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Autor	Izabela Wielewska
Tytuł	Determinanty rozwoju ekoinnowacji w przedsiębiorstwach agrobiznesu
Title	Determinants of the development of eco-innovations in agribusiness
Słowa kluczowe	ekoinnowacje, ochrona środowiska, przedsiębiorstwa agrobiznesu, zrównoważony rozwój
Key words	eco-innovations, environmental protection, agribusiness companies, sustainable development
Abstrakt	Celem artykułu było wskazanie determinant rozwoju ekoinnowacji wprowadzanych w przedsiębiorstwach agrobiznesu oraz głównych barier powodujących niechęć dla działań inwestycyjnych o charakterze ekologicznym. Badania przeprowadzono w drugim kwartale 2019 roku na obszarach wiejskich województwa pomorskiego wśród właścicieli, kierowników bądź osób zajmujących się ochroną środowiska. Badania wykazały, że oprócz korzyści środowiskowych czynnikiem determinującym wprowadzanie ekoinnowacji są korzyści ekonomiczne i społeczne. Badane przedsiębiorstwa inwestowały najczęściej w OZE, segregację odpadów i modernizację linii technologicznych. Wskazano również na bariery, na jakie napotykają przedsiębiorstwa agrobiznesu. Wśród najważniejszych należy wymienić przestarzałą infrastrukturę, ograniczenia finansowe, wysokie koszty ekoinnowacji i prowadzenie działalności w warunkach niepewności rynkowej.
Abstract	The aim of the article was to indicate determinants of the development of eco-innovations implemented in agribusiness companies and chief barriers that trigger reluctance towards investments of ecological nature. Research was conducted in rural areas of Pomorskie Province in the second quarter of 2019 among owners, managers and others who operate in the field of environment protection. The research showed that, besides environmental benefits, the decisive factor for the implementation of eco-innovations are the economical and social benefits. The surveyed companies mostly invested in RES, waste segregation and modernization of existing technological lines. Also, certain barriers were indicated which agribusiness companies still encounter. The most important of those include outmoded infrastructure, financial limitations, high cost of eco-innovations and operating in the conditions of market instability.
Cytowanie	Wielewska I.
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Pełny tekst	TIRR_2019_n12_s103.pdf

Autor	Wojciech Florkowski, Anna Klepacka
Tytuł	The Wood Pellet Sector: Barriers to Growth and Opinions of Manufacturers in Poland
Title	The Wood Pellet Sector: Barriers to Growth and Opinions of Manufacturers in Poland
Słowa kluczowe	renewable energy, wood pellet stoves, raw material, imports, quality, rural household
Key words	renewable energy, wood pellet stoves, raw material, imports, quality, rural household
Abstrakt	Biomass is a major source of renewable energy in the EU and Poland, stimulating the growth of the wood pellet sector. Wood pellet demand is stimulated by a complex interaction of market forces and policies including EU climate, energy, and environmental regulations, Poland’s program to improve air quality, and subsidies for the replacement of inefficient stoves used by households. This article focuses on the growth of the wood pellet industry, imports and exports in Poland, and wood pellet quality and use by households. The main issues faced by the EU wood pellet sector between 2013 and 2016 are further considered in the context of opinions of Polish wood pellet manufacturers. Industry opinions were collected in response to an open-ended question that probed for the main issues faced by wood pellet producers during the survey implemented by the authors in 2019. Respondents identified difficulties in obtaining raw material for pellet production and poor pellet quality as major problems. Although the majority did not feel concerned about competition from imported wood pellets, a small number of respondents viewed such competition as a problem reflecting the reversal of decreasing imports in 2017. Overall, the domestic wood pellet industry can be expected to grow because of increasing pressure to expand the use of renewable energy and will be driven by the household sector switching to more efficient, wood burning stoves. Additionally, the expanding area of private Polish forests may become a source of much-needed raw material for wood pellet manufacturing.
Abstract	Biomass is a major source of renewable energy in the EU and Poland, stimulating the growth of the wood pellet sector. Wood pellet demand is stimulated by a complex interaction of market forces and policies including EU climate, energy, and environmental regulations, Poland’s program to improve air quality, and subsidies for the replacement of inefficient stoves used by households. This article focuses on the growth of the wood pellet industry, imports and exports in Poland, and wood pellet quality and use by households. The main issues faced by the EU wood pellet sector between 2013 and 2016 are further considered in the context of opinions of Polish wood pellet manufacturers. Industry opinions were collected in response to an open-ended question that probed for the main issues faced by wood pellet producers during the survey implemented by the authors in 2019. Respondents identified difficulties in obtaining raw material for pellet production and poor pellet quality as major problems. Although the majority did not feel concerned about competition from imported wood pellets, a small number of respondents viewed such competition as a problem reflecting the reversal of decreasing imports in 2017. Overall, the domestic wood pellet industry can be expected to grow because of increasing pressure to expand the use of renewable energy and will be driven by the household sector switching to more efficient, wood burning stoves. Additionally, the expanding area of private Polish forests may become a source of much-needed raw material for wood pellet manufacturing.
Cytowanie	Florkowski W., Klepacka A. (2019) The Wood Pellet Sector: Barriers to Growth and Opinions of Manufacturers in Poland.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 4: 9-18
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n4_s9.pdf

Autor	Jerzy Bieńkowski, Małgorzata Holka
Tytuł	Environmental Assessment of the Life Cycle of Bovine Compound Feeds from a Feed Milling Plant in a Large Commercial Farm in Wielkopolska Region, Poland
Title	Environmental Assessment of the Life Cycle of Bovine Compound Feeds from a Feed Milling Plant in a Large Commercial Farm in Wielkopolska Region, Poland
Słowa kluczowe	environment, life cycle analysis, impact category indicator, compound feed, feed mill, Poland
Key words	environment, life cycle analysis, impact category indicator, compound feed, feed mill, Poland
Abstrakt	In recent years, the importance of environmental threats associated with intensive livestock production has been emphasized. Compound feeds make up a part of the animal production chain. A complete assessment of the animal production system with regard to environmental criteria is therefore impossible without considering the environmental consequences of feed production. The goal of this research is to fill the gap in an environmental assessment of production processes of compound feeds in Poland. The study presents an assessment of production impacts of bovine compound feeds according to Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) methodology. The data for analysis were based on the set of information obtained from the feed milling plant located in a commercial agricultural enterprise in the Wielkopolska region in the years 2015-2016. An inventory table of inputs was prepared in relation to the functional unit of 1 ton of compound feeds and two phases of production processes, i.e. upstream and core. For average compound feed, the impact category indicators for the global warming potential, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical ozone formation, consumption of mineral resources, fossil fuel resources and the emission of the respirable particles were respectively: 605.9 kg CO2 eq, 8.73 kg SO2 eq, 3.32 kg PO4 eq, 0.73 kg ethylene eq, 3.4x10-3 kg antimony eq, 5141.1 MJ and 2.25 kg PM2.5 eq. The upstream phase had the greatest effect on investigated impacts, while the core processes phase had a relatively low impact on environmental threats. It is recommended to broaden the scope of the research for a larger group of feed milling plants with more complex manufacturing processes, with a more branched supply structure and a wide range of compound feeds for different animal types. The obtained data can be a valuable source base in prospective analyses of the life cycle of various animal products in Poland.
Abstract	In recent years, the importance of environmental threats associated with intensive livestock production has been emphasized. Compound feeds make up a part of the animal production chain. A complete assessment of the animal production system with regard to environmental criteria is therefore impossible without considering the environmental consequences of feed production. The goal of this research is to fill the gap in an environmental assessment of production processes of compound feeds in Poland. The study presents an assessment of production impacts of bovine compound feeds according to Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) methodology. The data for analysis were based on the set of information obtained from the feed milling plant located in a commercial agricultural enterprise in the Wielkopolska region in the years 2015-2016. An inventory table of inputs was prepared in relation to the functional unit of 1 ton of compound feeds and two phases of production processes, i.e. upstream and core. For average compound feed, the impact category indicators for the global warming potential, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical ozone formation, consumption of mineral resources, fossil fuel resources and the emission of the respirable particles were respectively: 605.9 kg CO2 eq, 8.73 kg SO2 eq, 3.32 kg PO4 eq, 0.73 kg ethylene eq, 3.4x10-3 kg antimony eq, 5141.1 MJ and 2.25 kg PM2.5 eq. The upstream phase had the greatest effect on investigated impacts, while the core processes phase had a relatively low impact on environmental threats. It is recommended to broaden the scope of the research for a larger group of feed milling plants with more complex manufacturing processes, with a more branched supply structure and a wide range of compound feeds for different animal types. The obtained data can be a valuable source base in prospective analyses of the life cycle of various animal products in Poland.
Cytowanie	Bieńkowski J., Holka M. (2019) Environmental Assessment of the Life Cycle of Bovine Compound Feeds from a Feed Milling Plant in a Large Commercial Farm in Wielkopolska Region, Poland.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 1: 22-36
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n1_s22.pdf

Autor	Kaja Karwowska, Magdalena Skotnicka, Maria Śmiechowska
Tytuł	Tea Production and its Forecasts, and the Possibility of Tea Cultivation in the Context of Environmental Requirements in China
Title	Tea Production and its Forecasts, and the Possibility of Tea Cultivation in the Context of Environmental Requirements in China
Słowa kluczowe	tea, plantations, crop types, climate changes, local ecosystems
Key words	tea, plantations, crop types, climate changes, local ecosystems
Abstrakt	The present study demonstrates the reasons for the foundation of tea plantations and conditions of their cultivation. The limitations and negative consequences of cultivation of tea plants along with the ideas for their minimization are shown. Plantations were created to optimize the harvest. However, it has been found that they negatively influence local ecosystems. The global demand for tea leaves is constantly growing. Due to the specific climate requirements of tea plants and progressive climate changes, the arable land area suitable for their cultivation is constantly decreasing. New solutions should be implemented as soon as possible, ensuring a constant supply of raw material. Otherwise, in the next few years tea may become a luxury product. FAO has presented the activities that could reduce the losses. At the moment, the best solution might be to change crop types and diversify sources of raw material. It is also highlighted that there is a need to carry out research aiming at developing varieties of Camella sinensis with lower climate requirements.
Abstract	The present study demonstrates the reasons for the foundation of tea plantations and conditions of their cultivation. The limitations and negative consequences of cultivation of tea plants along with the ideas for their minimization are shown. Plantations were created to optimize the harvest. However, it has been found that they negatively influence local ecosystems. The global demand for tea leaves is constantly growing. Due to the specific climate requirements of tea plants and progressive climate changes, the arable land area suitable for their cultivation is constantly decreasing. New solutions should be implemented as soon as possible, ensuring a constant supply of raw material. Otherwise, in the next few years tea may become a luxury product. FAO has presented the activities that could reduce the losses. At the moment, the best solution might be to change crop types and diversify sources of raw material. It is also highlighted that there is a need to carry out research aiming at developing varieties of Camella sinensis with lower climate requirements.
Cytowanie	Karwowska K., Skotnicka M., Śmiechowska M. (2019) Tea Production and its Forecasts, and the Possibility of Tea Cultivation in the Context of Environmental Requirements in China.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 1: 180-191
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n1_s180.pdf

Autor	Eugeniusz Michalski
Tytuł	STRATEGIES FOR INTERNATIONAL ENTERPRISE COMPETITION
Title
Słowa kluczowe	business, environment, reputation, market, barriers
Key words	biznes, środowisko, renoma, rynek, bariery
Abstrakt	The main aim of this paper is analyzed the role, importance and methodology for creating the strategies for international competition, as well as the ways of implementing and evaluating the selected strategies. This is done by applying exploratory, descriptive and casual methods to outperform competitors and determine the scope of an enterprise’s engagement in international business. The article examines forces and steps of planning, implementing and evaluating a business strategy. Enterprises must recognize and compare the factors that compose foreign environments, especially the state and local governmental politics, legal regulations, economic and financial forces, cultural differences, business ethics, technological development, infrastructure, natural resources protections, sociological and demographic issues. Three competitive strategies have been distinguished: cost leadership, differentiation and focus. Virtues of M. Porter’s five forces model: threat of new entry, competitive rivalry, supplier power, buyer power and threat of substitutes have been considered. The selection of the target markets and recognizing customers preferences belong to the most important tasks of strategic planning. An enterprise can select three levels of international involvement: passive participation, active involvement and taking the international position. Foreign countries impose barriers on international trade, but international agreements facilitate healthy competition.
Abstract	Głównym celem artykułu jest analiza roli, znaczenia i metodologii opracowywania koncepcji strategii międzynarodowego biznesu oraz sposobów wdrażania i oceny wybranych strategii. Realizacja tego zadania została przeprowadzona przez zastosowanie badań odkrywczych, rozstrzygających i przyczynowych. Przedstawiono, metody pokonania konkurentów i skale zaangażowania przedsiębiorstwa w prowadzenie międzynarodowego biznesu. Artykuł rozpatruje czynniki determinujące międzynarodową przewagę konkurencyjną i etapy jej planowania, wdrażania i oceny. Przedsiębiorstwa musza poznać i porównywać czynniki determinujące obce środowisko, a w szczególności krajowa politykę regulacje prawne, czynniki ekonomiczne i finansowe, różnice kulturowe, etykę prowadzenia biznesu, postęp technologiczny, infrastrukturę, ochronę naturalnego środowiska oraz kwestie społeczne i demograficzne. Wyniki analizy pozwoliły na wyróżnienie najbardziej cenionych przedsiębiorstw na świecie. Trzy strategie konkurowania zostały omówione: lidera niskich kosztów, dywersyfikacji i koncentracji. Wyróżniono walory pięciu czynników konkurencji M. Portera: nasilenia istniejącej konkurencji, zagrożenia ze strony nowych konkurentów, negocjacyjnej siły dostawców, negocjacyjnej siły nabywców i zagrożenia pojawienia się nowych substytutów. Wybór rynków docelowych i rozpoznanie preferencji konsumentów stanowi ważny element planowania strategicznego. Przedsiębiorstwo może dokonać wyboru trzy poziomy międzynarodowego zaangażowania: udział bierny, aktywne zaangażowanie i ustalenie pozycji międzynarodowej. Obcy kraj może nakładać bariery na handel międzynarodowy, lecz międzynarodowe porozumienia ułatwiają wolną konkurencje.
Cytowanie	Michalski E. (2019) STRATEGIES FOR INTERNATIONAL ENTERPRISE COMPETITION .Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 21(70): 160-171
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2019_n70_s160.pdf

Autor	Paweł Dziemdziela
Tytuł	Edukacja ekologiczna prowadzona przez Grupową Oczyszczalnię Ścieków ŁódzkiejAglomeracji Miejskiej i jej znaczenie w równoważeniu rozwoju
Title	Ecological education provided by the Group Sewage Treatment Plant of the Łódź Municipal Agglomeration and its importance in balancing development
Słowa kluczowe	edukacja ekologiczna, zrównoważony rozwój, działalność ekologiczna, ochrona środowiska, oczyszczalnia ścieków
Key words	ecological education, sustainable development, ecological activity, environmental protection, sewage treatment plant
Abstrakt	W artykule przedstawiono rolę edukacji ekologicznej i jej wpływ na zrównoważony rozwój na przykładzie Grupowej Oczyszczalni Ścieków Łódzkiej Aglomeracji Miejskiej. Zaprezentowano wyniki badań dotyczących oddziaływania edukacji ekologicznej na mieszkańców.
Abstract	The article presents the role of ecological education and its impact on sustainable development on the example of the Group Urban Wastewater Sewage Treatment Plant. The results of research on the impact of ecological education on residents were presented.
Cytowanie	Dziemdziela P.
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Pełny tekst	TIRR_2019_n12_s23.pdf

Autor	Tetiana Balanovska, Natalia Drahnieva, Alina Troian
Tytuł	USING OF FUZZY MODELLING IN ANTI-CRISIS MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	anti-crisis management, agricultural enterprise, quality, products, fuzzy logic, fuzzy modelling
Key words
Abstrakt	The article systematizes the different views of scientists in relation to the anti-crisis management of enterprises and emphasizes the importance of its use in enterprises. There was noted the necessity to introduce the perspective directions of economic activity of the enterprise, forming its image, ensuring competitiveness, profitability, and development. In order to make effective management decisions under uncertain dynamic environment, it is suggested to use fuzzy modelling for the prevention of the crisis occurrence. In order to present the possibility of using such an approach in the practical activity of agricultural enterprises, in particular which are engaged in dairy farming, we proposed an informational and logical model for determining the forecast average price of milk, taking into account the indicators of its quality, that is based on the theory of fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic. In the context of anti-crisis management, there was substantiated the possibility of using the proposed model, as a basic one, in any agricultural enterprise in order to improve its activities.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Balanovska T., Drahnieva N., Troian A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2019_n3_s22.pdf

Autor	Aneta Becker, Jarosław Becker
Tytuł	MULTICRITERIA EVALUATION OF THE USE OF ICT IN RURAL AREAS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES IN 2018
Title
Słowa kluczowe	level of ICT use, natural person, rural areas, European Union, MCDA, AHP
Key words
Abstrakt	Information and communication technologies (ICT) are becoming more accessible and more widely used in different areas of socio-economic activity and in various territories, including rural areas. There is a noticeable increase in the interest of rural residents in modern technologies, especially those supporting communication. At the same time, it should be noted that despite the small level of ICT skills and competences, rural areas have great potential that can be expressed in: human resources, the natural environment biodiversity, and raw materials. Therefore, rural areas in Europe should be similar in terms of the use of ICT and should not differ from the level observed in urban areas. The article presents the use of the AHP method (Analytic Hierarchy Process) for multicriteria decision analysis of the use of ICT by natural persons living in rural areas of the European Union (EU), in 2018. The empirical material used in the research came from the resources of the European Statistical Office (Eurostat). The result of the survey is the ranking of 27 EU countries (Great Britain was omitted). The obtained results showed large disproportions in the use of ICT in rural areas between the countries of the European Union. In the extreme case, between Denmark being the leader of the ranking and Bulgaria, which was in the 27th place, this differences amounted to 70.7%.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Becker A., Becker J.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2019_n3_s38.pdf

Autor	Ákos Bartha, Bálint Horváth
Tytuł	Effects of Certain Personal Attributes on Food Waste
Title	Effects of Certain Personal Attributes on Food Waste
Słowa kluczowe	food waste, consumer attitude, sustainable consumption
Key words	food waste, consumer attitude, sustainable consumption
Abstrakt	With the increase of food supply and the improvement of production processes, the real value of certain food products has been steadily declining over the past decades, which is certainly a trend that has seriously transformed the moral value of food, its role in society and its associated personal attitudes. According to UN and FAO estimates, in 2016, 30-35% of our food was wasted. Food waste in households is also a special area of research in terms of their high wasting rate. While exploring the causes of high amounts of consumer waste, a research group has also correlated (with mathematical models) the gradual growth rate of food waste, the US obesity epidemic and the growing supply of cheaper food products (Hall et al. 2009). In our research, we examine certain personal aspects in case of specific (e.g. functional) foods as well. A significant decrease in food waste coming from households could be attained by controlling our attitudes. Food waste, consumption awareness, eating habits, food mileage, water footprint, sustainable eating, energy efficiency: these are all terms which have to have their meaning and importance taught to people, as they contain important – affecting the level of wasting – information. Therefore, we can see that food waste itself is one of the most serious, paradoxical and global modern issues which the developed world has identified, and is trying to decrease by using national and international interventions in order to limit food supply anomalies and environmental loads as much as possible. Understanding personal attributes more precisely might be a good practice for providing future solutions, as well.
Abstract	With the increase of food supply and the improvement of production processes, the real value of certain food products has been steadily declining over the past decades, which is certainly a trend that has seriously transformed the moral value of food, its role in society and its associated personal attitudes. According to UN and FAO estimates, in 2016, 30-35% of our food was wasted. Food waste in households is also a special area of research in terms of their high wasting rate. While exploring the causes of high amounts of consumer waste, a research group has also correlated (with mathematical models) the gradual growth rate of food waste, the US obesity epidemic and the growing supply of cheaper food products (Hall et al. 2009). In our research, we examine certain personal aspects in case of specific (e.g. functional) foods as well. A significant decrease in food waste coming from households could be attained by controlling our attitudes. Food waste, consumption awareness, eating habits, food mileage, water footprint, sustainable eating, energy efficiency: these are all terms which have to have their meaning and importance taught to people, as they contain important – affecting the level of wasting – information. Therefore, we can see that food waste itself is one of the most serious, paradoxical and global modern issues which the developed world has identified, and is trying to decrease by using national and international interventions in order to limit food supply anomalies and environmental loads as much as possible. Understanding personal attributes more precisely might be a good practice for providing future solutions, as well.
Cytowanie	Bartha Á., Horváth B. (2019) Effects of Certain Personal Attributes on Food Waste.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 2: 22-30
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n2_s22.pdf

Autor	Molla Alemayehu, Megersa Daksa, Nigussie Dechassa, Sisay Lemessa
Tytuł	Adoption Spells of Improved Potato Varieties by Smallholder Farmers in Eastern Ethiopia: The Duration Approach
Title	Adoption Spells of Improved Potato Varieties by Smallholder Farmers in Eastern Ethiopia: The Duration Approach
Słowa kluczowe	adoption spell, Weibull, static, potato varieties, Ethiopia
Key words	adoption spell, Weibull, static, potato varieties, Ethiopia
Abstrakt	Potato is mainly tagged as a food security crop in Ethiopia. However, its productivity remains low due to low adoption of improved technologies by smallholder farmers. Duration models, namely, Parametric (Weibull) and Non-parametric (Kaplan Meier) were used to analyze the data gathered from 365 sample farmers. The Non-parametric result revealed that the average duration that potato growers should wait before adopting a new variety is about 3.5 years. The Weibull regression indicated that timely availability of seed, access to labor and irrigation water, land size, and adaptation strategy by farmers are found to be factors curtailing the timeframe to adopt improved potato varieties. The regression analysis revealed that costs of inputs such as manure and compost, environmental and market factors such as drought, pest and disease outbreaks, price variability of potato seed, and quality of potato seed were found to be factors influencing adoption decisions of improved potato varieties by smallholder farmers.
Abstract	Potato is mainly tagged as a food security crop in Ethiopia. However, its productivity remains low due to low adoption of improved technologies by smallholder farmers. Duration models, namely, Parametric (Weibull) and Non-parametric (Kaplan Meier) were used to analyze the data gathered from 365 sample farmers. The Non-parametric result revealed that the average duration that potato growers should wait before adopting a new variety is about 3.5 years. The Weibull regression indicated that timely availability of seed, access to labor and irrigation water, land size, and adaptation strategy by farmers are found to be factors curtailing the timeframe to adopt improved potato varieties. The regression analysis revealed that costs of inputs such as manure and compost, environmental and market factors such as drought, pest and disease outbreaks, price variability of potato seed, and quality of potato seed were found to be factors influencing adoption decisions of improved potato varieties by smallholder farmers.
Cytowanie	Alemayehu M., Daksa M., Dechassa N., Lemessa S. (2019) Adoption Spells of Improved Potato Varieties by Smallholder Farmers in Eastern Ethiopia: The Duration Approach.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 2: 103-118
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n2_s103.pdf

Autor	Konrad Michalski
Tytuł	Megatrendy rozwojowe współczesnej branży pocztowej
Title	DEVELOPMENT MEGATRENDS OF THE CONTEMPORARY POSTAL INDUSTRY
Słowa kluczowe	megatrendy rozwojowe, KEP, logistyka 4.0, komodyzacja, operator pocztowy
Key words	development megatrends, CEP branch, logistics 4.0, commodization, postal operator.
Abstrakt	Branża pocztowa, której tradycyjnym produktem są list i paczka, traktowana jest obecnie jako część szerszego rynku KEP (kurier, ekspres, paczka). Dla rynku KEP można zidentyfikować zjawiska rozwojowe (megatrendy) mające wpływ na jego funkcjonowanie w dłuższej perspektywie. Wiedza o tych zjawiskach powinna być podstawą każdej decyzji o strategicznym charakterze.Celem opracowania jest usystematyzowanie istoty zmian w otoczeniu branży pocztowej. Niektóre zjawiska w otoczeniu tego rynku już przyczyniły się do komodyzacji (utraty wartości i konieczności redefinicji podstawowych założeń) niektórych rodzajów usług, a w odniesieniu do innych, do ich całkowitego zniknięcia z rynku. Megatrendy w otoczeniu branży pocztowej decydują o tym, że publiczni operatorzy stoją dzisiaj przed koniecznością zmiany modeli funkcjonowania. Być może, w niedalekiej przyszłości, konieczność zmian będzie dotyczyć także paradygmatów zarządzania. Artykuł podejmuje tematykę branży pocztowej z perspektywy wyzwań w zakresie zarządzania, gdzie zauważyć można istotną lukę w polskim piśmiennictwie. Opracowanie ma charakter teoretyczny z aspektami praktycznymi i jest oparty na przeglądzie literatury naukowej oraz popularno-naukowej. W artykule dokonano aktualizacji literatury z punktu widzenia obecnego stanu rzeczy branży pocztowej. Wykorzystano wtórne źródła danych.
Abstract	The postal industry, whose historical product are letter and parcel, is now treated as a part of the wider CEP market (courier, express, parcel). It is possible to identify, for the CEP market, development phenomena (megatrends) affecting its long-term functioning. The knowledge of these phenomena should be the basis for any strategic decision. The aim of the study is to systematize the essence of changes taking place in the environment of the postal industry. Some phenomena, surrounding this market, have already contributed to the commodization (the loss of value and the need to redefine the basic assumptions) of the certain types of services, and in relation to others, to their complete disappearance from the market. Megatrends in the environment of the postal industry decide that public operators face nowadays the necessity to change their operating models. Perhaps, in the near future, the need for a change will also apply to management paradigms. The article addresses the subject of the postal industry from the perspective of management challenges, where one can notice a significant gap in Polish literature. The study has a theoretical character with practical aspects and is based on a review of scientific and popular science literature. The article updates the literature taking into account the current state of the postal industry`s affairs. Secondary data sources were used.
Cytowanie	Michalski K. (2019) Megatrendy rozwojowe współczesnej branży pocztowej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 21(70): 172-185
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2019_n70_s172.pdf

Autor	Paulina Bednarz, Konrad Michalski, Joanna Popiel
Tytuł	Carsharing jako forma logistyki współdzielenia w mieście
Title	Carsharing as a form of sharing logistic in city
Słowa kluczowe	miasto, gospodarka współdzielenia, logistyka społeczna, logistyka miasta, carsharing
Key words	city, sharing economy, social logistics, city logistics, carsharing
Abstrakt	Głównym celem artykułu było przedstawienie carsharingu jako jednej z najbardziej popularnych form współdzielenia zasobów, w szerszym kontekście zmian zachodzących w otoczeniu współczesnego człowieka. Zmiany potrzeb dzisiejszego konsumenta i preferencji ich realizacji są obecne w dyskursie naukowym dotyczącym gospodarki współdzielenia (sharing economy), a także nowego nurtu badań: logistyki społecznej, w tym logistyki miasta. Artykuł ma charakter przeglądowy i opisowy. Posłużono się analizą literatury naukowej, publicystycznej i raportów. Wspomagające, dla przedstawionych spostrzeżeń, badanie ankietowe zostało przeprowadzone wśród użytkowników systemu carsharing w Warszawie, a jego wyniki zaprezentowano w formie opisowej i tabelarycznej.
Abstract	The main goal of this article was to present carsharing as one of the most popular forms of sharing resources in the broader context of changes taking place in the environment of contemporary humans. Changes in the needs of today`s consumers and preferences of their implementation are present in the scientific discourse on the sharing economy, as well as a new trend of research: social logistics, including city logistics. The article is of a review and descriptive nature. The synthesis of scientific and journalistic literature and reports was adopted. Supporting the presented observations, the survey was conducted among the users of the carsharing system in Warsaw, and its results were presented in a descriptive and tabular form.
Cytowanie	Bednarz P., Michalski K., Popiel J.
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Pełny tekst	TIRR_2019_n12_s65.pdf

Autor	Maksym Klymenko
Tytuł	Environmental Taxation as a Policy Instrument for Green Growth
Title	Environmental Taxation as a Policy Instrument for Green Growth
Słowa kluczowe	environmental taxation, green growth, tax instruments, environmental issues
Key words	environmental taxation, green growth, tax instruments, environmental issues
Abstrakt	The article is devoted to environmental taxation as a tool for green growth and assistant to solve environmental issues of the world and Ukraine in particular. Nowadays, the world's economic growth goes side by side with environmental protection, and taxation aims to become an economic instrument to stop large-scale over-use of energy and consider effective resource utilisation, expand the share of organic farming and move towards “green” economy. The paper identifies the main groups of environmental taxes in the EU countries, analyses the European experience of the economic impact on the environment protection, examines possible ways of environmental taxation reforming in Ukraine, based on successful foreign experience.
Abstract	The article is devoted to environmental taxation as a tool for green growth and assistant to solve environmental issues of the world and Ukraine in particular. Nowadays, the world's economic growth goes side by side with environmental protection, and taxation aims to become an economic instrument to stop large-scale over-use of energy and consider effective resource utilisation, expand the share of organic farming and move towards “green” economy. The paper identifies the main groups of environmental taxes in the EU countries, analyses the European experience of the economic impact on the environment protection, examines possible ways of environmental taxation reforming in Ukraine, based on successful foreign experience.
Cytowanie	Klymenko M. (2019) Environmental Taxation as a Policy Instrument for Green Growth.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 3: 35-45
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n3_s35.pdf

Autor	Oleg Dannikov, Inna Ivasko
Tytuł	FARM TAXATION POLICY IN UKRAINE AND POLAND
Title
Słowa kluczowe	tax regulation, special tax regimes, land rent, agrarian sector, agriculture, foreign experience
Key words
Abstrakt	The article discusses the shortcomings of tax policy in the agrarian sector of the economy of Ukraine, which has created non-competitive conditions for small farms. Large agricultural enterprises in Ukraine use the existing special tax regime as an optimization of tax liabilities. This has led to such negative economic, social and environmental consequences as the development of landlands, the deterioration of agricultural landscapes, the increase in export-oriented production, the growth of unemployment in the village and the migration of the rural population. While small farms, without state support, provide the population with basic foodstuffs. The purpose of the article is evidence of the use of a special tax regime only for small farms, based on an analysis of the special tax treatment regime in Polish agriculture and an analysis of the differential rent methodology laid down in the basis of a special tax regime, as well as the development of practical recommendations for Ukraine.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Dannikov O., Ivasko I.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2019_n3_s60.pdf

Autor	Konrad Rojek
Tytuł	THE ANALYSIS OF EUROPEAN ORGANIC FARMING PRODUCTION IN 2010 - 2017
Title
Słowa kluczowe	organic farming, organic food, agricultural production
Key words
Abstrakt	The world sees one of the many agricultural production opportunities in organic farming. There are many challenges facing ecological producers, which on the one hand affect the income sphere of farmers, because they concern the provision of a fair existence, and on the other, farmers and organic producers must respect legal regulations and meet growing social expectations in the field of environmental protection and biodiversity. The aim of this article was to analyse data on organic farming production in Europe. Presented in it the number of organic European agricultural producers, the biggest producers, the number of organic crop area in Europe and the countries with the largest agricultural area in Europe. The article focuses on plant and animal organic production. Animal production divided into organic production of livestock of animals and organic production of animal products (excluding eggs).
Abstract
Cytowanie	Rojek K.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2019_n3_s118.pdf

Autor	Karolina Józefowicz, Kinga Smolińska
Tytuł	Poziom rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego w powiatach województwawielkopolskiego
Title	Level of socio-economic development in Wielkopolska Voivodeship’s poviats
Słowa kluczowe	rozwój społeczno-gospodarczy, rozwój powiatów, syntetyczny miernik rozwoju Hellwiga
Key words	socio-economic development, development of poviats, synthetic measure of Hellwig’s development
Abstrakt	Celem niniejszego opracowania jest ocena poziomu rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego powiatów województwa wielkopolskiego. Zakres czasowy obejmował lata 2005–2007 oraz lata 2015–2017, w ramach których uśredniono wartości przyjętych cech. Przeprowadzone badania przy pomocy syntetycznego miernika rozwoju Hellwiga pozwoliły na dokonanie analizy porównawczej powiatów i obserwacji zmian, jakie nastąpiły w badanych okresach. Poszerzony zakres obserwacji wskazał ich znaczenie pod kątem wyodrębnionych aspektów społeczno-gospodarczych. Ponadto zaobserwowano zależność potencjału demograficznego, gospodarczego, infrastrukturalnego oraz środowiskowego. Przykład stanowią powiaty wschodniej części Wielkopolski. Niekorzystne zmiany w sferze potencjału demograficznego przeniosły się na aspekt gospodarczy i zdecydowały o poziomie rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego.
Abstract	The purpose of this article is to assess the level of socio-economic development of the poviats of the Wielkopolskie voivodship. The time range covered two periods: 2005–2007 and 2015–2017, within which values of the adopted features were averaged. The research carried out with the help of a synthetic Hellwig development measure allowed for a comparative analysis of poviats and observation of changes that occurred in the examined periods. The extended scope of observations indicated their importance in terms of separate socio-economic aspects. In addition, the relationship between demographic, economic, infrastructural and environmental potential was observed. An example is the poviats of the eastern part of Wielkopolska. Adverse changes in the sphere of demographic potential have moved to the economic aspect and have determined the level of socio-economic development.
Cytowanie	Józefowicz K., Smolińska K.
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Pełny tekst	TIRR_2019_n11_s37.pdf

Autor	Czesław Nowak
Tytuł	Dziedzictwo kulinarne i przyrodnicze w zarządzaniu rozwojem turystykiwiejskiej na przykładzie Norwegii
Title	Culinary and natural heritage in managing the development of rural tourism using Norway as an example
Słowa kluczowe	Norwegia, turystyka wiejska, dziedzictwo kulinarne, dziedzictwo przyrodnicze
Key words	Norway, rural tourism, culinary heritage, natural heritage
Abstrakt	Norwegia jest państwem o największym na świecie ekwiwalencie subwencji dla producentów rolnych – PSE w państwach OECD. Pomimo to od lat zmniejsza się tam zatrudnienie w rolnictwie i następuje wyludnianie obszarów wiejskich. Rozwój turystyki wiejskiej przyczynia się zarówno do spowolnienia tego procesu poprzez zwiększanie dochodów wiejskich gospodarstw domowych, jak i do zachowania tradycyjnego krajobrazu, wartości ekologicznych oraz dziedzictwa kulturowego, szczególnie kulinarnego. Za zarządzanie rozwojem turystyki na poziomie krajowym odpowiedzialne są głównie Ministerstwo ds. Klimatu i Środowiska, a szczególnie Departament Dziedzictwa Kulturowego i Środowiska Kulturowego i Departament Bioróżnorodności, a także Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Żywności1. Na poziomie lokalnym dzięki innowacyjnemu podejściu do zarządzania przedsiębiorstwa turystyczne, chcąc ograniczyć negatywne skutki dużej sezonowości w tym sektorze gospodarki, przygotowują zarówno oferty typowe dla sezonu zimowego, jak i letniego. Umożliwia to zarówno lepsze wykorzystanie takich zasobów jak baza hotelowa oraz restauracje, jak i utrzymanie poziomu zatrudnienia pracowników.
Abstract	Of the OECD countries Norway has the world’s largest Producer and Support Estimate (PSE). Despite this, employment in agriculture has been decreasing for years and the rural population is dwindling. The development of rural tourism contributes to the slowing down of this process by increasing the income of rural households, as well as preserving the traditional landscape, ecological values and cultural heritage, especially culinary heritage. The Ministry of Climate and Environment (Department of Cultural heritage and cultural environment) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Food are mainly responsible for managing the development of tourism at the national level. At the local level – thanks to an innovative approach to management – tourism enterprises, wanting to limit the negative impact of high seasonality in this sector of the economy, are engaged in the preparation of not only typical winter sport offers, such as skiing, but also of summer sports. This facilitates the better use of resources such as hotels and restaurants, and also helps to maintain employment levels.
Cytowanie	Nowak C.
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Pełny tekst	TIRR_2019_n11_s85.pdf

Autor	Anna Kłoczko-Gajewska, Piotr Sulewski
Tytuł	ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS OF POLISH FARMERS PARTICIPATING IN FADN
Title
Słowa kluczowe	sustainable development, farmers, environmental awareness
Key words
Abstrakt	A prerequisite to manage farms in line with the sustainability concept is to be aware of the potential impact of farming practices on environmental and social issues. In this paper we tried to describe and assess environmental awareness of Polish farmers. Basing on the representative sample of 600 farms participating in the FADN we have carried out interviews concerning the farmers’ awareness of environmental problems and potential influence of farming practices on the natural environment, as well as the concept of sustainable agriculture. The results show that the farmers have a relatively high environmental awareness (at least in declarations). Farmers with higher economic potential and participating in agri-environmental schemes are more likely to know the concept of sustainable farming, than the remaining ones.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kłoczko-Gajewska A., Sulewski P.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s68.pdf

Autor	Grzegorz Koszela, Luiza Ochnio, Pornsiri Suebpongsang
Tytuł	Differences in food product consumption in selected Asian countries
Title	Różnice w preferencjach żywieniowych w wybranych krajach Azji
Słowa kluczowe	food preferences, Asia, multidimensional data analysis, GradeStat, GCA algorithm, ar measure, overrepresentation map, grouping of objects
Key words	Preferencje żywieniowe w Azji, wielowymiarowa analiza danych, Grade- Stat, algorytm GCA, miara ar, mapy nadreprezentacji, grupowanie obiektów
Abstrakt	The study of consumers’ food preferences has not only sociological dimensions but also economic ones, e.g. regarding producers searching for new markets. It is also a good starting point for estimating the willingness of consumers to spend money on the consumption of individual products. In this paper, the authors attempt to compare these preferences on the Asian market for nine product groups. Due to the problem complexity (considerations of tradition, religion, geographical location and size of the continent), the study included selected countries of Central and Southeast Asia (i.e. China, Mongolia, Japan, India, Thailand, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Pakistan, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos and Sri Lanka). The study covered the period 2011–2013, and consumption was defined as the arithmetic mean of three years. According to the research results, contrary to the European literature, food preferences in the surveyed Asian countries vary, sometimes even considerably. This is probably related, to a large extent, to the cultural and environmental conditions that prevail in the area in question. This is evidenced by the fact that several countries can be assigned into groups in terms of similarities in food preferences. The study uses Gradual Data Analysis (a measure of ar as an indicator of the dissimilarity of food preferences, overrepresentation maps in order to visualize these dissimilarities and assign countries into groups of similar dietary preferences).
Abstract	Badanie preferencji żywnościowych ma poza aspektem socjologicznym, także aspekt ekonomiczny, np. ze strony producentów i szukania przez nich rynków zbytu dla produkowanej żywności. Jest także punktem wyjścia do szacowania skłonności konsumentów do ponoszenia wydatków na poszczególne produkty żywnościowe. W pracy podjęto próbę porównania tych preferencji na rynku azjatyckim odnośnie 9 grup produktowych. Z powodu złożoności problemu (względy tradycji, religii, położenia geograficznego i wielkości kontynentu) w badaniu uwzględniono 17 wybranych krajów Azji środkowej i południowo- -wschodniej (Chiny, Mongolia, Japonia, Indie, Tajlandia, Indonezja, Kazachstan, Uzbekistan, Tadżykistan, Malezja, Myanmar, Filipiny, Pakistan, Kambodża, Wietnam, Laos i Sri Lanka). Badanie przeprowadzono w latach 2011–2013, a wyniki uśredniono dla każdego kraju dla każdej grupy produktowej na przestrzeni trzech lat. Wyniki badań wskazują, że wbrew obiegowej opinii Europejczyków, preferencje żywnościowe w krajach azjatyckich rozpatrywanego regionu różnią się, czasem nawet znacznie. Decyduje o tym zapewne, w dużej mierze, aspekt kulturowy oraz warunki środowiskowe, które przeważają nad bliskością sąsiedztwa pomiędzy państwami. Świadczy o tym wynik podziału państw na grupy pod względem podobieństw preferencji żywnościowych w badanym okresie. W obliczeniach posłużono się metodami gradacyjnej analizy danych (miarą ar jako miarą niepodobieństwa preferencji żywieniowych, mapami nadreprezentacji w celu wizualizacji tych niepodobieństw oraz podziału państw na odpowiednie grupy krajów o zbliżonych preferencjach żywieniowych).
Cytowanie	Koszela G., Ochnio L., Suebpongsang P. (2018) Differences in food product consumption in selected Asian countries.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 124: 51-60
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2018_n124_s51.pdf

Autor	Tetiana Balanovska, Olga Gogulya, Barbara Wyrzykowska
Tytuł	THE ROLE OF ENTREPRENEUR COMPETENCIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	entrepreneurship, competency, entrepreneur, rural areas
Key words
Abstrakt	The article substantiates that entrepreneurship is the basis of the country’s economy, a prerequisite for the revival of rural areas. It represents environmental factors that impede the formation of a competitive business environment in the Ukraine, and, accordingly, the achievement of indicators of efficiency of entrepreneurial activity. The essence of competence of the entrepreneur and its components is also considered. Different points of view of scientists are generalized and a list of competencies, which should be owned and developed by an entrepreneur in the course of his/her activity in order to harmoniously grow as a socially responsible person is also presented in the paper. The expediency of forming entrepreneurial competence in the process of vocational training of young people to life in society, their future activity in new market conditions, as well as the logical sequence of using the skills and abilities of an entrepreneur through the implementation of key competencies is substantiated. The methodical aspects of assessing the level of competence of the entrepreneur are provided. The results of this will allow to develop directions and measures for improving the process of forming the entrepreneurial competence of employees, increasing the quality of the work force, and providing competitive advantages through the use of human resources in the agricultural sector of the economy.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Balanovska T., Gogulya O., Wyrzykowska B.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s55.pdf