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Autor	Stefaniia Belinska, Ondrej Beňuš, Peter Bielik, Miriam Buliková
Tytuł	EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF TAX POLICY ON THE ASSETS OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	agricultural enterprise, tax, tax burden, tax implications, tax policy
Key words
Abstrakt	Every taxpayer is obliged to pay tax on their profits, but if taxpayers feel that the government is opaque and ineffective with their taxes, their willingness to pay taxes is reduced. At the same time, the higher the tax rate for tax subjects, the lower their interest in paying taxes. The optimal tax burden should be a burden that encourages people to work and stimulate businesses to create value. Each state seeks to maximize tax revenues as part of its tax policy, while at the same time ensuring that the tax system does not interfere with the economy or negatively affect the business environment. The state strives to maintain the most optimal state tax system and to support the market economy and competitiveness. Therefore, the state must have a tax administration that can collect taxes efficiently, and consequently, the tax system in the state should be such that the redistribution of collected taxes will be as efficient and fair as possible. The main goal of the article is to examine the dependence of tax policy on the agricultural business economy and find an effective variant of enterprise income taxation, which should have a positive impact on the business activity and competitiveness of companies in the selected sector of the economy and such taxation still would be beneficial for the state. The article will also set out some hypotheses based on the gained theoretical knowledge, as well as on the set research question.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Belinska S., Beňuš O., Bielik P., Buliková M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2021_n5_s22.pdf

Autor	Agnieszka Deresz, Marian Podstawka
Tytuł	Zróżnicowanie obciążeń fiskalnych dochodów osób fizycznych w Polsce
Title	DIFFERENTIATION OF TAX BURDEN ON INDIVIDUAL TAXPAYERS IN POLEN
Słowa kluczowe	pozarolnicza działalność gospodarcza, wynagrodzenia z innych źródeł przychodów, składki na ubezpieczenia społeczne, składka na ubezpieczenie zdrowotne, podatek należny
Key words	non-agricultural activities, income from other sources, social security contribution, health insurance contribution, tax due
Abstrakt	Opodatkowanie to złożone zjawisko społeczne, gospodarcze, a także politycznoustrojowe i prawne. Podatki były i są przede wszystkim narzędziem służącym do gromadzenia przez państwo środków niezbędnych do realizacji jego zadań. Ponadto podatki są związane z regulowaniem procesów gospodarczych i społecznych, co oznacza, że podatki pełnią funkcje: redystrybucyjną, stymulacyjną i alokacyjną. Znaczenie gospodarczo społeczne podatków polega na tym, że skutkiem ich nakładania jest zmiana sytuacji dochodowej i majątkowej podatników, co wpływa na podejmowane ich decyzje: gospodarcze, konsumpcyjne, o oszczędzaniu, itp. Zmiany systemu podatkowego w latach 2008-2015, miały wpływ na kształtowanie się nominalnych i efektywnych stawek podatkowych. Wysokości obciążeń podatkowych i innych obciążeń fiskalnych nakładanych na poszczególne grupy podatników spowodowały zmiany w obciążeniu ich dochodów. Celem artykułu jest ocena rozkładu obciążeń fiskalnych w Polsce w latach 2008-2015. W opracowaniu, na podstawie przedmiotowej oceny, podjęto próbę weryfikacji hipotezy, że obciążenia fiskalne nakładane na osoby fizyczne prowadzące pozarolniczą działalność gospodarczą są niższe w porównaniu z opodatkowaniem wynagrodzeń z innych źródeł przychodów.
Abstract	Taxation has been a complex social, economic, political and legal issue. Taxes have always been and will primarily remain as a tool for the state to gather essential means to perform its functions. Furthermore, taxes have been linked with regulation of economic and social processes, which means, that taxes fulfill following functions: redistributive, stimulus and allocative. Socioeconomic meaning of taxes is reflected in the fact that as a result of imposing taxes the financial and profitable situation of taxpayers changes which influences their decisions: economic, consumption, or about saving etc. Changes in the tax system in 2008-2015 have affected the shape of nominative and effective tax rates. The amount of tax burdens and other fiscal impositions on certain groups of taxpayers caused changes in charging their income. The aim of this article is to evaluate tax burdens in Poland in 2008-2015. Based on this evaluation, an attempt of verifying hypotheses has been made on assumption that tax burdens imposed on individuals involved in nonagricultural activities are lower in comparison with taxation of income from other sources.
Cytowanie	Deresz A., Podstawka M. (2017) Zróżnicowanie obciążeń fiskalnych dochodów osób fizycznych w Polsce.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 18(67): 30-41
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2017_n67_s30.pdf

Autor	Anna Bischoff
Tytuł	Sytuacja społeczno-ekonomiczna podatnika a udział podatku PIT w płacy brutto w krajach OECD
Title	Socio-economic situation of taxpayers in relation to the share of PIT in gross wages in OECD countries
Słowa kluczowe	podatnik, PIT, stawki podatkowe, płaca brutto
Key words	taxpayer, PIT, tax rates, gross wage
Abstrakt	W opracowaniu przedstawiono analizę obciążenia podatkiem PIT podatników z krajów OECD, w zależności od ich sytuacji społeczno-ekonomicznej. Podatnicy zostali podzieleni na 7 grup społeczno-ekonomicznych. Każda z grup reprezentowała określony poziom dochodów, dodatkowym kryterium było posiadanie pod opieką dzieci lub ich brak. Badanie zostało przeprowadzone na podstawie danych udostępnionych przez OECD dla lat 2000–2013. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, iż ogólny poziom obciążenia podatkiem PIT spadał w latach 2000–2010, natomiast od roku 2011 do 2013 widoczny był wzrost zarówno poziomu opodatkowania, jak i liczby stawek podatkowych dla wszystkich badanych grup. Wzrost ten dotyczył przede wszystkim osób pracujących i jednocześnie wychowujących dzieci.
Abstract	The paper presents an analysis of personal income tax burden for taxpayers from OECD countries, depending on their socio-economic situation. Taxpayers were divided into 7 socio-economic groups. Each group represented a certain level of income, an additional criterion was whether the taxpayer was materially responsible for children or not. The study was conducted based on the data provided by OECD for the years 2000–2013. The study shows that the overall PIT burden fell in years 2000–2010, however since 2011 to 2013 there was an increase in both the level of taxation and the number of tax rates for all analyzed groups. This increase related mainly to people working and raising children.
Cytowanie	Bischoff A. (2015) Sytuacja społeczno-ekonomiczna podatnika a udział podatku PIT w płacy brutto w krajach OECD.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 111: 5-17
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2015_n111_s5.pdf

Autor	Petro Bechko, Petro Borovyk, Olena Nepochatenko, Vitalii Rybchak
Tytuł	Perspektywy wykorzystania mikropożyczek w finansowaniu działalności podmiotów sektora rolnego
Title	Prospects of microlending economic entities of agricultural branch
Słowa kluczowe
Key words	microcredit, consumer cooperatives, credit cooperatives, credit, bank lending, tax burden, concessional loan
Abstrakt
Abstract	The article considers state and prospects of microlending economic entities of agricultural branch by credit cooperatives.
Cytowanie	Bechko P., Borovyk P., Nepochatenko O., Rybchak V.
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Pełny tekst	TIRR_2014_n2_s45.pdf

Autor	Katarzyna Boratyńska, Magdalena Lenarcik
Tytuł	Obciążenia podatkowe wybranego przedsiębiorstwa sektora motoryzacyjnego
Title	Tax burden in chosen entity of motorization sector
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Key words
Abstrakt	The purpose of this paper was to present the scale of taxes and show effect taxation in chosen motorization company in Poland. They are numerous tax burdens connected with running a business, namely: excessive taxation, complicated taxation, modification legislative, uncertain political and economic situation. Company to be able to operating need to adapt to competitive market, for instance: follow by modification legislative, react to supply and demand. This paper presents the level and structure of the most important tax burden in Poland: value added tax and personal income tax in chosen motorization company.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Boratyńska K., Lenarcik M. (2013) Obciążenia podatkowe wybranego przedsiębiorstwa sektora motoryzacyjnego.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 104: 107-117
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2013_n104_s107.pdf

Autor	Marzena Ganc, Magdalena Mądra-Sawicka
Tytuł	Możliwość wykorzystania ulgi inwestycyjnej w indywidualnych gospodarstwach rolnych w sytuacji wprowadzenia podatku dochodowego
Title	The possibility of investment tax relief usage in case of income tax introduction in agriculture holdings
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Key words
Abstrakt	The article presents the aspect of investment tax relief usage in agriculture holding in case of income tax introduction. The article deals also with the fiscal tax burden in farms. The presented research was surveyed in years 2006–2009. The tax burden of farms has been characterized by two groups of analysis: average for whole population and for farms with cropland area above 50 ha. The income tax was calculated in case of revenue and expense ledger, according to two tax models: with progressive tax scale and flat tax. The fiscal burden was lower in case of progressive tax scale, because of relatively low income of farms. Farmers are not investing high values each year but income tax would gave them possibility to decrease current tax burden thanks to tax investment relief. It could be beneficial for further development in agriculture.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Ganc M., Mądra-Sawicka M. (2013) Możliwość wykorzystania ulgi inwestycyjnej w indywidualnych gospodarstwach rolnych w sytuacji wprowadzenia podatku dochodowego.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 104: 15-28
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2013_n104_s15.pdf

Autor	Tomasz Kondraszuk
Tytuł	Zasady ewidencji w uproszczonych systemach podatku dochodowego w Czechach i Polsce
Title	Simplified Income Tax System in the Czech Republic and Poland, with a Particular Emphasis on the Principles of Business Tax Records
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Abstrakt
Abstract	The purpose of this paper is an attempt to analyze the simplified tax records in the Czech Republic and Poland. In the Czech Republic a cash register for the purpose of determining the tax costs in the SME sector is successfully used. In Poland, according to the author, using NRP does not meet the basic requirements for reducing the tax burden and reducing barriers to the establishment and operation of small businesses.
Cytowanie	Kondraszuk T. (2012) Zasady ewidencji w uproszczonych systemach podatku dochodowego w Czechach i Polsce.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 97: 249-262
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2012_n97_s249.pdf

Autor	Anna Czarnecka
Tytuł	Miernik incydencji podatkowej
Title	Tax Incidence Index
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Abstrakt
Abstract	Tax incidence is a rational reaction of taxpayers to taxation. The taxpayer will attempt to shift the tax burden to other market entities. In order to analyze the degree of such shift, it is necessary to be able to measure it. This publication presents the tax incidence measure as the sum of two components: the percentage of taxation shift from the taxpayer to the recipient and the percentage of taxation shift from the taxpayer to the supplier. This index appears to be a good tool. Its advantages include an ability to measure tax incidence impacts in varying directions, the possibility to combine forward and backward incidence to show incidence against base price levels – that is the differentiation between partial, full and over incidence. The index which specifies the degree of tax incidence means it becomes an operational value, that is, it becomes measurable. We will be able to predict the effects of taxation more easily, measuring the degree of taxpayers’ reaction to taxation.
Cytowanie	Czarnecka A. (2012) Miernik incydencji podatkowej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 97: 277-286
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2012_n97_s277.pdf

Autor	Tomasz Siudek
Tytuł	Podatek bankowy – konsekwencje dla sektora bankowego w Polsce
Title	Bank levy – implications for the banking sector in Poland
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Abstrakt
Abstract	The paper concerns with a bank levy as an instrument of state regulation aimed at increasing the stability of the financial system. The analysis shows that in the case of Poland, an introduction of the bank levy at a rate of 0.39% of total assets would cause a significant rise in the tax burden on banks. According to our simulations, if the bank levy had been applied to the banks in the period 1999–2009, the total return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) would have gone down respectively by 0.39% and 5.90%. As a result, development of the banking sector, considered as a main driver of national economy, would have been slower.
Cytowanie	Siudek T. (2011) Podatek bankowy – konsekwencje dla sektora bankowego w Polsce.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 92: 63-76
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n92_s63.pdf

Autor	Rafał Rosiński
Tytuł	Opodatkowanie działalności rolniczej i gospodarczej w Polsce1
Title	Fiscal analysis of the tax burden of individual agricultural farms in Poland
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Abstrakt
Abstract	Diversification of the tax burden in relation to particular sectors of the economy is dependent on the state tax policy. Analyses show that the agricultural tax as the tax burden of individual farms rather characteristic meets the property tax because it is in fact minimal relationship between paid agricultural tax and the income obtained.
Cytowanie	Rosiński R. (2011) Opodatkowanie działalności rolniczej i gospodarczej w Polsce1.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 88: 257-266
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n88_s257.pdf

Autor	Jarosław Gołębiewski
Tytuł	Obciążenia podatkowe przedsiębiorstw agrobiznesu
Title	Tax burden as a factor affecting behavior of enterprises in the food marketing chain
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Abstrakt
Abstract	The purpose of this study was plotting changes in the level of taxation of enterprises operating in the food marketing chain. Particular attention was paid to determine the effect of income tax law on the behavior of operators in the sectors of production and distribution of food. Evaluation of effective tax rate helped to determine the effectiveness of diversity of enterprises in different sectors of the food economy in the optimization of the tax burden.
Cytowanie	Gołębiewski J. (2011) Obciążenia podatkowe przedsiębiorstw agrobiznesu.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 92: 17-30
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n92_s17.pdf

Autor	Kinga Gruziel
Tytuł	Istota i założenia optymalizacji podatkowej – wybrane aspekty
Title	The matter and conception of taxation optimization– select aspects
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Abstrakt
Abstract	The elaboration presents a literature review concerning a placement of optimization theory in a group of fiscal policy instruments. The research includes literature study from economic scope. In synthetic way discussed the main phase in creating new trends connected with optimization of taxation and its rational principles. The research purposes introduced the analysis of selected tax optimization instruments, which countenance decreasing of tax burden or even avoiding, in fundamental and complex aspect. In accordance with the principles of optimization theory, taxation is a superior aim of fiscal policy – maximization of social prosperity, which is possible to attain through selection of optimal variant of taxation. The principles of optimization taxation theory is useful for state budgets and for individual business entity
Cytowanie	Gruziel K. (2009) Istota i założenia optymalizacji podatkowej – wybrane aspekty.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 77: 175-186
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2009_n77_s175.pdf

Autor	Kinga Gruziel
Tytuł	Zróżnicowanie obciążeń podatkowych z tytułu podatku rolnego w indywidualnych gospodarstwach rolnych
Title	The differentiation of tax burdens incurred by the agricultural tax concerning private farms
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Abstract	The aim of the paper is to define the size and differentiation of agricultural tax concerning farms participating in the system of accounting data collection system FADN in years 2004–2007. The agricultural farms were classified according to the area of productive land and by type of the farming. The highest agricultural taxation was found in the smallest farms areas and in types: „ field crops” and „mixed crops”. In these groups of farms low relation of the agricultural tax to the size of support from the government was observed. This relation showed the real decrease of agricultural taxation burdens what resulted in the decrease of market accommodation processes.
Cytowanie	Gruziel K. (2009) Zróżnicowanie obciążeń podatkowych z tytułu podatku rolnego w indywidualnych gospodarstwach rolnych.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 79: 149-161
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2009_n79_s149.pdf

Autor	Magdalena Mądra
Tytuł	Obciążenie podatkiem rolnym indywidualnych gospodarstw rolnych
Title	The level of agricultural tax burden in individual farms
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Abstrakt
Abstract	The elaborations presents the level of agriculture tax in farms which conduced, during the researched period, agriculture accountancy according to FADN system. The article deals also with the relationship between generate sales revenues (total output) and family farm income. The presented research was surveyed in 2004–2007 in Mazowsze and Podlasie region. Farms have been characterized by criterion of cropland area, agriculture type and Economic Size Unit. The highest agriculture tax burden noticed in farms which characterized with the lowest economic power. The level of paid agriculture tax in relation to sale revenues was low and the highest tax burden noticed in group 10–30 ha of cropland area. The visible influence of this tax was perceptible in farms which managed a crop production.
Cytowanie	Mądra M. (2009) Obciążenie podatkiem rolnym indywidualnych gospodarstw rolnych.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 76: 175-186
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2009_n76_s175.pdf

Autor	Magdalena Mądra
Tytuł	Opodatkowanie indywidualnych gospodarstw rolnych a ich siła ekonomiczna
Title	The meaning of agriculture taxation in relation to economic size unit of individual farms holdings
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Abstrakt
Abstract	The elaboration deals with estimation of agriculture tax burden in relation to fundamental financial-economic categories in farms. The research was conduced according to Economic Size Unit criterion in farms which participated in FADN accountancy data system. The period of farm investigation covers the years 2004–2007. On the basis of conducted researches has been ascertained that relation between agriculture tax and production output recorded decreasing tendency. It means that the tax system noticed smaller importance which was reflected by the low level of agriculture tax burden index in relation to agriculture income. The group of farms which noticed low level of ESU recorded higher level of agriculture tax burden.
Cytowanie	Mądra M. (2009) Opodatkowanie indywidualnych gospodarstw rolnych a ich siła ekonomiczna.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 78: 187-196
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2009_n78_s187.pdf

Autor	Marzena Chmielewska
Tytuł	Podatek rolny w relacji do zasobów czynników wytwórczych gospodarstw rolniczych
Title	Agricultural tax versus production resources in agricultural farms
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Abstract	The paper presents relations between agricultural tax and chosen production resources in agricultural farms. The highest relation between agricultural tax and cropland area in 2006 recorded in all voivodships. The relationship between agricultural tax and possessed equity capital was comparatively low. Therefore, it could be ascertained that agriculture tax was relatively small tax burden for farmers and did not contribute to their activity production strategy. Most of farmers were against the implementation of income tax instead agriculture tax.
Cytowanie	Chmielewska M. (2009) Podatek rolny w relacji do zasobów czynników wytwórczych gospodarstw rolniczych.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 78: 197-208
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2009_n78_s197.pdf

Autor	Karolina Maciejczak, Anna Milewska
Tytuł	Zarządzanie daninami publicznymi w przedsiębiorstwie na przykładzie podmiotu BETA – wybrane aspekty
Title	The public levy management in enterprises on BETA Company example – selected issues
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Abstract	The paper deals with the theoretical and practical aspects of optimization of public levy management in enterprise. The elaboration presents the fundamental definitions from the range of public levy obligations, focusing conducted analysis on taxes. The research included characteristic description of BETA enterprises, the level of tax burden and accessible tools which helped to optimize the public levy value depending on performance specialization of company. The conducted analysis included research of the structure and tax debt dynamic in years 2006–2008. The paper deals also with current decisions and their influence on the level of tax burden, in deprecation aspect based on figures example
Cytowanie	Maciejczak K., Milewska A. (2009) Zarządzanie daninami publicznymi w przedsiębiorstwie na przykładzie podmiotu BETA – wybrane aspekty.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 78: 141-159
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2009_n78_s141.pdf

Autor	Kinga Gruziel
Tytuł	Podatek rolny jako obciążenie indywidualnych gospodarstw rolniczych
Title	Agricultural tax burden on individual holdings
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Abstrakt
Abstract	In the paper agricultural tax burden on individual holdings type “dairy cattle” and “granivores”, situated in the regions of FADN Wielkopolska and Śląsk as well as Mazowsze and Podlasie is presented. The greatest amount of agrarian tax is charged on households with area above 25 hectares of the farming type “granivores” from the region of Wielkopolska and Śląsk. The higher relationship between agrarian tax and general level of costs, the financial costs and the incomes from the family agricultural household confirm the greater charging of the smallest-surface agricultural farms with the agrarian tax, within the both farming types
Cytowanie	Gruziel K. (2008) Podatek rolny jako obciążenie indywidualnych gospodarstw rolniczych.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 69: 17-29
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2008_n69_s17.pdf

Autor	Kinga Gruziel
Tytuł	Obciążenie indywidualnych gospodarstw rolniczych podatkiem rolnym
Title	Agricultural tax burden on individual farms
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Abstrakt
Abstract	In the paper agricultural tax burden on individual farms type “field crop” and “different crops and animals”, located in FADN regions “Wielkopolska and Śląsk” oraz “Mazowsze and Poldasie”. Farms bears higher agricultural tax burden in FADN region “Wielkopolska and Śląsk”. In farms of the farm type “different crops and animals” higher relationship between agricultural tax and cost and income from family agricultural farm occurred. Decreasing of agricultural tax along with worsening of the natural and soil conditions reflected in the tax districts occurred only in farms of the area above 15 ha. The highest agricultural tax burden was stated in the farms of the area between 5 and 15 ha in the both regions and agricultural types
Cytowanie	Gruziel K. (2007) Obciążenie indywidualnych gospodarstw rolniczych podatkiem rolnym.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 63: 89-102
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2007_n63_s89.pdf