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Autor	Bazyli Czyżewski, Dawid Dobrowolski, Anna Matuszczak, Pawel Smidoda, Tomasz Szwon
Tytuł	SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY IN AGRICULTURAL FARMS WITH DIFFERING ECONOMIC SIZE IN THE EU COUNTRIES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	social sustainability, agricultural farms, economic size, the EU countries
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of the paper was to identify different levels of social sustainability in farms of various economic sizes (6 sizes) in the EU countries. The study is based on the Sustainable Value (SV) method, which is valueoriented, measured as the sustainability of agriculture at the micro-economic level (e.g. agricultural farm). To be able to compare farms among themselves, an RTC was calculated. The FADN database for the years 2004–2015 was used in the article, analysing very small (I) and very large (VI) farms more closely. It identifies countries, where farms made a positive contribution to social sustainability and those, compared to the EU average, which need mainly institutional support in order to bridge the gap with the best.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Czyżewski B., Dobrowolski D., Matuszczak A., Smidoda P., Szwon T.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s75.pdf

Autor	Julian Krzyżanowski
Tytuł	EUROPEAN ADDED VALUE OF THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY, A NEW EFFECT OF THE REGIONAL INTEGRATION
Title
Słowa kluczowe	European Union, Common Agricultural Policy, Added Value
Key words
Abstrakt	Integration links in the European Union are particularly strong in agriculture and in this sector joint actions have brought the most visible effect – the implementation of the common agricultural policy. The concept of European Added Value (EAV) can contribute to understanding and assessing the relevance of the CAP to the European Union. The CAP is one of the few EU policies which is chiefly implemented at the EU level and closely linked to the subsidiarity principle, according to which the EU takes on tasks which it can implement more effectively than the Member State governments and regions. EAV derived from the CAP has its own specificity. It creates new values in rural areas and agriculture, but also provides economic, social and environmental effects beyond agriculture. A couple of new values and effects are exemplified in the present paper. It shows the CAP’s contribution to other areas as well as to the UN’s sustainable development objectives. Further research studies on Added Value can contribute to the theory of regional economic integration.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Krzyżanowski J.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s162.pdf

Autor	Mieczyslaw Adamowicz
Tytuł	EUROPEAN FUNDS FOR RURAL AREAS VERSUS REGIONAL CONVERGENCE OF AGRICULTURE IN POLAND
Title
Słowa kluczowe	convergence, rural areas, European Funds
Key words
Abstrakt	The objective of the work is the assessment of the phenomenon of convergence of agriculture in the provinces/ voivodeship (NUTS 2) in Poland in the years 2003–2014 in relation to the use of European funds designated for development of agriculture and rural areas. The study specified dimensions of support under the European Funds granted for agriculture and rural areas in individual regions, which were compared to the size of gross added value of agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishery. Within the analysis, data of the Agency for the Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture as well as The Local Data Bank of Central Statistical Office were used. Data regarding productivity of agriculture and other rural sectors in the regions as well as data on the used resources from the European funds were availed of in the assessment of the correlation between these expectations and the phenomena of sigma-convergence and beta-convergence in the regional system. The conducted analysis confirmed the occurrence of a phenomenon of convergence in the tested scope.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Adamowicz M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s212.pdf

Autor	Xesus Pereira Lopez, Magdalena Śmiglak-Krajewska, Manuel Veiga Carballido, Malgorzata Węgrzyńska
Tytuł	ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARMS IN POLAND AND SPAIN IN THE YEARS 2011–2016 BASED ON FADN STATISTICS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	common agricultural policy, economic measures, agriculture in Spain, agriculture in Poland
Key words
Abstrakt	The paper presents a comparison of the economic status of farms in two selected EU countries, Poland and Spain, in the period of 2011–2016. Both these countries were selected based on comparable qualitative and quantitative parameters characteristic of agriculture. An additional determinant for the selection of these countries was connected with the similar economic situation before and after their accession to the European Union. The economic status of these two countries was compared using the statistical data of the European Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN), the Macroeconomic Data Bank (Poland) and the Instituto Nacional de Estadistica (Spain). In turn, the economic situation of farms in Poland and Spain was assessed on the basis of selected economic measures: Gross Farm Income, Farm Net Value Added, Farm Net Value Added/AWU, Family Farm Income/FWU, Total output of crops and crop production, total crops output (ha), total output of livestock and livestock products, total livestock output (LU), Total assets, total fixes assets, Total labour input and unpaid labour input. The study was summarised with the conclusions.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Pereira Lopez X., Śmiglak-Krajewska M., Veiga Carballido M., Węgrzyńska M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s221.pdf

Autor	Rafal Balina, Piotr Chrzanowski, Slawomir Juszczyk
Tytuł	THE IMPORTANCE OF CREDITS FOR AGRICULTURE IN GENERATING NET PROFIT OF COOPERATIVE BANKS IN 2015–2017
Title
Słowa kluczowe	credits granted to individual farmers, preferential credits for agriculture, net profit, cooperative banks
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of the research was to determine whether and to what extent credits for agriculture, that is credits granted to individual farmers and preferential credit for agriculture, affected the level of net profit of cooperative banks in Poland in 2015–2017. Among others, it was established that credits granted to individual farmers are important for generating net profit for both small, medium and large cooperative banks. However, the values of the regression coefficient for this variable were low, with a slight increasing tendency. The variable, however, defining preferential credits for agriculture appeared only in two out of nine models constructed and with a negative sign. This concerned small and medium-sized cooperative banks. For large cooperative banks, preferential credit for agriculture were not of key importance in generating net profit. One can conclude that preferential credit does not bring financial benefits to cooperative banks. It is necessary to make financial revenues reliable, taking into account the costs of servicing preferential credits.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Balina R., Chrzanowski P., Juszczyk S.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s297.pdf

Autor	Pavlina Fugelo, Svitlana Savitska
Tytuł	ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF INVESTMENT ACTIVITY OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES IN THE UKRAINE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	investment, investment activity, agricultural enterprises
Key words
Abstrakt	The article specifies that intensive development of the economy can be achieved by attracting and effectively using investment resources. Based on the indicator of the level of investment sufficiency, it was established that, in the period under review, the level of investment adequacy in the country is less than the established ‘threshold’ value, which indicates a shortage of investment funds. The study analysed the dynamics of investment attraction in agriculture. It was found that the main source of financing for investment is own funds of enterprises and organizations. However, they are too insufficient to ensure the intensive development of the economy. An analysis of growth dynamics of the total volume of investment in agricultural enterprises per 100 ha of agricultural land and their financial provision was carried out. Research showed that the increase in the value of fixed assets is more intensive than the increase in the inflow of investment in fixed assets, which indicates additional sources of growth in the value of fixed assets. It was noted that the potential sources of investment resources should be the funds of foreign investors, which currently stand at an extremely low growth level. A number of negative factors influencing the process of attracting foreign direct investment were identified. The main current requirements of the Ukraine in the process of integration into the world economic space, is the formation of a mechanism of investment activity, an important component of which is the mechanism of investment provision.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Fugelo P., Savitska S.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s303.pdf

Autor	Agnieszka Kozera, Aldona Standar, Joanna Średzinska
Tytuł	LEVEL AND EVOLUTION OF FARM TAXATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION IN 2007–2015
Title
Słowa kluczowe	taxes, farms, European Union, FADN, TOPSIS
Key words
Abstrakt	The purpose of this paper is to assess the level of and changes in taxes imposed on farms in European Union countries. The empirical study was based on FADN data. Because of the complex nature of aspects under consideration, the TOPSIS method was used to develop a synthetic indicator of farm taxation. The study was carried out in 2007–2009 and 2013–2015. For these periods, average values of simple characteristics were calculated which reflect the levels of farm taxation and are the basis for the synthetic indicator. Afterwards, the synthetic indicator was used to linearly arrange the countries by farm taxation levels in the EU in the periods considered.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kozera A., Standar A., Średzinska J.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s327.pdf

Autor	Marian Podstawka
Tytuł	FINANCIAL AID FOR POLISH AGRICULTURE AND CHANGES IN ITS SHARE IN THE STRUCTURE OF AGRIBUSINESS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	agribusiness, financial aid, agriculture
Key words
Abstrakt	The study presents the share of agriculture in the structure of agribusiness and presents the forms of support it uses. It was found that agribusiness is characterized by dynamic changes. Against the background of the national economy, its share in labour resources, fixed assets, investment outlays and output and its gross added value is decreasing. As part of Polish agribusiness, agriculture has the dominant share. There is considerable support for agriculture with EU and national financial aid. The largest share of domestic aid constituted subsidies for investment loans and working capital loans.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Podstawka M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s343.pdf

Autor	Magdalena Cyrek, Piotr Cyrek
Tytuł	DIFFERENCE IN CONSUMPTION BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL HOUSEHOLDS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	consumption, well-being, households, city-countryside
Key words
Abstrakt	Levels of income, consumer expenditure and their structure display significant disproportions between areas of different degrees of urbanisation. These disproportions are reflected both in the objective comparison and subjectively perceived material situation of households. This study contains an assessment of the differences in income and consumption in rural areas and cities of Poland at a national level and in relation to the Subcarpathian Province, as a less developed region. The results of public statistic surveys were supplemented with the results of own research regarding the perception of the situation by the inhabitants of Subcarpathia. The scale of existing socio-economic disproportion in spatial layout and directions of changes in accordance to objective and subjective indicators were identified. The changes in the value of purchases of various types of products, levels of savings and living conditions were addressed. In order to verify the hypothesis of consumption convergence in the city-countryside system, a statistical analysis of national structures was carried out and the differences in change patterns typical for urban and rural households in Subcarpathia were identified. This research allows to conclude that there exist adverse disproportions in rural development and some signs of overcoming them on a national and regional level.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Cyrek M., Cyrek P.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s68.pdf

Autor	Włodzimierz Kołodziejczak
Tytuł	DECOMPOSITION OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN RURAL POPULATION ON THE BASIS OF MAIN SOURCES OF INCOME IN 2002–2009 AND 2016
Title
Słowa kluczowe	natural unemployment, labour flows, rural population
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of the paper is to present a decomposition of unemployment in the rural population into the structural and cyclical components in groups distinguished based on their main source of household income. This study was conducted using the method estimating the level of natural unemployment (equilibrium unemployment) proposed by the Centre for Economic Policy Research (1995). The analysis was based on individual, unweighted, quarterly raw data provided by the Polish LFS (BAEL) from the years 2002–2009 and 2016. The professional situation of the rural population in the analysed period improved, which was manifested in an increase in the employment rate and a reduction of the actual unemployment rate. Between the periods of 2002–2005 and 2006–2009 actual unemployment ‘followed’ the lower values of equilibrium unemployment. In 2016 the actual unemployment rate was lower than in previous periods; however, an adverse change was observed for its relation to the natural unemployment rate. If we assume that it will – as previously – strive to attain the equilibrium level, in the case of a downturn on the market for goods and services the actual unemployment among the rural population may considerably increase, particularly in the group of individuals whose main source of income is provided by unemployment benefits and the family farm.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kołodziejczak W.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s102.pdf

Autor	Mariusz Maciejczak, Kiryll Zahkarov
Tytuł	DELIVERING CONSUMER VALUES BY CONSUMER FOOD COOPERATIVES – A CASE OF TWO TYPES OF COOPS FROM POLAND
Title
Słowa kluczowe	consumer food cooperative, utilitarian values, hedonic values, environmental values, participatory cooperative, supermarket cooperative, Poland
Key words
Abstrakt	Consumer choice of a particular type of retail outlet greatly depends on the consumer values that the outlet provides. The aim of this research was to address specific consumer values created by consumer food cooperatives in general, and in addition to examine the difference in the consumer values provided by two major types of such coops in Poland. It is argued that consumer food cooperatives provide customers with unique blend of values, different from those of consumer cooperatives in general due to their close bond with agriculture and environment. Such coops could deliver their customers not only economic or hedonic values but also an additional environmental ones. The environmental values are prevailing in participatory type of coop, while the supermarket type can deliver better the economic values.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Maciejczak M., Zahkarov K.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s180.pdf

Autor	Bartłomiej Bajan, Aldona Mrówczynska-Kamińska
Tytuł	GLOBAL DIFFERENCES IN LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN THE AGRIBUSINESS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	agribusiness, labour productivity, economic growth
Key words
Abstrakt	The purpose of this paper is to assess the global differences in labour productivity in the agribusiness. The relationship between a country’s economic development level (measured as GDP per capita) and labour productivity in the agriculture and across the entire agribusiness was measured in 39 countries around the world (which are entered to the World Input-Output Database and for which the relevant I/O tables were prepared) in 2000 and 2014. The input-output analysis, employed as the main research method, enabled the calculation of value added in the agriculture and elsewhere in the agribusiness. The results suggest the existence of a positive linear association between agribusiness labour productivity and economic development level, as corroborated by previous observations. In turn, two separate groups are noticeable in the relationship between agricultural labour productivity and the level of development of a country. In the first group of countries, agricultural labour productivity grows fast as the economy grows whereas in the second group, the growth rate of labour productivity clearly decreases as the economy grows. This study is a part of the discussion on the global agricultural development model which, on the one hand, calls for increasing the productivity of agricultural labour and, on the other, shows a need to reduce environmental degradation.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Bajan B., Mrówczynska-Kamińska A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s191.pdf

Autor	Malgorzata Just
Tytuł	TRANSFER OF EXTREME RISK BETWEEN SELECTED EU WHEAT MARKETS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	spillover effect, Granger causality in risk, value at risk, wheat prices
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of this study was to analyse the transfer of extreme price risk between selected EU milling wheat markets in the years 2005–2015. Extreme price risk (value at risk) was estimated using the ARMA-GARCH- -EVT models. In turn, the risk transfer phenomenon was identified using the Granger causality in risk test according to Cheung and Ng, the Granger test in relation to logarithmic price increments exceeding values at risk and the quotient of these increments and values at risk. Results of these tests indicate the effect of extreme price risk transfer on the EU milling wheat markets in the years 2005–2015. The market from which the risk was most frequently transferred was the wheat market in France, while the wheat markets in Poland and in Germany were those, onto which the risk was most frequently transferred.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Just M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s216.pdf

Autor	Karolina Pawlak
Tytuł	COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES OF THE POLISH AGRI-FOOD SECTOR ON THE US MARKET
Title
Słowa kluczowe	comparative advantage, agri-food products, export, import, Poland, USA
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of this paper is to identify the level and changes in comparative advantages of the Polish agri-food sector on the US market in 2004–2017. The following indicators were used in the comparative advantage analysis: Balassa’s Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Vollrath’s Revealed Competitiveness (RC), the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) and the Lafay’s Trade Balance Index (TBI). A product mapping scheme based on the level of comparative advantage (RSCA) and export specialisation (TBI) was made. This study was supplemented with the analysis of values for the trade balance and shares of individual groups of products in the structure of Poland’s exports to the US. The analyses showed that, in the years 2004–2017, Poland attained high comparative advantages in trade with these assortment groups, which were characterised by the relatively highest shares in the structure of exports to the US, as well as generated a high and frequently improving positive trade balance.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Pawlak K.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s223.pdf

Autor	Magdalena Jaworska
Tytuł	FOOD IMPORTS AND FOOD SECURITY OF MAIN GLOBAL MARKET PLAYERS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	food, food security, importers, international trade
Key words
Abstrakt	The main purpose of this paper was to assess the openness of trade in food products in the context of changes in food security levels. The period covered by this study is 1995–2015. The research was based on outcomes reported by main players of the global market. The basic source of data were online databases and reports. Once collected, the data was analysed with the use of quantitative and qualitative research methods. Selected statistical methods, indices of structure and dynamics, indicators of economic openness and indicators related to three dimensions of security (availability, access and stability) were used. The analysis resulted in numerous conclusions. In the study period, food imports followed a global growth trend with alternating periods of contrasting developments. In the countries covered by this study, the openness of trade in food was higher than that of global imports and followed a growth trend. The singularities of the development of the agri-food sector were reflected in decreasing values of the exports-to-imports ratio, and were decisive for the positive growth rate of per capita agri-food output. According to the analysis of relationships between changes in trade levels and selected food security indicators, imports proved to be positively correlated with physical and economic availability, and negatively correlated with stability. Based on the results, a general conclusion may be drawn that economic growth resulted in structural changes which contributed to improving access to food.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Jaworska M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s245.pdf

Autor	Romana Głowicka-Wołoszyn, Andrzej Wołoszyn, Feliks Wysocki
Tytuł	QUALITY OF LIFE IN POLISH FARMERS’ HOUSEHOLDS ASSESSMENT WITH TOPSIS METHOD
Title
Słowa kluczowe	quality of life, class typology, TOPSIS, farmers’ households
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of the research was a multidimensional assessment of the quality of life in farmers’ households along with its synthetic measure and a typology of household classes, rendered by the measure. The 2015 data on 730 farmers’ households were used to analyse their quality of life in nine dimensions: material living conditions, employment, health, education, leisure and social relations, economic and physical security, civic participation, environmental quality, and the subjective assessment of well-being. Due to concomitance of features measured on metric and non-metric scales, generalized distance measure (GDM) was applied as part of the TOPSIS method to determine the distance of objects from the model values. The study drew on microdata from the Social Diagnosis survey conducted in 2015 by the Council for Social Monitoring, and employed clusterSim R-package for calculations.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Głowicka-Wołoszyn R., Wołoszyn A., Wysocki F.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s257.pdf

Autor	Elżbieta Jędrych, Dariusz Klimek
Tytuł	SOCIAL CAPITAL IN THE COMPANY (MEAT AND VEGETABLE PROCESSING INDUSTRY)
Title
Słowa kluczowe	social capital, structure of social capital, value of social capital
Key words
Abstrakt	This article presents the research results of authors on the structure and value of social capital in the company. The research shows that there is a link between a relatively new level of such capital obtained on the basis of questionnaires among company employees analysed and the low value of this capital in the socio-economic approach. The authors also point out the possible ways of improving this level and increasing its financial value. The research was conducted in the first half of 2018, in Pamapol, a joint-stock company, which is one of the biggest companies from the branch of meat and food processing. In the research, the triangulation method of research methods was used, already known in research practice but in an innovative character, mainly referring to the measurement of capital value.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Jędrych E., Klimek D.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s300.pdf

Autor	Bernadetta Dziura, Bogusław Ślusarczyk
Tytuł	SOCIAL CAPITAL AS A STIMULANT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTERPRISES IN THE PODKARPACKIE PROVINCE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	social capital, intellectual capital, enterprise, development
Key words
Abstrakt	Social capital is one of the essential elements of an enterprise’s development. Enterprises with a high level of social capital, due to the smooth flow of information, are predisposed to achieve higher innovation, gaining an advantage over competitors (Przybysz, 2011). The social capital affects the creation of the unique value of an enterprise, mainly through the structures of the connections network, social and cultural norms as well as trust (Dziura, 2016). Nowadays, it is analysed at various levels and in varying degrees, also in relation to territorial systems, including the provincial level. The present paper is an attempt to analyse and describe the impact of social capital on development of selected enterprises in the Podkarpackie province. Authors of the article, due to the conducted surveys, application of statistical methods and analysis of financial reports, aim at presenting the effects of investing in social capital.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Dziura B., Ślusarczyk B.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s326.pdf

Autor	Sebastian Jarzebowski
Tytuł	ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE OF SHORT SUPPLY CHAINS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	short food supply chain, supply chain management, sustainable development
Key words
Abstrakt	Within the framework of the paper, the author introduces issues connected to short food supply chains. There are many different forms of short food supply chains (SFSC), but they share a common characteristic of reduced numbers of intermediaries between the farmer or food producer, and the consumer. The growing interest in SFSCs is shown in the paper – this reflects mainly the consumer demand for quality and traceability, given the alarming health crises in food markets. From a customers’ point of view, SFSCs transfer more complete information about the origin of the food and, for producers, SFSCs retain a higher share of added value. The overview on the impact of short supply chains is provided in the paper. The results of the analysis show that the supply chain may have some beneficial economic effects. It is noticed that the SFSCs have potential to increase farm value added (profit allocation), promote sustainable farming systems, diversify production and contribute to local economic development.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Jarzebowski S.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s360.pdf

Autor	Anna Roth, Tomasz Zawadzki
Tytuł	INSTAGRAM AS A TOOL FOR PROMOTING SUPERFOOD PRODUCTS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	superfood, instagram, online communication, social selling
Key words
Abstrakt	Social media, Instagram included, are more and more often used by enterprises to promote their own products. Year by year there has been an increase in the rate of the use of the analysed channels of marketing, which seem to be one of the most basic forms of spreading information about their products for enterprises active in the field of superfood products. Superfoods are products containing elements characterised by a wealth of nutritional values, e.g. chia seeds or goji berries. The article presents a short characteristic of social media and defines the eponymous superfood category. The research section of the publication analyses the Instagram activity of three Polish producers of food containing superfood elements, namely Chias – a snack producer, ZmianyZmiany – a producer of plant bars, and PowerWaters – a producer of water with caffeine. The current state of affairs with respect to Instagram profiles of the three discussed brands are studied comprehensively and several applicable recommendations are presented. The research also touches upon the issue of improving customer engagement levels as well as the issue of barter exchange as a way to increase sales and brand awareness in the virtual world.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Roth A., Zawadzki T.
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Pełny tekst	AMME_2018_n1_s101.pdf