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Autor	Adam Ambroziak, Renata Grochowska
Tytuł	Selected Aspects of Protectionism of EU Member States in the EU Agri-Food Market
Title	Selected Aspects of Protectionism of EU Member States in the EU Agri-Food Market
Słowa kluczowe	EU internal market, non-tariff barriers, agri-food products
Key words	EU internal market, non-tariff barriers, agri-food products
Abstrakt	Tendencies in national actions against foreign products currently observed in the European Union indicate protectionism or at least discrimination. The aim of this article is describe economic mechanisms of applying selected import-related policy instruments of Member States and to identify some potential directions of their impact on the functioning of the EU agri-food internal market. The presented mechanisms are related to three situations: (a) hindering the market entry through retargeting of consumer demand; (b) promotion of own products contrary to the fair rules of competition; (c) limiting economic activity of foreign companies. The analyses carried out allowed to identify economic activity areas, where negative effects could reveal and to state that the potential result of these activities may be selective reduction of trade or change of its directions.
Abstract	Tendencies in national actions against foreign products currently observed in the European Union indicate protectionism or at least discrimination. The aim of this article is describe economic mechanisms of applying selected import-related policy instruments of Member States and to identify some potential directions of their impact on the functioning of the EU agri-food internal market. The presented mechanisms are related to three situations: (a) hindering the market entry through retargeting of consumer demand; (b) promotion of own products contrary to the fair rules of competition; (c) limiting economic activity of foreign companies. The analyses carried out allowed to identify economic activity areas, where negative effects could reveal and to state that the potential result of these activities may be selective reduction of trade or change of its directions.
Cytowanie	Ambroziak A., Grochowska R. (2018) Selected Aspects of Protectionism of EU Member States in the EU Agri-Food Market.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 2: 82-94
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n2_s82.pdf

Autor	Katarzyna Kłosowicz-Toborek
Tytuł	Istota protekcjonizmu w dziewiętnastym wieku oraz współcześnie
Title	The Essence of Protectionism in the Nineteenth Century and Nowadays
Słowa kluczowe	protekcjonizm, niemiecka szkoła historyczna, neoprotekcjonizm, polityka handlowa
Key words	protectionism, German historical school of economy, neoprotectionism, trade policy
Abstrakt	Pomimo działalności WTO idea protekcjonizmu jest wciąż aktualna. Większość państw oficjalnie opowiada się za liberalizmem, a przy tym ogranicza wymianę handlową. Działalność ta ulega nasileniu w okresach stagnacji gospodarczej oraz w związku z różnicami rozwojowymi między uczestnikami rynku światowego. To właśnie zacofanie gospodarcze XIX-wiecznych Niemiec wpłynęło na stworzenie wielu oryginalnych myśli, a wśród nich tych, które odnosiły się do sposobu prowadzenia handlu zagranicznego. Warto zatem zbadać i porównać neoprotekcjonizm z protekcjonizmem prezentowanym przez XIX-wiecznych ekonomistów. Analiza współczesnego i XIX-wiecznego protekcjonizmu wskazuje, że istota tych pojęć nie różni się bowiem neoprotekcjonizm i jego XIX wieczny odpowiednik realizują te same cele, aczkolwiek przy wykorzystaniu innych środków.
Abstract	Despite the buoyant activity of the WTO, the idea of protectionism is still valid. Most countries officially support liberalism while limiting trade. This activity is intensified during periods of economic stagnation and in relation to the developmental differences among the participants in the world market. The economic backwardness of nineteenth-century Germany influenced the development of many original ideas, including those related to foreign trade. Therefore, it is worth examining and comparing neoprotectionism to the protectionism presented by nineteenth-century economists. The analysis of contemporary and nineteenth century protectionism indicates that the essence of these concepts does not differ, because neoprotectionism and its nineteenth-century equivalent fulfill the same aims, but using different measures.
Cytowanie	Kłosowicz-Toborek K. (2018) Istota protekcjonizmu w dziewiętnastym wieku oraz współcześnie.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 1: 88-99
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n1_s88.pdf

Autor	Karolina Pawlak
Tytuł	The evolution of the agricultural protectionism and its measures
Title	The evolution of the agricultural protectionism and its measures
Słowa kluczowe	brak
Key words	protectionism, agricultural trade, tariff barriers, non-tariff barriers
Abstrakt	brak
Abstract	The aim of the article was to present the premises and evolution of protectionism in agricultural trade and to show the changes in significance of tariff and non-tariff barriers of intervention for the trade in agricultural products. The abolition of customs duties entails an increase in the number and the role of non-tariff barriers in trade policy applied by individual countries. The factors determining the degree of intensity in the use of protective instruments include the level of GDP per capita. In the agri-food sector, an intensified protectionism can be observed along with an increased degree of economic development. In spite of the fact that richer countries declare their support for free trade, they take intense actions to protect their domestic production from the competitive imports and are unwilling to abandon this policy, which can be observed e.g. in prolonged negotiations on further liberalisation of world agricultural trade in the WTO forum.
Cytowanie	Pawlak K. (2011) .Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 11(26), z. 3: 78-87
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2011_T11(26)_n3_s78.pdf

Autor	Aldona Zawojska
Tytuł	Paradygmaty dla współczesnego rolnictwa – protekcjonizm kontra liberalizm
Title	Paradigms for a contemporary agriculture – protectionism contra liberalism
Słowa kluczowe	protekcjonizm, liberalizm, rolnictwo, paradygmaty, OECD
Key words	protectionism, liberalism, agriculture, paradigms, OECD
Abstrakt	Artykuł opisuje cztery współczesne paradygmaty rolnictwa: zależności, konkurencyjności, wielofunkcyjności oraz globalizującego się rolnictwa. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono konfliktowi między polityką protekcjonistyczną a polityką wolnego handlu rolnego w kontekście negocjacji w ramach WTO. Przedstawiono także zmiany w polityce wspierania producentów rolnych w krajach OECD i UE, wykorzystując mierniki wsparcia producenta: PSE oraz NAC.
Abstract	This paper presents the four competing paradigms regarding the governance of agriculture, briefly: a dependent paradigm, a competitive paradigm, a multifunctional paradigm, and a globalized production paradigm. It examines the entry into the agricultural policy arena of a new market liberal vision. It contrasts the old and the new paradigms for agriculture, and describes the transition between these paradigms. With the reform of agricultural policies in OECD and the EU countries, the number and complexity of policy measures has increased significantly. Consequently, the paper explains the coverage of support associated with agricultural policies using the OECD indicators, namely PSE and NAC.
Cytowanie	Zawojska A. (2006) Paradygmaty dla współczesnego rolnictwa – protekcjonizm kontra liberalizm .Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych, Seria G, t. 92, z. 2: 62-72
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Pełny tekst	RNR_2006_n2_s62.pdf