynkowa oznacza zdolność przedsiębiorstwa do podniesienia ceny własnego produktu bez obniżenia poziomu sprzedaży na rzecz konkurentów. Celem badań było wskazanie tendencji w zakresie kształtowania się marż marketingowych oraz wartości dodanych w łańcuchu dostaw żywności. Pomiar ten służył poszukiwaniu odpowiedzi – które grupy produktów cechuje najwyższy poziom wartości dodanej i największa zdolność poprawy dochodów producentów rolnych? Szacowanie wartości dodanej obrazuje - gdzie trafia „złotówka żywnościowa” finalnego konsumenta?
Abstract	The issue of agricultural producer participation in the final food price is of interest to scientists and politicians. The European Commission (2014, 2016) commissioned the preparation of expertise in this area, as a result of which actions were taken to strengthen the agricultural sector. In Poland, for example, the promotion of direct sales has been intensified. These activities are aimed at shortening the food supply chain and improving the market power of agricultural producers. Market power means the ability of an enterprise to increase the price of its own product without reducing the level of sales to competitors. The aim of the research was to indicate trends in the area of marketing margins and added value in the food supply chain. This measurement served the search for the answer - which product groups have the highest level of added value and the greatest ability to improve the income of agricultural producers? The estimation of the value added illustrates - where does the "food zloty" of the final consumer go?
Cytowanie	Góral J., Rembisz W. (2019) Marże marketingowe i wartości dodane w łańcuchu dostaw żywności w Polsce.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 4: 47-57
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n4_s47.pdf

Autor	Krystyna Świetlik
Tytuł	Zmienność światowych cen żywności w latach 2000-2018
Title	Changeability of World Food Prices During 2000-2018
Słowa kluczowe	żywność, ceny żywności, indeksy cen, niestabilność cen, rynek światowy
Key words	food, food prices, price indices, instability of prices, global market
Abstrakt	Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie głównych kierunków zmian światowych cen artykułów rolno-spożywczych w latach 2000-2018, określenie stopnia ich zmienności i wskazanie przyczyn tych zjawisk. Głównym źródłem danych były średnie roczne indeksy cen żywności FAO. Przeprowadzone analizy pokazały, że w 2011 r. światowe ceny żywności osiągnęły poziom ponad dwuipółkrotnie wyższy niż w 2000 r., a w całym badanym okresie zwiększyły się o 85%. Najbardziej wzrosły ceny olejów roślinnych na skutek rozwoju produkcji biopaliw. Największe fluktuacje cen odnotowano na rynkach cukru i produktów mlecznych, a najmniejsze na rynku mięsa. Stwierdzono, że w długim okresie decydujący wpływ na kształtowanie się światowych cen żywności miały uwarunkowania popytowe, natomiast w okresach krótkich – szoki podażowe.
Abstract	The aim of the paper is to present the main direction of change in global prices of farm and food products during 2000-2018, determination of the level of change and indication of the reasons for these phenomena. The main source for the data was average annual indices of food prices from the FAO. The analyses showed that in 2011 global food prices reached a level over two and a half times higher than in 2000, but during the period under investigation they increased by 85%. The greatest increase was in the price of vegetable oils due to the development of biofuels. The largest fluctuations in prices were noted in the sugar and dairy markets, and the smallest in the meat market. It was concluded that during longer periods demand had the greatest influence on global food prices, while during shorter periods it was drastic changes in supply.
Cytowanie	Świetlik K. (2019) Zmienność światowych cen żywności w latach 2000-2018.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 2: 196-209
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n2_s196.pdf

Autor	Joanna Szymańska
Tytuł	Sytuacja na rynku ziemi rolniczej w wybranych krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej (wybrane problemy)
Title	The Situation on the Market of Agricultural Land in Selected Countries of Central and Eastern Europe
Słowa kluczowe	Europa Środkowo-Wschodnia, ziemia rolnicza, podaż, popyt, cena
Key words	Central and Eastern Europe, agricultural land, supply, demand, price
Abstrakt	Artykuł prezentuje ważniejsze czynniki wpływające zarówno na podaż, jak i na popyt ziemi rolniczej w takich krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, jak: Polska, Czechy, Słowacja, Węgry, Bułgaria, Rumunia, Litwa, Łotwa i Estonia. W opracowaniu poddano także analizie zmiany cen sprzedaży gruntów rolnych w badanych krajach za lata 2005-2015. Wskazano zarówno okresy wzrostu tych cen jak i ich spadku oraz główne czynniki, które miały wpływ na te zjawiska. Stwierdzono, że w badanych krajach nie ukształtował się właściwie funkcjonujący rynek ziemi rolniczej.
Abstract	The article presents the most important factors influencing both the supply and demand of agricultural land in such countries of Central and Eastern Europe as: Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. The study also analyzed the changes in the sales prices of agricultural land in the analyzed countries for the years 2005-2015. Both the periods of growth of these prices and their decrease were indicated, as well as the main factors that influenced these phenomena. It was found that the properly functioning agricultural land market did not develop in the countries surveyed.
Cytowanie	Szymańska J. (2019) Sytuacja na rynku ziemi rolniczej w wybranych krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej (wybrane problemy).Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 3: 97-107
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n3_s97.pdf

Autor	Jarosław Mielcarek
Tytuł	Trzy podstawowe twierdzenia Target Costing o punktach krytycznych
Title	THREE BASIC THEOREMS OF TARGET COSTING ABOUT CRITICAL POINTS
Słowa kluczowe	wdrażanie inwencji rolniczej, sukces finansowy, strategiczny model, dyskontowy model symulacyjny, rola diagnostyczna TC, rola wspomagająca podejmowanie decyzji TC
Key words	agriculture invention implementation, financial success, strategic model, discount simulation model, agriculture invention, TC diagnostic role, TC decision-making role
Abstrakt	Celem artykułu było rozwiązanie dwóch problemów: czy dla trzech wyróżnionych punktów krytycznych czyli jednostkowego kosztu dopuszczalnego, nakładów inwestycyjnych dopuszczalnych i dopuszczalnej ceny za najnowszą technologię można sformułować twierdzenia ściśle ogólne, które w poprzedniku okresów warunkowych zawierają założenia (warunki), dla których w ich następniku wskaźniki finansowe osiągają wielkości oznaczające uzyskanie sukcesu finansowego w wyniku wdrożenia inwencji, oraz czy jest możliwe zastosowanie trzech podstawowych twierdzeń TC do badania opłacalności przedsięwzięć innowacyjnych, polegających na wdrożeniu inwencji w rolnictwie. Takie twierdzenia, pełniące rolę diagnostyczną i wspomagającą podejmowanie decyzji zostały sformułowane. Rozwiązano również drugi problem w wyniku określenia dla fazy przedprodukcyjnej wdrożenia nowoczesnej szklarni do produkcji pomidorów w ruchu ciągłym, że za pomocą trzech podstawowych twierdzeń TC można sprawdzić, czy spełnione są warunki osiągnięcia sukcesu finansowego i na tej podstawie podjąć poprawną decyzję o wdrożeniu tej inwencji. Głównymi narzędziami badawczymi były trzy modele strategiczne wdrożenia tej inwencji, które jednocześnie były dyskontowymi modelami symulacyjnymi. Zastosowano również dodatki Excela Szukaj wyniku i Solver.
Abstract	The aim of the article was to solve two problems: whether for three critical points, i.e. a unit allowable cost, allowable investment outlays and an allowable price for the latest technology, it is possible to formulate strictly general theorems which in the predecessor of conditional periods contain assumptions (conditions) for which in their successor financial ratios reach values, meaning financial success achievement as a result of the implementation of the invention, and whether it is possible to apply the three TC basic theorems to the analysis of the profitability of innovative projects, based on the implementation of inventions in agriculture. Such theorems, performing the diagnostic role and supporting decision-making were formulated. The second problem was also solved for the pre-production phase of the implementation of a modern greenhouse for continuous tomato production, that with three basic TC theorems it is possible to test whether the conditions for achieving financial success are met and, on this basis, make the correct decision to implement this invention. The main research tools were three strategic models of implementation of this invention, which were also discount simulation models. Excel What, if and Solver adds-inn were also applied.
Cytowanie	Mielcarek J. (2019) Trzy podstawowe twierdzenia Target Costing o punktach krytycznych.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 21(70): 186-201
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2019_n70_s186.pdf

Autor	Tetiana Balanovska, Natalia Drahnieva, Alina Troian
Tytuł	USING OF FUZZY MODELLING IN ANTI-CRISIS MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	anti-crisis management, agricultural enterprise, quality, products, fuzzy logic, fuzzy modelling
Key words
Abstrakt	The article systematizes the different views of scientists in relation to the anti-crisis management of enterprisesand emphasizes the importance of its use in enterprises. There was noted the necessity to introducethe perspective directions of economic activity of the enterprise, forming its image, ensuring competitiveness,profitability, and development. In order to make effective management decisions under uncertaindynamic environment, it is suggested to use fuzzy modelling for the prevention of the crisis occurrence.In order to present the possibility of using such an approach in the practical activity of agricultural enterprises,in particular which are engaged in dairy farming, we proposed an informational and logical modelfor determining the forecast average price of milk, taking into account the indicators of its quality, thatis based on the theory of fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic. In the context of anti-crisis management, there wassubstantiated the possibility of using the proposed model, as a basic one, in any agricultural enterprise inorder to improve its activities.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Balanovska T., Drahnieva N., Troian A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2019_n3_s22.pdf

Autor	Anna Twardowska
Tytuł	Konwergencja typu sigma cen gruntów rolnych w państwach Unii Europejskiej
Title	Sigma Convergence of Agricultural Land Prices in European Union Countries
Słowa kluczowe	sigma-konwergencja, grunty rolne, ceny, Unia Europejska
Key words	sigma-convergence, agricultural land, prices, the European Union
Abstrakt	W artykule poruszono problematykę zależności pomiędzy cenami ziemi rolniczej w państwach Unii Europejskiej. Celem artykułu jest próba uzyskania odpowiedzi na pytanie czy ma miejsce zmniejszanie się zróżnicowania poziomu cen gruntów rolnych w krajach Unii Europejskiej. Analizie poddano ceny gruntów rolnych w wybranych państwach UE w latach 2006 – 2016. Badaniu poddano występowanie konwergencji w trzech wymiarach: w całej Unii Europejskiej, pomiędzy państwami tzw. starej Unii oraz pomiędzy tzw. nowymi krajami UE. W wyniku przeprowadzonych analiz potwierdzono występowanie zjawiska sigma-konwergencji cen gruntów rolnych w całej UE. Stwierdzono również, że w tzw. nowych państwach UE oraz pomiędzy państwami należącymi do tzw. starych państw UE nie zachodzi zjawisko sigma-konwergencji cen gruntów rolnych.
Abstract	The article raises the issue of dependence between agricultural land prices in the European Union countries. The aim of the article is to provide an answer to the following question: if the level of agricultural land price differentiation in the European Union is diminishing. The analysis covered prices of agricultural land in selected the EU countries in the period 2006 - 2016. The study was based on the occurrence of convergence in three dimensions: throughout the European Union, between the so-called old EU and between the so-called new EU countries. As a result of the conducted analyses, the phenomenon of sigma-convergence of agricultural land prices across the EU was confirmed. It was also found that in the so-called new EU countries and in so-called old EU countries there is no sigma convergence of agricultural land prices.
Cytowanie	Twardowska A. (2019) Konwergencja typu sigma cen gruntów rolnych w państwach Unii Europejskiej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 1: 133-143
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n1_s133.pdf

Autor	Katarzyna Himstedt, Tomasz Kacprzak
Tytuł	The Influence of the Russian Embargo on the Economic Situation of Apple Producers in the Eastern Part of the Masovia Province
Title	The Influence of the Russian Embargo on the Economic Situation of Apple Producers in the Eastern Part of the Masovia Province
Słowa kluczowe	embargo, Russia, apple market
Key words	embargo, Russia, apple market
Abstrakt	The article concerns the effects of the Russian embargo on apple producers in Poland. Scientific literature is quite poor in this field, mainly information articles in industry literature and media information are available. The literature was reviewed in this respect and two studies (questionnaire and interview) were carried out. The information obtained allowed us to draw conclusions about the very large negative impact of the embargo on the apple market and to learn about its characteristics. New markets do not generate sufficient demand, in 2018 apple prices dropped below production costs, but this does not reflect in a drop in prices in stores, which means that price speculations take place, and the situation is used by realtors. It is necessary to quickly return to the Russian market, because soon it will be unrecoverable for Polish fruit farmers. It is also necessary to put pressure on the European Union's policy, because nowadays it is the Polish farmers who bear its effects to the greatest extent.
Abstract	The article concerns the effects of the Russian embargo on apple producers in Poland. Scientific literature is quite poor in this field, mainly information articles in industry literature and media information are available. The literature was reviewed in this respect and two studies (questionnaire and interview) were carried out. The information obtained allowed us to draw conclusions about the very large negative impact of the embargo on the apple market and to learn about its characteristics. New markets do not generate sufficient demand, in 2018 apple prices dropped below production costs, but this does not reflect in a drop in prices in stores, which means that price speculations take place, and the situation is used by realtors. It is necessary to quickly return to the Russian market, because soon it will be unrecoverable for Polish fruit farmers. It is also necessary to put pressure on the European Union's policy, because nowadays it is the Polish farmers who bear its effects to the greatest extent.
Cytowanie	Himstedt K., Kacprzak T. (2019) The Influence of the Russian Embargo on the Economic Situation of Apple Producers in the Eastern Part of the Masovia Province.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 2: 54-64
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n2_s54.pdf

Autor	Zbigniew Korzeb
Tytuł	The Real Estate and Credit Bubble in Spain; Implications for Poland
Title	The Real Estate and Credit Bubble in Spain; Implications for Poland
Słowa kluczowe	mortgage crisis, banking sector, commercial banks, financial stability, Spain, Poland
Key words	mortgage crisis, banking sector, commercial banks, financial stability, Spain, Poland
Abstrakt	The aim of this article is to establish whether the symptoms of an emerging housing bubble can be observed on the Polish market. The concept of this study is based on a comparison between economic, financial and demographic conditions at the time of the mortgage crisis in Spain and the current situation on the housing market and on the market of housing loans granted to households in Poland. An analysis of two economic indicators, (i) housing loans to households-to-GDP expressed in growth rates and (ii) rates of house price growth, does not indicate that a speculative bubble occurs in Poland now. This, however, does not mean that the conclusions drawn from the Spanish crisis cannot and should not have a bearing on the Polish market, especially in terms of potential consequences the crisis may have for the banking sector.
Abstract	The aim of this article is to establish whether the symptoms of an emerging housing bubble can be observed on the Polish market. The concept of this study is based on a comparison between economic, financial and demographic conditions at the time of the mortgage crisis in Spain and the current situation on the housing market and on the market of housing loans granted to households in Poland. An analysis of two economic indicators, (i) housing loans to households-to-GDP expressed in growth rates and (ii) rates of house price growth, does not indicate that a speculative bubble occurs in Poland now. This, however, does not mean that the conclusions drawn from the Spanish crisis cannot and should not have a bearing on the Polish market, especially in terms of potential consequences the crisis may have for the banking sector.
Cytowanie	Korzeb Z. (2019) The Real Estate and Credit Bubble in Spain; Implications for Poland.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 2: 77-88
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n2_s77.pdf