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Autor	S.H. Pushpa Malkanthi
Tytuł	Outlook of Present Organic Agriculture Policies and Future Needs in Sri Lanka
Title	Outlook of Present Organic Agriculture Policies and Future Needs in Sri Lanka
Słowa kluczowe	conventional agriculture, organic agriculture, organic farming policies, Sri Lanka
Key words	conventional agriculture, organic agriculture, organic farming policies, Sri Lanka
Abstrakt	Many countries are formulating organic agriculture or organic farming policies aimed at sustainable agricultural development. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: to understand the present situation of organic agriculture policies in Sri Lanka and also in other countries where successful organic agriculture is operating; identify problems in the organic agriculture sector; and suggest potential policy measures to be implemented in Sri Lanka in future. The research was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, a thorough literature review was conducted to study the suitable policies available in other countries and also in Sri Lanka at present. In the second stage, two field surveys were carried out using pre-tested questionnaires, from December 2019 to May 2020, in order to gather farmers’ and extension officers’ information related to organic farming policy suggestions. According to the findings of the literature review, organic systems in some countries are more integrated with national strategic plans and visions. Those governments are more involved in new initiatives and farmers are encouraged to go organic through reliable and feasible policies. Although Sri Lanka has a high potential for organic agriculture, at present it is at an initial stage. While most organic products in Sri Lanka go to the export market, a small portion is kept at local markets. Demand for organic products in export as well as domestic markets is increasing. Even though there are seven international food certification agencies operating in the country as external inspection and certification bodies, a limited number of accredited certifications exist for products on the domestic market. Results of the farmers’ survey showed that even if farmers have a significant level of knowledge, few of them practice organic farming due to several existing problems. Moreover, extension officers have also identified similar types of problems that are faced by the farmers related to organic farming. Evaluation of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) related to organic agriculture in the country helped to identify key problems facing policy-makers when balancing the supply and demand sides of organic products. Also, in developing organic agriculture, an effective linkage and coordination among government and private participants is crucial. Therefore, in Sri Lanka in this context, strategic focus on policy support for organic agriculture is needed. Current organic farming programs need to be revised in order to formulate policies covering all areas related to production, handling, processing, certification, labeling and marketing, in order to bring the benefits of organic agriculture to farmers, marketers and consumers in a fair manner.
Abstract	Many countries are formulating organic agriculture or organic farming policies aimed at sustainable agricultural development. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: to understand the present situation of organic agriculture policies in Sri Lanka and also in other countries where successful organic agriculture is operating; identify problems in the organic agriculture sector; and suggest potential policy measures to be implemented in Sri Lanka in future. The research was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, a thorough literature review was conducted to study the suitable policies available in other countries and also in Sri Lanka at present. In the second stage, two field surveys were carried out using pre-tested questionnaires, from December 2019 to May 2020, in order to gather farmers’ and extension officers’ information related to organic farming policy suggestions. According to the findings of the literature review, organic systems in some countries are more integrated with national strategic plans and visions. Those governments are more involved in new initiatives and farmers are encouraged to go organic through reliable and feasible policies. Although Sri Lanka has a high potential for organic agriculture, at present it is at an initial stage. While most organic products in Sri Lanka go to the export market, a small portion is kept at local markets. Demand for organic products in export as well as domestic markets is increasing. Even though there are seven international food certification agencies operating in the country as external inspection and certification bodies, a limited number of accredited certifications exist for products on the domestic market. Results of the farmers’ survey showed that even if farmers have a significant level of knowledge, few of them practice organic farming due to several existing problems. Moreover, extension officers have also identified similar types of problems that are faced by the farmers related to organic farming. Evaluation of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) related to organic agriculture in the country helped to identify key problems facing policy-makers when balancing the supply and demand sides of organic products. Also, in developing organic agriculture, an effective linkage and coordination among government and private participants is crucial. Therefore, in Sri Lanka in this context, strategic focus on policy support for organic agriculture is needed. Current organic farming programs need to be revised in order to formulate policies covering all areas related to production, handling, processing, certification, labeling and marketing, in order to bring the benefits of organic agriculture to farmers, marketers and consumers in a fair manner.
Cytowanie	Malkanthi S. (2021) Outlook of Present Organic Agriculture Policies and Future Needs in Sri Lanka.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 21(36), z. 3: 55-72
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2021_T21(36)_n3_s55.pdf

Autor	Kinga Majchrzak, Henryka Żarska, Tadeusz Żarski
Tytuł	Genetycznie modyfikowane uprawy jako potencjalne zagrożenie dla gospodarstw specjalizujących się w usługach ekoagroturystycznych
Title	Crops of the genetically modified plants (GMP) as the potential threat for farms specializes in ecoagrotouristic services
Słowa kluczowe	organizmy genetycznie modyfikowane, zagrożenia, ekologia, ekoagroturystyka
Key words	genetically modified organism, threat, ecology, ecoagrotourism
Abstrakt	Turystyka na obszarach wiejskich ma cały szereg form, z których najbardziej charakterystyczne są: turystyka wiejska, agroturystyka, i ekoagroturystyka. Ekoagroturystyka to specyficzna forma agroturystyki. Obejmuje ona bowiem pobyt w gospodarstwach ekologicznych. Gospodarstwa takie nie używają żadnych syntetycznych substancji chemicznych, nawozów, sztucznych barwników ani środków konserwujących w uprawie roślin i hodowli zwierząt. Ekologiczne produkty rolne podlegają ścisłemu nadzorowi i spełniają międzynarodowe standardy. Istotną cechą tej formy agroturystyki jest nie tylko pobyt w gospodarstwie rolniczym, ale także udział w pracy na roli oraz konsumpcja produktów z hodowli ekologicznej. Rolnictwo ekologiczne wyklucza całkowicie możliwość upraw i hodowli organizmów genetycznie modyfikowanych. Termin „organizm genetycznie modyfikowany” oznacza organizm, do którego genomu został wstawiony jeden lub więcej genów obcych tzw. transgenów zawierające sekwencje kodujące takie cechy jak odporność na herbicydy, lub związki owadobójcze. Inżynieria genetyczna tworzy organizmy, które nie mogłyby powstać w sposób naturalny. Jest to sprzeczne z zasadami rolnictwa konwencjonalnego, a przede wszystkim ekologicznego.
Abstract	Rural tourism takes a whole range of forms, of which the most typical are: village tourism, agrotourism, ecoagrotourism. Ecoagrotourism is a specific form of agrotourism. It involves stays in eco-farming – undertakings. These farms do not use any synthetic chemicals, fertilizers, artificial colorants or preserving agents in their plant growing and animal breeding. Ecologic agricultural produce is subject to strict supervision and meets international standards. An essential characteristic of this form of agrotourism is not only the sharing of living with the farming family but also taking part in farming work and the consummation of produce from their ecological farming. Ecological agriculture excludes fully the possibility the crop and farming of modified genetically organisms. The term “genetically modified organism” means an organism into which has been inserted – through genetic engineering – one or more genes from an outside source that contains coding for desired characteristics, such as herbicide resistance or an antibacterial compound.. Genetic engineering involves crossing species that could not breed in nature. This is now the conflicting working with the principles of conventional agriculture and first of all ecoagriculture.
Cytowanie	Majchrzak K., Żarska H., Żarski T.
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Pełny tekst	TIRR_2014_n1_s167.pdf

Autor	Wiesława Cieślewicz, Krzysztof Wiktorowski
Tytuł	Wpływ procesów koncentracji ziemi i intensyfikacji upraw w rolnictwie konwencjonalnym na stan środowiska naturalnego w regionie zachodniopomorskim
Title	Effect of land ownership concentration and processes of cultivation intensification in conventional agriculture on the state of natural environment in the West Pomeranian region
Słowa kluczowe	koncentracja własności ziemi, globalizacja, ekologia, intensyfikacja produkcji, region zachodniopomorski, środowisko naturalne
Key words	concentration of land ownership, globalization, ecology, intensification of production, West Pomeranian region, environment
Abstrakt	Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie problematyki procesów koncentracji ziemi i intensyfikacji upraw w rolnictwie konwencjonalnym na stan środowiska naturalnego w regionie zachodniopomorskim. Wynikiem pracy badawczej jest ukazanie, że nasilający się w ostatnich latach w regionie zachodniopomorskim proces koncentracji ziemi uprawnej, polegający na powstawaniu średnich i dużych gospodarstw rolnych przejmujących ziemię po byłych PGR-ach lub gospodarstwach indywidualnych wycofujących się z produkcji rolniczej, jest konsekwencją procesów koncentracji własności ziemi mających wymiar globalny. Procesy te wystąpiły już wcześniej w krajach rozwiniętych Europy Zachodniej i na świecie. Wraz z procesami własności koncentracji ziemi następują jednocześnie procesy intensyfikacji produkcji rolniczej, charakteryzujące się coraz większym zużyciem środków ochrony roślin w uprawie zbóż, środków farmakologicznych w hodowli zwierząt oraz coraz większym udziałem organizmów genetycznie modyfikowanych w innych uprawach np. warzywniczych. Powiększanie areałów monokulturowych upraw: rzepaku i zbóż, brak stosowania płodozmianów, zaorywanie miedz, likwidacja zadrzewień śródpolnych czy nadmierna melioracja negatywnie wpływają na zachowanie bioróżnorodności biologicznej oraz na stan środowiska naturalnego w regionie zachodniopomorskim
Abstract	Aim of this paper is to present the processes of land ownership concentration and intensification of cultivation in conventional agriculture on the environment in the West Pomeranian region. The result of research work is to show that the land ownership concentration process, escalating in recent years in the West Pomeranian region and involving the formation of larger farms acquiring land from the former state farms or farms which withdraw from the agricultural production is a consequence of these processes of a global dimension. These processes have already occurred in the developed countries of Western Europe and the remaining world. Along with the processes of land concentration occur simultaneously the processes of intensification in agricultural production, with increased consumption of plant protection products in cereals growing, pharmaceuticals in animal husbandry and with increasing participation of GMOs in other crops such as vegetables. Zooming areas of monoculture, like oilseed rape and cereals, lack of crop rotation, plowing in balks between fields, liquidation or mid-field tree belts and excessive drainage adversely affect the state of biological biodiversity and the environment in the West Pomeranian region
Cytowanie	Cieślewicz W., Wiktorowski K. (2011) Wpływ procesów koncentracji ziemi i intensyfikacji upraw w rolnictwie konwencjonalnym na stan środowiska naturalnego w regionie zachodniopomorskim.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 11(26), z. 2: 138-145
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2011_T11(26)_n2_s138.pdf