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Autor	Eugeniusz Niedzielski
Tytuł	SIGNS AND TRENDS IN SOCIOECONOMIC CHANGES IN RURAL AREAS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	rural areas, functions of rural areas, economic and social changes
Key words
Abstrakt	This paper analyses the scope and the main directions of economic and social changes occurring in rural areas including, among others, the declining role of agriculture and the growth of non-agricultural activity. Although employment in agriculture is decreasing, the population of people in rural areas is on the rise, while the general population continues to decline. In general, these phenomena have been caused by nationwide deurbanisation and re ruralisation (the influx of residents to rural areas). The cumulative effect of these changes is the transformation of rural areas, especially those which are suburban or attractive due to their natural environment, which are losing their agrarian character.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Niedzielski E.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s149.pdf

Autor	Józef Kania, Wiesław Musiał
Tytuł	Istota kreacji wartości dodanej w rolnictwie i na obszarach wiejskich
Title	The Essence of Creating Value-Added in Agriculture and in Rural Areas
Słowa kluczowe	wartość dodana w rolnictwie, kreowanie wartości dodanej, integracja pionowa, łańcuch dostaw żywności
Key words	value-added in agriculture, creation of the value-added, vertical integration, food supply chain
Abstrakt	Celem opracowania jest próba poszerzenia sposobu definiowania pojęcia wartości dodanej w rolnictwie i na obszarach wiejskich, głównie w oparciu o literaturę przedmiotu. W pierwszej kolejności odniesiono się do usytuowania tego pojęcia w kontekście ekonomii rolnictwa, a następnie różnych procesów, które zachodzą lub zachodzić powinny na obszarach wiejskich, kreując lub warunkując oczekiwane, pozytywne efekty, które nazwano wartością dodaną. Następnie przeanalizowano tworzenie wartości dodanej w rolniczym łańcuchu dostaw, mając na uwadze stare i nowe podejście do jej tworzenia. Analizę przypadku przeprowadzono dla spółki „Owoc Łącki” i poddano ocenie sposoby tworzenia wartości dodanej i formę integracji producentów owoców. Efektem analizy jest przedstawienie wielości i różnorodności definiowania oraz opisu uwarunkowań tworzenia wartości dodanej. Zaprezentowane przykłady, praktyki i podejścia w podnoszeniu wartości dodanej stanowić mogą inspirację dla doradców, a zwłaszcza rolników poszukujących nowych modeli biznesowych, by zwiększyć w ten sposób swoje dochody.
Abstract	The aim of the study is to broaden the definition of the added-value concept in agriculture and in rural areas. To start, reference was made to the location of this concept in relation to the economics of agriculture and then to the various processes that occur or should occur in rural areas creating or conditioning the expected positive effects, which were called the Value-added. Then, the creation of added value in the agricultural supply chain was analyzed with an old and new approach to its creation. The case analysis was conducted for the "Owoc Łącki" company, which assessed the ways of creating added value and the form of integration of fruit producers. The effect of the analysis is the multiplicity and diversity of defining and describing conditions for the creation of added value. The presented examples, practices and approaches in increasing the added value can be an inspiration for advisors, especially farmers looking for new business models, thus increasing their income.
Cytowanie	Kania J., Musiał W. (2018) Istota kreacji wartości dodanej w rolnictwie i na obszarach wiejskich.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 2: 117-129
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n2_s117.pdf

Autor	Karol Król
Tytuł	Stopień optymalizacji witryn internetowych obiektów turystyki wiejskiej dla wyszukiwarek internetowych
Title	The degree of optimization of websites of rural tourism facilities for search engines
Słowa kluczowe	turystyka wiejska, optymalizacja, responsywność, konwersja celu, audyt SEO
Key words	rural tourism, optimization, responsiveness, goal conversion, SEO audit
Abstrakt	Opłacalność działalności turystycznej prowadzonej na obszarach wiejskich zależy przeważnie od liczby udzielonych noclegów. Ciągły dopływ klientów jest szczególnie istotny dla obiektów prowadzących działalność skomercjalizowaną. Nie byłoby to możliwe bez działań marketingowych w Internecie, a podstawowym narzędziem w tym obszarze jest witryna internetowa. Witryna przygotowana z myślą o pełnieniu określonych funkcji może się okazać nieefektywna, kiedy nie będzie widoczna w wynikach wyszukiwania. Widoczność mogą zwiększyć działania optymalizacyjne. Celem badań jest pomiar stopnia optymalizacji witryn internetowych obiektów turystyki wiejskiej dla wyszukiwarek internetowych. Badania wykonano w zbiorze 712 witryn w formie audytu SEO za pomocą wybranych aplikacji internetowych. Ocenę stopnia optymalizacji każdej z witryn uzyskano, stosując metodę unitaryzacyjną. Za pomocą korelacji liniowej r-Pearsona wykazano, że istniała wyraźna zależność pomiędzy responsywnością witryn a stopniem ich optymalizacji dla wyszukiwarek. Z badań płyną dwie rekomendacje: właściciele obiektów turystyki wiejskiej powinni dostosować swoje witryny do urządzeń przenośnych i skoncentrować działania na pozyskiwaniu treści generowanych przez użytkowników.
Abstract	Profitability of touristic activity conducted at rural areas usually depends on the number of provided overnight stays. Constant inflow of customers is particularly significant for objects that conduct commercialised activity. It would not be possible without marketing activities in the Internet. A website is a basic tool in the internet marketing. The website prepared with a view to perform certain functions may be ineffective when it will not be visible in search results. This visibility can be increased by optimization activities. The aim of the research was to measure the level of optimization of websites of rural tourism objects for search engines. The surveys were performed in the set of 712 websites in the form of the SEO audit by means of the selected internet applications. Evaluation of the level of optimization of every website was obtained using the method of unitarization. It was proved by means of the Pearson linear correlation that significant relation between websites’ responsivity and the level of their optimization for search engines took place. There are two recommendations that result from the surveys: the owners of rural tourism objects should adapt their websites to mobile devices and concentrate their activities on gaining contents generated by users.
Cytowanie	Król K. (2018) Stopień optymalizacji witryn internetowych obiektów turystyki wiejskiej dla wyszukiwarek internetowych.Roczniki Naukowe Ekonomii Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich, t. 105, z. 2: 110-121
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Pełny tekst	RNR_2018_n2_s110.pdf

Autor	Anna Parzonko
Tytuł	Doradztwo rolnicze w kontekście nowej ekonomii instytucjonalnej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem teorii dóbr publicznych
Title	AGRICULTURAL ADVISORY SERVICES IN THE CONTEXT OF NEW INSTITUTIONAL ECONOMICS WITH A SPECIAL ATTENTION TO THE THEORY OF PUBLIC GOODS
Słowa kluczowe	zrównoważony rozwój wsi, dobra publiczne, doradztwo rolnicze, instytucja, nowa ekonomia instytucjonalna
Key words	sustainable development of rural areas, public goods, agricultural advisory services, institution, new institutional economics
Abstrakt	W opracowaniu podjęto próbę umiejscowienia problematyki systemu doradztwa rolniczego w świetle przedmiotu ekonomii instytucjonalnej i dóbr publicznych. Przedstawiono główne założenia teorii dóbr publicznych w nawiązaniu do dóbr publicznych generowanych na obszarach wiejskich. Dokonano analizy doradztwa rolniczego na kilku poziomach agregacji. Przedstawiono system doradztwa rolniczego w Polsce a następnie scharakteryzowano działalność ośrodków doradztwa rolniczego jako ogniwa pełniącego w tym systemie wiodącą rolę.
Abstract	The paper attempts to place the issue of the agricultural advisory system in the light of New Institutional Economics with a special focus on the theory of public goods. The paper presents the main assumptions of the theory of public goods in reference to public goods generated in rural areas. Agricultural advisory services have been analysed on several levels of aggregation. The paper describes the agricultural advisory system in Poland and characterises the operations of agricultural advisory centres which play a key role in this system.
Cytowanie	Parzonko A. (2018) Doradztwo rolnicze w kontekście nowej ekonomii instytucjonalnej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem teorii dóbr publicznych.Roczniki Naukowe Ekonomii Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich, t. 105, z. 2: 159-170
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Pełny tekst	RNR_2018_n2_s159.pdf

Autor	Maria Grzybek, Wiesław Szopiński
Tytuł	Znaczenie reklamy w postrzeganiu i kształtowaniu decyzji zakupowych konsumentów z gmin wiejskich województwa podkarpackiego
Title	The Importance of Advertising in the Perception and Shaping of Purchasing Decisions of Consumers from Rural Communes of the Podkarpackie Province
Słowa kluczowe	konsumenci, reklama, gminy wiejskie
Key words	consumers, advertising, rural communities, purchasing decisions
Abstrakt	W artykule scharakteryzowano upodobania konsumentów z gmin wiejskich woj. podkarpackiego, dotyczące rodzaju i odbioru reklam, a także ich wpływ na realizację zakupu towarów. W interpretacji empirycznych wyników badania, przeprowadzonego wśród 500 konsumentów, wykazano zainteresowanie rodzajami form i elementów reklam, najskuteczniejsze przekazy reklamowe decydujące o zakupie towarów, rodzaj dóbr i usług nabywanych pod wpływem reklam, jak również stosunek do reklamowanych nowych produktów wchodzących na rynek. W kontekście przeprowadzonej analizy należy stwierdzić, że najważniejsze znaczenie dla mieszkańców obszarów wiejskich woj. podkarpackiego miały reklamy telewizyjne i internetowe, reklamy cechujące się oryginalnością oraz walorami estetycznymi, w tym zwłaszcza muzyką. W podejmowaniu decyzji zakupu towarów reklamy miały wpływ w przypadku 46% badanych. Bardziej pozytywne nastawienie do reklam i podatne na nie były kobiety.
Abstract	The article describes the preferences of consumers from rural communities of the Podkarpackie Province, regarding the type and reception of advertisements, as well as their impact on the purchase of goods. In the empirical interpretation of research results, conducted among 500 consumers, interest in various types and elements of advertising was pointed out, along with the most effective advertising messages determining the purchase of goods, type of goods and services purchased under the influence of advertising, as well as the approach to advertised new products being launched in the market. In the context of the analysis, it should be stated that the most important for the inhabitants of rural areas of the Podkarpackie Province were TV and internet advertisements, and advertisements characterized by originality and aesthetic values, especially music. The decisions to buy goods were influenced by advertisements according to 46% of respondents. Women were more positively-oriented towards advertisements and more susceptible to ads.
Cytowanie	Grzybek M., Szopiński W. (2018) Znaczenie reklamy w postrzeganiu i kształtowaniu decyzji zakupowych konsumentów z gmin wiejskich województwa podkarpackiego.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 3: 134-143
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n3_s134.pdf

Autor	Magdalena Cyrek, Piotr Cyrek
Tytuł	DIFFERENCE IN CONSUMPTION BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL HOUSEHOLDS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	consumption, well-being, households, city-countryside
Key words
Abstrakt	Levels of income, consumer expenditure and their structure display significant disproportions between areas of different degrees of urbanisation. These disproportions are reflected both in the objective comparison and subjectively perceived material situation of households. This study contains an assessment of the differences in income and consumption in rural areas and cities of Poland at a national level and in relation to the Subcarpathian Province, as a less developed region. The results of public statistic surveys were supplemented with the results of own research regarding the perception of the situation by the inhabitants of Subcarpathia. The scale of existing socio-economic disproportion in spatial layout and directions of changes in accordance to objective and subjective indicators were identified. The changes in the value of purchases of various types of products, levels of savings and living conditions were addressed. In order to verify the hypothesis of consumption convergence in the city-countryside system, a statistical analysis of national structures was carried out and the differences in change patterns typical for urban and rural households in Subcarpathia were identified. This research allows to conclude that there exist adverse disproportions in rural development and some signs of overcoming them on a national and regional level.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Cyrek M., Cyrek P.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s68.pdf

Autor	Halina Powęska
Tytuł	RURAL AREAS OF POLAND AS THE BENEFICIARY OF EUROPEAN UNION FUNDING 2007−2013(15) FOR CULTURAL PROJECTS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	rural areas of Poland, EU structural funds, cultural heritage
Key words
Abstrakt	The paper presents the issues relating to the use of EU funds for cultural heritage projects in rural areas in Poland in the years 2007–2015. The study examines the structure of the funding of EU cultural heritage projects by the purpose of their implementation including revaluation of cultural heritage objects, creation and development of a new tourism product, renovation of sports and recreation infrastructure, promotion and other issues. The spatial analysis was carried out at the level of voivodships. The survey was conducted using the database of the National Information System of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Development of the Republic of Poland (NIS SIMIK 07-13) as at 31 December 2015. In the years 2007–2015, in both rural areas and rural districts, in the case of those projects which were aimed at developing infrastructure and restoring cultural heritage assets, while projects thematically related to the creation of a new tourism product and promotion were of lesser importance. However, the highest grants from EU sources were provided for projects thematically related to the reconstruction of cultural heritage and creation of tourism products, which shows that the activities aimed at preservation of cultural heritage and support for local entrepreneurship are of particular significance to European entities.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Powęska H.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s335.pdf

Autor	Włodzimierz Kołodziejczak
Tytuł	Zatrudnienie i wartość dodana brutto w sektorach gospodarki państw Unii Europejskiej w latach 2002 i 2016
Title	Employment and Gross Value Added in the Sectors of the European Union Economy in 2002 and 2016
Słowa kluczowe	sektorowa struktura zatrudnienia, wartość dodana brutto, zatrudnienie w rolnictwie, Unia Europejska
Key words	sectoral structure of employment, gross value added, employment in agriculture, European Union
Abstrakt	Celem artykułu jest rozpoznanie poziomu zatrudnienia i wytwarzanej wartości dodanej brutto w rolnictwie na tle pozostałych sektorów gospodarki w państwach Unii Europejskiej. W badaniu zastosowano analizę porównawczą i dedukcję. Wykorzystano dane EUROSTAT z lat 2002 i 2016. "Nadwyżka” zatrudnienia w rolnictwie występująca w państwach postsocjalistycznych w stosunku do średniej UE odpowiada w nich, w przybliżeniu, „niedoborowi” zatrudnienia w usługach. Proces zmian sektorowej struktury zatrudnienia będzie prawdopodobnie warunkowany przez tempo wzrostu zapotrzebowania na usługi, dostosowanie strukturalne dotyczące dopasowania cech ludności rolniczej do zapotrzebowania na siłę roboczą w sektorze usług oraz tempo przekształceń strukturalnych na wsi.
Abstract	The aim of the paper is to recognize the level of employment and gross value added in the agriculture against the other sectors of the economy in the European Union. Comparative analysis and method of deduction were used in the study. The research was based on the EUROSTAT data from the years of both 2002 and 2016. The “surplus” of employment in the agriculture in the post-socialist countries in relation to the EU average approximately corresponds to the “shortage” of employment in services. The process of changes in the sectoral structure of employment will probably be determined by the growth rate of demand for services, structural adjustment referring to matching the characteristics of the agricultural population to the demand for labour force in the services sector and the pace of structural transformations in rural areas.
Cytowanie	Kołodziejczak W. (2018) Zatrudnienie i wartość dodana brutto w sektorach gospodarki państw Unii Europejskiej w latach 2002 i 2016.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 4: 270-283
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n4_s270.pdf

Autor	Włodzimierz Kołodziejczak
Tytuł	Occupational Situation of the Rural Farming and Landless Population in Poland in 2002-2016
Title	Occupational Situation of the Rural Farming and Landless Population in Poland in 2002-2017
Słowa kluczowe	labour force, rural areas, natural unemployment rate
Key words	labour force, rural areas, natural unemployment rate
Abstrakt	The Polish rural population is highly differentiated in terms of occupational situation, mainly because of the rural population’s involvement in individual farming. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the occupational situation of the rural farming and landless population in 2002, 2016 and 2017 in the context of non-farming job opportunities and unemployment risks. The study consists of two parts; the first one analyses the changes to the occupational situation of the rural population in the labour market; the second one identifies the risk of unemployment in selected groups of rural population. Aggregated weighted data and non-aggregated, non-published non-weighted BAEL (Polish LFS) data was used as source material. The study period witnessed a considerable improvement of the rural population’s occupational situation. However, if there is a slowdown in economic growth, the occupational situation of the rural population may deteriorate. In the short and medium term, people involved in individual farming and landless woman, i.e. the group where the real unemployment rate is much lower than equilibrium unemployment, will be particularly severely affected. In the longer term, the adverse impact of business cycles may also deteriorate the situation of landless men if their equilibrium unemployment level “follows” the real unemployment rate.
Abstract	The Polish rural population is highly differentiated in terms of occupational situation, mainly because of the rural population’s involvement in individual farming. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the occupational situation of the rural farming and landless population in 2002, 2016 and 2017 in the context of non-farming job opportunities and unemployment risks. The study consists of two parts; the first one analyses the changes to the occupational situation of the rural population in the labour market; the second one identifies the risk of unemployment in selected groups of rural population. Aggregated weighted data and non-aggregated, non-published non-weighted BAEL (Polish LFS) data was used as source material. The study period witnessed a considerable improvement of the rural population’s occupational situation. However, if there is a slowdown in economic growth, the occupational situation of the rural population may deteriorate. In the short and medium term, people involved in individual farming and landless woman, i.e. the group where the real unemployment rate is much lower than equilibrium unemployment, will be particularly severely affected. In the longer term, the adverse impact of business cycles may also deteriorate the situation of landless men if their equilibrium unemployment level “follows” the real unemployment rate.
Cytowanie	Kołodziejczak W. (2018) Occupational Situation of the Rural Farming and Landless Population in Poland in 2002-2016.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 2: 156-165
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n2_s156.pdf

Autor	Mirosława Witkowska-Dąbrowska
Tytuł	Wyposażenie obszarów wiejskich w systemy odprowadzania ścieków na przykładzie gmin powiatu olsztyńskiego
Title	SEWAGE DISCHARGE SYSTEMS IN RURAL AREAS, A CASE STUDY OF THE MUNICIPALITIES IN THE DISTRICT OF OLSZTYN
Słowa kluczowe	obszary wiejskie, systemy odprowadzania ścieków, przydomowe oczyszczalnie ścieków, kanalizacja, wodociągi
Key words	rural areas, wastewater management systems, home wastewater treatment plants, sewers, waterworks
Abstrakt	W artykule zaprezentowano zmiany stanu wyposażenia obszarów wiejskich powiatu olsztyńskiego ziemskiego w systemy odprowadzania ścieków bytowych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem przydomowych oczyszczalni ścieków. Dane pochodziły z zasobów GUS-BDL. Obliczono udział ludności korzystającej z wodociągów i kanalizacji oraz zaprezentowano liczbę komunalnych oczyszczalni ścieków. Dane dotyczące przydomowych oczyszczalni ścieków i zbiorników bezodpływowych przeanalizowano na 1000 mieszkańców oraz na 100 km2 powierzchni. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że wyposażenie w systemy odprowadzania ścieków rośnie. Szczególnie korzystnie rośnie liczba przydomowych oczyszczalni ścieków i nie spada liczba bezodpływowych zbiorników. Jest to wynikiem rosnącej liczby gospodarstw domowych i mieszkańców zwłaszcza w gminach otaczających Olsztyn.
Abstract	The purpose of the study was to evaluate, in a local approach, the state of supply of rural areas in a rural district with household wastewater management systems, with the focus on home wastewater treatment plants. The study covered the rural areas of the district of Olsztyn. The data, which were acquired from the Bank of Local Data, were processed through basic mathematical transformations and statistical measures. The structure and intensity indices were calculated per 1,000 residents. Large differences were found in the access to linear infrastructure and to individual systems of wastewater discharge. The results showed a constant increase in the number of home wastewater treatment plants and septic tanks due to the constant influx of people to villages lying around the town of Olsztyn. In contrast to studies conducted on a regional scale, no decrease in the number of septic tanks was observed correlated with the growing number of home wastewater treatment plants. A possible reason can be the specific environmental conditions and protection of inland waters, which limit possible locations of home wastewater treatment plants.
Cytowanie	Witkowska-Dąbrowska M. (2018) Wyposażenie obszarów wiejskich w systemy odprowadzania ścieków na przykładzie gmin powiatu olsztyńskiego .Roczniki Naukowe Ekonomii Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich, t. 105, z. 1: 58-67
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Pełny tekst	RNR_2018_n1_s58.pdf

Autor	Monika Wojcieszak
Tytuł	WELFARE FARMS IN POLAND AS AN EXAMPLE OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES IN RURAL AREAS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	welfare farms, rural areas, agri-tourism
Key words
Abstrakt	The purpose of the paper was to present the importance of welfare farms in Poland as a social element of mutual relations, connections and co-operation in local and regional development. The concept of welfare farms is characterised in the study and the main idea of their formation is presented. Examples of welfare farms in Poland as part of the first pilot project known as ‘Zielona opieka – gospodarstwa opiekuńcze w woj. kujawsko-pomorskim’ (Green care: welfare farms in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie voivodeship) have also been presented. It was also pointed out that social farming plays an increasingly important role in the contemporary development of rural areas. The paper was compiled using the desk research method and a classical analysis of documents was used. The choice of methods was determined by the availability of source materials, some of which were of primary or secondary nature (social farming literature, reports and public statistic documents). This paper also pointed to the fact that welfare farms are increasingly becoming a popular form of social service in rural areas. It also testifies to the entrepreneurship of farmers, because they offer not only accommodation and catering, but also care on their farms.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Wojcieszak M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s161.pdf

Autor	Agnieszka Komor
Tytuł	PRIORITY DIRECTIONS OF EXPENDITURE IN THE OPINION OF RESIDENTS OF SELECTED RURAL COMMUNES OF THE LUBELSKIE VOIVODESHIP
Title
Słowa kluczowe	local development, rural areas, local development policy, resident needs, investment needs
Key words
Abstrakt	One of the main objectives of both local and regional development is to increase the level of satisfaction of the needs and preferences of residents, which implies an increase in the quality of life in a particular area. Therefore, it is important to define strategic directions and priorities of activities which are of key importance from the point of view of satisfying the needs of the communes’ residents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and analyse priority directions of expenditure in selected rural communes of the Lubelskie voivodeship in the opinion of their residents, as compared with urban and urban-rural communes. In order to achieve the research objective, a survey was conducted among the residents of selected communes of the Lubelskie voivodeship. The survey showed that according to respondents from rural communes, the priority directions of expenditure included roads and pavements with street lighting, healthcare, tourism, recreational and sports infrastructure, as well as support for the development of investment areas. Investment needs related to social infrastructure, social welfare and pro-environmental activities were also of relative importance. Respondents from rural communes more often indicated the majority of the above investment needs than respondents from urban-rural and urban communes (except for recreational infrastructure and pro-environmental measures, tourist trails in urban-rural communes and sports and healthcare infrastructure in urban communes).
Abstract
Cytowanie	Komor A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s383.pdf

Autor	Mirosław Drygas, Iwona Nurzyńska
Tytuł	Uwarunkowania dyskusji nad kształtem Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej po 2020 roku
Title	Common Agricultural Policy Post 2020
Słowa kluczowe	Unia Europejska, Wspólna Polityka Rolna, płatności bezpośrednie, pierwszy i drugi filar WPR, reforma WPR
Key words	European Union, Common Agricultural Policy, direct payments, I and II pillar of the CAP, CAP reforms
Abstrakt	WPR UE, pomimo stałej, często ostrej, krytyki różnych środowisk, umożliwiała i nadal wspiera rozwój europejskiego rolnictwa i obszarów wiejskich. Aktualnie trwająca dyskusja nad jej kształtem po 2020 roku skłania do dokonania przeglądu stanowisk i wyrażenia własnych poglądów. W trwającej dyskusji od lat podnoszony jest pogląd o konieczności lepszego ukierunkowania WPR na skonkretyzowane cele dla uzyskania wyższej efektywności funduszy publicznych. Głównym celem opracowania jest dokonanie przeglądu ważniejszych wydarzeń, jakie miały miejsce w trakcie zainicjowanej w 2016 r. przez Komisję Europejską debaty, w tym sfinalizowanych konsultacji społecznych, na tle globalnych uwarunkowań politycznych, ekonomicznych, środowiskowych i technologicznych. Autorzy formułują hipotezę w następującym brzmieniu: Najbliższa reforma WPR choć przyniesie fundamentalne zmiany modelu wdrażania WPR, to jednak nie zapewni to jej znacznie silniejszego niż obecnie ukierunkowania na osiąganie zdefiniowanych i mierzalnych celów. Polityczny konsensus dotyczący wzmocnienia wsparcia na rzecz drobnych gospodarstw rolnych będzie kontynuowany kosztem ograniczenia wsparcia dla dużych operatorów. Oznacza to, że legitymizacja realizowanej polityki opierać się będzie głównie na społecznych i środowiskowych jej aspektach. Główną metodą badawczą jest przegląd i analiza obszernej literatury przedmiotu oraz dokumentów, analiz i ekspertyz.
Abstract	The CAP, despite strong criticisms from various expert cycles, enabled and still allows the development of European agriculture and rural areas. The current discussion about the CAP’s new architecture after 2020 stimulates a review of different positions and formulation of new views. For years, one of the key postulates has been better CAP targeting and a higher value for money. The objective of this publication is to present key developments that took place during this debate in the view of global political, economic, environmental and technological conditions. The authors formulated the following hypothesis: the coming CAP reform will bring about a fundamental change of the policy implementation model but the new CAP will not contribute to a stronger and measurable result-based orientation. The political consensus of supporting small farms will be continued at the expense of limiting support to the large farm operators. The main method used is online research, review of literature, and various analysis and documents.
Cytowanie	Drygas M., Nurzyńska I. (2018) Uwarunkowania dyskusji nad kształtem Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej po 2020 roku.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 2: 57-69
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n2_s57.pdf

Autor	Maiga Kruzmetra, Baiba Rivza
Tytuł	ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AS ONE OF THE SMART AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN RURAL TERRITORIES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	rural territories; sustainable development; economic activities
Key words
Abstrakt	Rural territory is an important part of the community’s living space, moreover, it is a living space for sustainable and smart development. With the growing public demand for a healthy living environment and healthy food, the role of rural territory as a living space for community and the necessity to maintain its sustainable development is increasing. However, the sustainability of rural territories as a living space will be preserved only when residents are ready for changes and if national institutions and local governments are promoting trends politically and practically. The aim of the research: to examine economic activity in the rural areas of Latvia with regard to promoting the sustainable and smart development direction during 2009–2016 and to assess the results achieved. An analysis of the information on entrepreneurship expansion used in the research allows making a number of conclusions. Even though Latvia has the lowest competitiveness rating among Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, at the same time, it is characterized by the highest growth rates and small distances among these countries. The reduction of these differences was significantly influenced by economic activity expansion, including the knowledge economy segment in Latvia. The growth of the economy in the rural territories surpasses the growth rates in major cities. The rural space has confirmed its suitability for the innovative functioning and growth of the economy.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kruzmetra M., Rivza B.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s48.pdf

Autor	Ioana Comanescu, Diana Foris, Tiberiu Foris
Tytuł	TRENDS IN ROMANIAN AGRITOURISM IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
Title
Słowa kluczowe	agritourism, agritourism infrastructure and accommodation capacity, tourist arrivals, sustainable development
Key words
Abstrakt	Agritourism plays an important role for sustainable development, acting as integrator for other economic sectors, like agriculture, transport, services, preserving the traditions and historical heritage. This study presents the analysis of the evolution of the agritourism infrastructure and of the main tourism indicators for Romania as agritourism travel destination, emphasizing the importance of this sector in the development of the tourism industry. Quantitative and comparative analyses were carried out regarding the total number and the existing accommodation capacity for tourist boarding houses and agritourist boarding houses and the numerical evolution for domestic arrivals and international arrivals throughout the period between 2006 and 2016. In conclusion, Romania is an important agritourism destination, well known at national and international level for its natural and anthropic resources in rural areas.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Comanescu I., Foris D., Foris T.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s81.pdf

Autor	Bruno Chiarini, Antonella Dagostino, Elisabetta Marzano, Andrea Regoli
Tytuł	SUSTAINABILITY IN URBAN VS. RURAL AREAS: A COMPARISON OF SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE INDICATORS ACROSS EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	perception of pollution, concentration of particulate matter, cross-country comparison
Key words
Abstrakt	In this paper, starting from the approach described in Chiarini et al. (2017), who have provided a subjective measure of the environmental impact of cities (subjective EIC) at the country level, we extend the analysis comparing their indicator with the objective measure of the environmental impact of cities (objective EIC) suggested by Agenda 2030, namely mean levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10). The comparison between subjective and objective indicators of the EIC is a novelty in the panorama of the available studies, and provides useful results for policy analysis. In fact, the relative ranking of countries changes according to the metric adopted, and the analysis of association with macroeconomic indicators of development and growth reveal that subjective and objective EIC indicators might influence/be influenced by different macrofactors.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Chiarini B., Dagostino A., Marzano E., Regoli A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s140.pdf

Autor	Alicja Baranowska, Stanisław Kondracki, Daniel Rogoznicki
Tytuł	COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY AS A DETERMINANT OF TRANSFORMATION IN POLISH AGRICULTURE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	rural areas, Common Agricultural Policy, direct payments
Key words
Abstrakt	The impact assessment of the Common Agricultural Policy on transformation process of Polish agriculture following Poland’s accession to European Union has been carried out. The analysis took into account the changes of the Common Agricultural Policy in terms of goals and the directions of its evolution. In the paper the alterations in land, labour and capital resources of Polish agriculture were also analysed. It has been established that funds coming from the Community budget allowed Polish agriculture to adjust to the requirement of new environment. Integration into the European Union has created good conditions to dynamic development of the agri-food sector as a whole. Acceleration of the modernization and restructuring processes of Polish farms has taken place. These developments have resulted in a reduction in the total number of farms (by 52%) at the simultaneous rise in their average area (by 78%). Union financial measures have also influenced on generational renewal amongst farms managers. The funds considerably enhanced farmers’ incomes, which increased by 156%, thus promoting expenditure on investments. As a result the improvement of technical utilities of farms has been achieved. Consequently, labour productivity growth in Polish agriculture has also been recorded. A wide range of measures within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy enables to overcome many obstacles of the rural areas in Poland. It also creates possibilities to take advantage of naturally occurring assets in order to effectively compete on the external market.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Baranowska A., Kondracki S., Rogoznicki D.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s168.pdf

Autor	Mieczyslaw Adamowicz
Tytuł	EUROPEAN FUNDS FOR RURAL AREAS VERSUS REGIONAL CONVERGENCE OF AGRICULTURE IN POLAND
Title
Słowa kluczowe	convergence, rural areas, European Funds
Key words
Abstrakt	The objective of the work is the assessment of the phenomenon of convergence of agriculture in the provinces/ voivodeship (NUTS 2) in Poland in the years 2003–2014 in relation to the use of European funds designated for development of agriculture and rural areas. The study specified dimensions of support under the European Funds granted for agriculture and rural areas in individual regions, which were compared to the size of gross added value of agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishery. Within the analysis, data of the Agency for the Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture as well as The Local Data Bank of Central Statistical Office were used. Data regarding productivity of agriculture and other rural sectors in the regions as well as data on the used resources from the European funds were availed of in the assessment of the correlation between these expectations and the phenomena of sigma-convergence and beta-convergence in the regional system. The conducted analysis confirmed the occurrence of a phenomenon of convergence in the tested scope.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Adamowicz M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s212.pdf

Autor	Oleksandra Mandych, Arkadii Mykytas, Liliia Prokopchuk
Tytuł	THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SOLAR ENERGY PRODUCTION BY HOUSEHOLDS IN UKRAINE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	solar power, electricity, household electric energy, solar panels, bioeconomics
Key words
Abstrakt	In recent decades considerable attention has been paid to alternative and renewable energy. Among the alternative sources, the sun’s energy is most appealing. Therefore, the development of solar energy, in the long run, is one of the top priorities. In practice, there are numerous barriers to the growth of the solar energy market. First of all, economic: fairly high prices for solar systems and payback period; the absence of working capital from manufacturing enterprises, the absence of specific mechanisms for stimulating production in the form of subsidies, tax exemptions, preferential tariff policies, etc. Therefore, research into the development of solar energy, as a real tool for a comprehensive solution to economic and environmental problems, is becoming increasingly relevant. The paper considers the energy policy of the use of renewable energy sources in rural areas. The theoretically feasible and technically achievable potential of solar energy in the territory of Ukraine was characterized. It was noted that the sun is the most affordable supplier of energy on earth today. The use of solar radiation is expedient for the development of thermal and electric energy and is possible throughout the territory of Ukraine. The dynamics of the commissioning of solar power plants by private households was analysed. The attention is focused on the application of the ‘green’ tariff, which stimulates the increase in the number of solar projects implemented in households. A financial model of private households of choosing a solar power plant option was proposed. The problems were identified and the possibilities of using solar energy for ensuring energy independence of households and profit generation were assessed. The forecast for the development of solar energy of the period up to 2020 was made.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Mandych O., Mykytas A., Prokopchuk L.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s231.pdf

Autor	Tsvihun Inna
Tytuł	SOCIAL-DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL TERRITORIES OF POLAND AND UKRAINE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	rural areas, depopulation, birth rate, mortality, population structure, aging
Key words
Abstrakt	Rural areas are an important component of the national economy and perform the following functions: efficient and competitive production; rational saving and protection of natural resources; assistance to rural population expanded reproduction; insurance of employment, proper level and quality of life as well as the revival of historical and the formation of new cultural traditions. The aim of the study is to assess the sociodemographic development of rural areas of the Ukraine and Poland and to identify common and distinctive features of their development. In order to assess the level of rural area development, the following indicators were used: rural population size and structure, fertility, mortality and expected life expectancy of the rural population. The aim of the study is to assess trends in the development of demographic processes and to develop proposals for the sustainable development of Ukrainian rural areas, taking into account the experience of Poland.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Inna T.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s294.pdf