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Autor	Adrian Sadłowski
Tytuł	Skutki stosowania płatności redystrybucyjnej w zależności od wariantu wdrożeniowego na przykładzie Polski
Title	THE CONSEQUENCES OF USING DIFFERENT VARIANTS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF REDISTRIBUTIVE PAYMENT – A CASE STUDY OF POLAND
Słowa kluczowe	Wspólna Polityka Rolna, płatności bezpośrednie, płatność redystrybucyjna, Polska
Key words	Common Agricultural Policy, direct payments, redistributive payment, Poland
Abstrakt	W niniejszym opracowaniu, w ramach badań diagnostycznych, dokonano pomiaru aktualnego stopnia koncentracji pomocy dystrybuowanej w ramach systemu wsparcia bezpośredniego dla rolników w Polsce oraz przedstawiono jego zróżnicowanie regionalne. Z kolei w ramach badań symulacyjnych dokonano kwantyfikacji skutków redystrybucyjnych stosowania – w różnych wariantach – instrumentu wyrównującego przyznawane kwoty wsparcia między gospodarstwami. Może to stanowić podstawę oceny ex ante alternatywnych opcji wdrożeniowych płatności redystrybucyjnej. Badania doprowadziły m.in. do wyznaczenia przedziałów obszarowych gospodarstw korzystających na stosowaniu płatności redystrybucyjnej – w obecnym kształcie oraz w przykładowych wariantach alternatywnych. W części końcowej artykułu sformułowano kilka rekomendacji w zakresie projektowania płatności redystrybucyjnej na poziomie krajowym w zależności od celów, które mają być osiągane za pomocą tego instrumentu.
Abstract	The article describes a diagnostic study measuring the degree of concentration of the aid which is currently distributed under the direct support system for farmers in Poland; it also presents the regional differentiation in aid concentration. The author conducted a simulation test quantifying the redistributive effects of applying various variants of an instrument equalising the amounts of support granted to farms. This can make the basis for an ex-ante assessment of alternative options of the implementation of redistributive payment. The research enabled the identification of ranges of the areas of farms which benefit from the current shape of redistributive payment and which may benefit from alternative variants given as examples. The final part of the article contains several recommendations on how to design redistributive payment at a national level, depending on the goals to be achieved with this instrument.
Cytowanie	Sadłowski A. (2019) Skutki stosowania płatności redystrybucyjnej w zależności od wariantu wdrożeniowego na przykładzie Polski.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 22(71): 170-183
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2019_n71_s170.pdf

Autor	Aleksandra Bednarczuk, Jerzy Śleszyński
Tytuł	Marnotrawstwo żywności w Polsce
Title	Food Waste in Poland
Słowa kluczowe	marnotrawstwo żywności, raporty na temat marnotrawstwa żywności, odpady żywności w Polsce
Key words	food wastage, food waste reports, food waste in Poland
Abstrakt	Artykuł omawia marnotrawstwo żywności ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem sytuacji w Polsce. W artykule zwrócono uwagę na trudności związane z definiowaniem problemu i gromadzeniem adekwatnych danych statystycznych. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie problemu marnotrawstwa żywności w Polsce. Zastosowano metodę opisową z wykorzystaniem stosunkowo nielicznych informacji dotyczących skali problemu i prób jego rozwiązania. Podstawowe wnioski dotyczą niepokojącej skali marnotrawstwa żywności w Polsce i konieczności opracowania spójnej z polityką Eurostatu metodyki gromadzenia i prezentacji danych o odpadach żywnościowych.
Abstract	The paper discusses food waste, with particular emphasis on the situation in Poland. The article draws attention to the difficulties associated with defining the problem and collecting adequate statistical data. The problem of food wastage in Poland has been described on the basis of relatively little information regarding the scale of the problem and attempts to solve it. The basic conclusion is that there is a worrying situation with food waste in Poland and a need to develop a methodology consistent with the Eurostat policy for collecting and presenting data on food waste.
Cytowanie	Bednarczuk A., Śleszyński J. (2019) Marnotrawstwo żywności w Polsce.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 4: 19-30
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n4_s19.pdf

Autor	Ragif Huseynov
Tytuł	Multidimensional Determinants of National Food Security in Azerbaijan: an Application of the ARDL Approach
Title	Multidimensional Determinants of National Food Security in Azerbaijan: an Application of the ARDL Approach
Słowa kluczowe	food availability, food access, food stability, Azerbaijan
Key words	food availability, food access, food stability, Azerbaijan
Abstrakt	Food intake is a prerequisite for human beings to live a healthy life style. The attainment of food security is crucial and is a prime development priority for all developing countries. The inability to provide reliable evidence of national food security has remained a problem for both policymakers and researchers alike. The present study helps fill this gap by incorporating the multidimensional determinants of food security at the national level in Azerbaijan. The specific objectives of the study are to evaluate the short-term and long-term dynamics of these determinants on food security. The empirical analysis draws from nationally representative time series data over the period 1991 to 2018, taken from FAO and WDI. The ARDL model suggested that food import, exchange rate, inflation, climate change, and urban population growth harm national food security dynamics of Azerbaijan. On the other hand, trade to GDP ratio has a positive impact on food security. Overall results suggest that there is a pressing need to improve its institutional framework if the Azerbaijan government sincerely desires to have sustainable food security, as organizations control all other issues.
Abstract	Food intake is a prerequisite for human beings to live a healthy life style. The attainment of food security is crucial and is a prime development priority for all developing countries. The inability to provide reliable evidence of national food security has remained a problem for both policymakers and researchers alike. The present study helps fill this gap by incorporating the multidimensional determinants of food security at the national level in Azerbaijan. The specific objectives of the study are to evaluate the short-term and long-term dynamics of these determinants on food security. The empirical analysis draws from nationally representative time series data over the period 1991 to 2018, taken from FAO and WDI. The ARDL model suggested that food import, exchange rate, inflation, climate change, and urban population growth harm national food security dynamics of Azerbaijan. On the other hand, trade to GDP ratio has a positive impact on food security. Overall results suggest that there is a pressing need to improve its institutional framework if the Azerbaijan government sincerely desires to have sustainable food security, as organizations control all other issues.
Cytowanie	Huseynov R. (2019) Multidimensional Determinants of National Food Security in Azerbaijan: an Application of the ARDL Approach.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 4: 58-68
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n4_s58.pdf

Autor	Oleg Dannikov, Inna Ivasko
Tytuł	FARM TAXATION POLICY IN UKRAINE AND POLAND
Title
Słowa kluczowe	tax regulation, special tax regimes, land rent, agrarian sector, agriculture, foreign experience
Key words
Abstrakt	The article discusses the shortcomings of tax policy in the agrarian sector of the economy of Ukraine, which has created non-competitive conditions for small farms. Large agricultural enterprises in Ukraine use the existing special tax regime as an optimization of tax liabilities. This has led to such negative economic, social and environmental consequences as the development of landlands, the deterioration of agricultural landscapes, the increase in export-oriented production, the growth of unemployment in the village and the migration of the rural population. While small farms, without state support, provide the population with basic foodstuffs. The purpose of the article is evidence of the use of a special tax regime only for small farms, based on an analysis of the special tax treatment regime in Polish agriculture and an analysis of the differential rent methodology laid down in the basis of a special tax regime, as well as the development of practical recommendations for Ukraine.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Dannikov O., Ivasko I.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2019_n3_s60.pdf

Autor	Wawrzyniec Czubak, Krzysztof Pawłowski
Tytuł	THE ROLE OF PRO-INVESTMENT MECHANISMS OF THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY IN ASSET REPRODUCTION OF FARMS IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	common agricultural policy, central and eastern europe, pro-investment mechanisms
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of this paper is to identify the role and importance of pro-investment mechanisms within the Common Agricultural Policy in the reproduction of farm assets in countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The experimental material comprised unpublished microdata of farms originating from the FADN database of the European Commission (data source: EU-FADN – DG AGRI). The time frame covered the years 2004–2015. Among all the farms selected for analyses only those ensuring data continuity throughout the entire investigated period were used in the study. In each of the studied countries farms were divided into two groups: the group of beneficiaries of CAP pro-investment funds and the control group. For each farm the value of fixed assets was determined (excluding the value of land) and next the mean value for each group was calculated in an individual country. The study showed that in most investigated countries both farms being and those not being beneficiaries of CAP pro-investment mechanisms are capable of reproducing their fixed assets; nevertheless, it is the farms receiving financial support for their investments that show a capacity to increase the value of their fixed assets.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Czubak W., Pawłowski K.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2019_n3_s103.pdf

Autor	Mariusz Chądrzyński, Kinga Gruziel, Monika Wyszomirska
Tytuł	Polityka społeczna realizowana w gminie wiejskiej
Title	Social policy implemented in rural municipality
Słowa kluczowe	polityka społeczna, „Rodzina 500+”, bezrobocie, aktywność zawodowa, przyrost naturalny, dochody dyspozycyjne
Key words	social policy, “Family 500+”, unemployment, activity in the labour market, birth rate, disposable income
Abstrakt	Polityka społeczna ma na celu w głównej mierze minimalizowanie problemów społecznych, a zwłaszcza dysproporcji dochodowych zarówno między grupami zawodowymi, jak i w ujęciu regionalnym. Jednym z przyjętych zadań analizowanej polityki jest wsparcie finansowe udzielane gospodarstwom domowym między innymi przez zagwarantowanie im poczucia bezpieczeństwa, zwłaszcza w zakresie dochodów. Przedmiotem badań było oszacowanie skuteczności polityki społecznej realizowanej w Polsce na przykładzie gminy wiejskiej. W opracowaniu podjęto próbę wskazania wymiernych efektów wprowadzonego w Polsce instrumentu polityki społecznej, jakim jest program „Rodzina 500+”. Wspiera on finansowo rodziny, polepszając ich sytuację materialną. Ponadto w założeniu jego twórców ma na celu poprawę współczynnika przyrostu naturalnego w Polsce. Zauważalne są również niedoskonałości analizowanego instrumentu polityki społecznej, który negatywnie wpływa na sytuację zawodową ludności, w szczególności kobiet. Jednak w większości program „Rodzina 500+” jest oceniany pozytywnie przez jego beneficjentów. Na podstawie odpowiedzi ankietowanych nie można stwierdzić, że jego wprowadzenie przyczyni się do przyrostu urodzeń, a według respondentów koszty z tym związane mogą przyczyniać się do ograniczania współfinansowania obszarów życia równie pożądanych przez społeczeństwo (edukacja, ochrona zdrowia, infrastruktura publiczna).
Abstract	Social policy primarily aims to minimise social problems, in particular the issues concerning income disparities amongst professional groups as well as regionally. One of the adopted objectives of the analysed policy is the financial support for households, including guaranteeing a sense of security, especially in terms of income. The subject of the study was to assess the effectiveness of social policy implemented in Poland on the example of a rural municipality. The study attempts to indicate the measurable effects of a social policy instrument implemented in Poland, specifically the “Family 500+” programme. The programme supports families by improving their financial situation. In addition, according to its creators, the objective of the programme is to increase the birth rate in Poland. The imperfections of the analysed social policy instrument are also noticeable. It negatively affects the employment situation in the country, particularly for women. However, in most cases, the “Family 500+” programme is positively rated by the beneficiaries. Based on the results of the conducted study, it cannot be concluded that the “Family 500+” programme contributes to the increase in the birth rate, while the costs of its implementation may contribute to limiting the cofinancing of other areas of life, ones that are desired by the society to the same degree (education, health care, public infrastructure).
Cytowanie	Chądrzyński M., Gruziel K., Wyszomirska M. (2019) Polityka społeczna realizowana w gminie wiejskiej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 126: 29-39
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2019_n126_s29.pdf

Autor	Joanna Błach, Gabriela Łukasik
Tytuł	POLITYKA DYWIDENDY SPÓŁEK KAPITAŁOWYCH W WARUNKACH KONFLIKTOWYCH OCZEKIWAŃ INTERESARIUSZY
Title	DIVIDEND POLICY AND STAKEHOLDERS’ CONFLICTING EXPECTATIONS
Słowa kluczowe	podział zysku, polityka dywidendy, konflikty interesów, interesariusze przedsiębiorstwa.
Key words	profit distribution, dividend policy, conflicts of interest, stakeholders.
Abstrakt	Polityka dywidendy związana jest ze sposobem podziału wygospodarowanego zysku netto i ustaleniem wzajemnych proporcji środków przeznaczonych dla właścicieli i reinwestowanych w przedsiębiorstwie. Problem ten szeroko podejmowany w literaturze tematu dotyczy głównie modeli realizacji polityki dywidendy i ich związku z wartością przedsiębiorstwa. W artykule przedstawiono elementy polityki dywidendy w warunkach konfliktów interesów, z uwzględnieniem założeń teorii i doświadczeń praktyki gospodarczej. Jego celem jest określenie w jakim stopniu i zakresie konflikty pomiędzy różnymi grupami interesów decydują o realizacji polityki dywidendy. Studia teoretyczne umożliwiły wskazanie obszarów występowania konfliktów interesów w przedsiębiorstwie związanych z realizacją polityki dywidendy. Badania empiryczne przeprowadzone na wybranych spółkach indeksu WIG30 pozwoliły na identyfikację czynników, które mogą być istotne dla ograniczania konfliktów interesów w przedsiębiorstwie, w tym tych związanych z realizowaną polityką dywidendy.
Abstract	The dividend policy is related to the problem of net profit distribution and determining the relative proportions of funds transferred to shareholders and reinvested in the company. This problem is widely discussed in the literature focusing on the models of dividend policy and their importance for the company valuation. The article presents the elements of the dividend policy under the condition of conflicts of interest among different stakeholders with regard to the assumptions of the theory and business practice. Its main objective is to assess the extent and scope of conflicts of interest affecting the dividend policy in the company. Theoretical studies have revealed the potential areas of conflicts of interest in the company related to the dividend policy. Empirical research based on the selected listed companies aimed at identification of factors that may be relevant to the reduction of the conflicts of interest within the dividend policy of a company.
Cytowanie	Błach J., Łukasik G. (2018) POLITYKA DYWIDENDY SPÓŁEK KAPITAŁOWYCH W WARUNKACH KONFLIKTOWYCH OCZEKIWAŃ INTERESARIUSZY.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 19(68): 107-121
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2018_n68_s107.pdf

Autor	Andrzej Jędruchniewicz, Jacek Maśniak
Tytuł	Przemiany własnościowe ziemi rolnej w Polsce
Title	Changes in agricultural land ownership in Poland
Słowa kluczowe	rolnictwo, własność, prywatyzacja ziemi rolnej, gospodarstwo rodzinne
Key words	agriculture, property, agricultural land privatization, family household
Abstrakt	Celem opracowania jest przedstawienie i ocena procesu przekształceń własnościowych ziemi rolnej w Polsce z uwzględnieniem roli, jaką odegrała polityka kształtowania polskiego modelu rolnictwa opartego na gospodarstwach rodzinnych. Zadaniem obecnie prowadzonej polityki kształtowania ustroju rolnego jest ochrona i rozwój gospodarstw rodzinnych. Od 2003 roku występują ułatwienia w dostępie do ziemi dla tych gospodarstw. W latach 1992–2016 Agencja Nieruchomości Rolnych sprzedała łącznie ponad 2,6 mln ha gruntów rolnych. Osoby fizyczne zakupiły 80,8% sprywatyzowanych gruntów rolnych, a 19,2% tego typu gruntów nabyły osoby prawne. W 2016 roku w gospodarstwach prywatnych znajdowało się 91,4% użytków rolnych ogółem, a własność publiczna stanowiła 8,6%. Struktura własnościowa ziemi rolnej w Polsce jest zróżnicowana przestrzennie. Udział prywatnej własności jest największy w województwach mazowieckim i świętokrzyskim, a najmniejszy w województwie zachodniopomorskim.
Abstract	The aim of the article was to present the process of agricultural land privatization in Poland, taking into account the role that this policy has played in terms of shaping the Polish agricultural model, based on family households. The purpose of the current agrarian system shaping policy is the protection and development of family households. Since 2003 there have been facilitated access to land for family households. Between 1992 and 2016, the total of over 2.6 million ha of agricultural land were sold. Natural persons acquired the total of 81% of privatized agricultural land, with the 19% being acquired by legal entities. In 2016 private farms accounted for 91.4% of total agricultural land, while public ownership accounted for 8.6%. The ownership structure of agricultural land in Poland is spatially diversified. The share of private ownership is the largest in the Mazowieckie and Świętokrzyskie Voivodships, and the smallest in the Zachodniopomorskie Voivodship.
Cytowanie	Jędruchniewicz A., Maśniak J. (2018) Przemiany własnościowe ziemi rolnej w Polsce.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 121: 25-39
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2018_n121_s25.pdf

Autor	Bazyli Czyżewski, Anna Matuszczak, Andrea Muntean
Tytuł	ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN AGRICULTURE: DIFFERENT WAYS OF QUANTIFICATION
Title
Słowa kluczowe	environmental burden, eco-efficiency, eco-effectiveness, sustainable development, agriculture, EU regions
Key words
Abstrakt	The main goal of the article is to compare three approaches to measuring environmental sustainability in agriculture: (1) environmental burden index, (2) sustainable value of eco-efficient production and (3) sustainable value of eco-effective farm, applied by the authors to the sample of 125 EUFADN regions in 2015. The study indicate a fundamental problem: the notion of environmental sustainability in agriculture differs depending on the criterion we apply. The authors recognized a principle trade-off in CAP which consist of compensating strain on the natural environment with production or with public goods provision. The choice between these two effects is crucial to draw a consistent development path for the Common Agricultural Policy.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Czyżewski B., Matuszczak A., Muntean A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s40.pdf

Autor	Grzegorz Kunikowski
Tytuł	LOW-CARBON ECONOMY PLANNING IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR
Title
Słowa kluczowe	general regional economics, alternative energy sources, government policy
Key words
Abstrakt	The article presents the results of analysis of low carbon economy planning in public administration, as well as technological and non-technological solutions present in Poland and the EU. The review of documentation, being a formal basis for dealing with problems by public administration and local authorities, and the analysis of sample programmes and plan indicate that the main determinant of low carbon economy development in Poland is the state of the natural environment, particularly air quality and availability of financial support for investments, which is dependent on the possession of specific planning documents. Technological solutions are economically verified as network parity, which indicates the importance of organizational, fiscal and financial solutions.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kunikowski G.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s103.pdf

Autor	Bruno Chiarini, Antonella Dagostino, Elisabetta Marzano, Andrea Regoli
Tytuł	SUSTAINABILITY IN URBAN VS. RURAL AREAS: A COMPARISON OF SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE INDICATORS ACROSS EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	perception of pollution, concentration of particulate matter, cross-country comparison
Key words
Abstrakt	In this paper, starting from the approach described in Chiarini et al. (2017), who have provided a subjective measure of the environmental impact of cities (subjective EIC) at the country level, we extend the analysis comparing their indicator with the objective measure of the environmental impact of cities (objective EIC) suggested by Agenda 2030, namely mean levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10). The comparison between subjective and objective indicators of the EIC is a novelty in the panorama of the available studies, and provides useful results for policy analysis. In fact, the relative ranking of countries changes according to the metric adopted, and the analysis of association with macroeconomic indicators of development and growth reveal that subjective and objective EIC indicators might influence/be influenced by different macrofactors.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Chiarini B., Dagostino A., Marzano E., Regoli A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s140.pdf

Autor	Andrzej Czyżewski, Sebastian Stępień
Tytuł	DISCOVERING ECONOMICS IN THE EU’S COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE NEW PERIOD 2021–2026
Title
Słowa kluczowe	common agricultural policy, economics, paradigm, recommendations
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of the publication is to assess the functioning of common agricultural policy (CAP) in the context of its relationship with the paradigm of industrial and sustained development of the food economy. The idea is to find a relationship between specific instruments of the EU’s agricultural policy and the assumptions of the adopted paradigms, and thus formulate certain general application premises and solutions in three areas: justification for the support of the agricultural sector, the problem of income deprivation of agricultural producers, and the change of the industrial-technological development model, predominant in agriculture, into sustained development. In light of the presented discussion, the occurrence of the following three economic CAP premises was confirmed: the need for financial support for the agricultural sector, the drainage of agricultural producers in the food supply chain, and the superiority of sustainably developed agriculture over industrial agriculture. As a result, recommendations concerning common agricultural policy after 2020 were given. The most important ones include: maintaining as high a level of support for agriculture as possible at an EU level, maintaining the system of direct subsidies as the most important instrument of equalising agricultural income, limiting unequal distribution of payments among small and large farms, enhancing the position of the farmer in the food chain, implementating a mandatory risk management instrument, and establishing an ‘environmental budget’ financing public goods.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Czyżewski A., Stępień S.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s154.pdf

Autor	Julian Krzyżanowski
Tytuł	EUROPEAN ADDED VALUE OF THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY, A NEW EFFECT OF THE REGIONAL INTEGRATION
Title
Słowa kluczowe	European Union, Common Agricultural Policy, Added Value
Key words
Abstrakt	Integration links in the European Union are particularly strong in agriculture and in this sector joint actions have brought the most visible effect – the implementation of the common agricultural policy. The concept of European Added Value (EAV) can contribute to understanding and assessing the relevance of the CAP to the European Union. The CAP is one of the few EU policies which is chiefly implemented at the EU level and closely linked to the subsidiarity principle, according to which the EU takes on tasks which it can implement more effectively than the Member State governments and regions. EAV derived from the CAP has its own specificity. It creates new values in rural areas and agriculture, but also provides economic, social and environmental effects beyond agriculture. A couple of new values and effects are exemplified in the present paper. It shows the CAP’s contribution to other areas as well as to the UN’s sustainable development objectives. Further research studies on Added Value can contribute to the theory of regional economic integration.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Krzyżanowski J.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s162.pdf

Autor	Alicja Baranowska, Stanisław Kondracki, Daniel Rogoznicki
Tytuł	COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY AS A DETERMINANT OF TRANSFORMATION IN POLISH AGRICULTURE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	rural areas, Common Agricultural Policy, direct payments
Key words
Abstrakt	The impact assessment of the Common Agricultural Policy on transformation process of Polish agriculture following Poland’s accession to European Union has been carried out. The analysis took into account the changes of the Common Agricultural Policy in terms of goals and the directions of its evolution. In the paper the alterations in land, labour and capital resources of Polish agriculture were also analysed. It has been established that funds coming from the Community budget allowed Polish agriculture to adjust to the requirement of new environment. Integration into the European Union has created good conditions to dynamic development of the agri-food sector as a whole. Acceleration of the modernization and restructuring processes of Polish farms has taken place. These developments have resulted in a reduction in the total number of farms (by 52%) at the simultaneous rise in their average area (by 78%). Union financial measures have also influenced on generational renewal amongst farms managers. The funds considerably enhanced farmers’ incomes, which increased by 156%, thus promoting expenditure on investments. As a result the improvement of technical utilities of farms has been achieved. Consequently, labour productivity growth in Polish agriculture has also been recorded. A wide range of measures within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy enables to overcome many obstacles of the rural areas in Poland. It also creates possibilities to take advantage of naturally occurring assets in order to effectively compete on the external market.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Baranowska A., Kondracki S., Rogoznicki D.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s168.pdf

Autor	Romana Głowicka-Wołoszyn, Teresa Oliveira, Joanna Stanisławska, Andrzej Wołoszyn
Tytuł	REGIONAL DISPARITIES OF INCOME SITUATION AMONG RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE COHESION POLICY IN POLAND
Title
Słowa kluczowe	household income, household affluence, income inequality, rural households
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of the study was to assess regional income disparities among rural households in Poland in 2005, 2010 and 2015. Simultaneous analysis of changes in affluence and its inequality allowed for a deeper look at the convergence processes in the context of the cohesion policy. The research drew on microdata from the Household Budget Surveys conducted by the Central Statistical Office (GUS). Household income situation or its affluence was proxied by total expenditure. Between 2005 and 2015, despite rising affluence and falling overall inequality, the divergence processes were found to prevail.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Głowicka-Wołoszyn R., Oliveira T., Stanisławska J., Wołoszyn A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s194.pdf

Autor	Tomasz Siudek, Aldona Zawojska
Tytuł	THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM’S EXIT FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION ON THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY
Title
Słowa kluczowe	Brexit, European Union, Common Agricultural Policy
Key words
Abstrakt	The two-year Brexit process, formally initiated on March 2017, is coming to an end, intensifying public discussions and concerns about the future of the EU, including the community budget and policies. This paper articulates the likely implications of the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the EU on the Common Agricultural Policy using a political economy approach. It focuses on the budgetary and agricultural trade consequences of the Brexit for the EU remaining member states. The European Commission’s proposed reduction by 5% of the CAP budget for 2021–2027 is one of the first Brexit consequences that potentially can result in a decline in EU farm incomes. The leaving the single market and customs union by the UK, traditionally taking a liberal market position, will probably affect not only the CAP, but also agricultural policies amongst WTO and G20 member countries. With lack of some kind of free trade agreement between the UK and the EU, agri-food net exports from the EU27 to the UK will decrease.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Siudek T., Zawojska A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s201.pdf

Autor	Xesus Pereira Lopez, Magdalena Śmiglak-Krajewska, Manuel Veiga Carballido, Malgorzata Węgrzyńska
Tytuł	ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARMS IN POLAND AND SPAIN IN THE YEARS 2011–2016 BASED ON FADN STATISTICS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	common agricultural policy, economic measures, agriculture in Spain, agriculture in Poland
Key words
Abstrakt	The paper presents a comparison of the economic status of farms in two selected EU countries, Poland and Spain, in the period of 2011–2016. Both these countries were selected based on comparable qualitative and quantitative parameters characteristic of agriculture. An additional determinant for the selection of these countries was connected with the similar economic situation before and after their accession to the European Union. The economic status of these two countries was compared using the statistical data of the European Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN), the Macroeconomic Data Bank (Poland) and the Instituto Nacional de Estadistica (Spain). In turn, the economic situation of farms in Poland and Spain was assessed on the basis of selected economic measures: Gross Farm Income, Farm Net Value Added, Farm Net Value Added/AWU, Family Farm Income/FWU, Total output of crops and crop production, total crops output (ha), total output of livestock and livestock products, total livestock output (LU), Total assets, total fixes assets, Total labour input and unpaid labour input. The study was summarised with the conclusions.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Pereira Lopez X., Śmiglak-Krajewska M., Veiga Carballido M., Węgrzyńska M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s221.pdf

Autor	Oleksandra Mandych, Arkadii Mykytas, Liliia Prokopchuk
Tytuł	THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SOLAR ENERGY PRODUCTION BY HOUSEHOLDS IN UKRAINE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	solar power, electricity, household electric energy, solar panels, bioeconomics
Key words
Abstrakt	In recent decades considerable attention has been paid to alternative and renewable energy. Among the alternative sources, the sun’s energy is most appealing. Therefore, the development of solar energy, in the long run, is one of the top priorities. In practice, there are numerous barriers to the growth of the solar energy market. First of all, economic: fairly high prices for solar systems and payback period; the absence of working capital from manufacturing enterprises, the absence of specific mechanisms for stimulating production in the form of subsidies, tax exemptions, preferential tariff policies, etc. Therefore, research into the development of solar energy, as a real tool for a comprehensive solution to economic and environmental problems, is becoming increasingly relevant. The paper considers the energy policy of the use of renewable energy sources in rural areas. The theoretically feasible and technically achievable potential of solar energy in the territory of Ukraine was characterized. It was noted that the sun is the most affordable supplier of energy on earth today. The use of solar radiation is expedient for the development of thermal and electric energy and is possible throughout the territory of Ukraine. The dynamics of the commissioning of solar power plants by private households was analysed. The attention is focused on the application of the ‘green’ tariff, which stimulates the increase in the number of solar projects implemented in households. A financial model of private households of choosing a solar power plant option was proposed. The problems were identified and the possibilities of using solar energy for ensuring energy independence of households and profit generation were assessed. The forecast for the development of solar energy of the period up to 2020 was made.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Mandych O., Mykytas A., Prokopchuk L.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s231.pdf

Autor	Yuriy Klapkiv, Yaroslav Kostetskyi, Petro Putsenteilo
Tytuł	MODERN CHALLENGES OF AGRARIAN BUSINESS IN UKRAINE ON THE WAY TO EUROPE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	agrarian sector, agro-industrial complex, agricultural enterprises, institutional structures, EU, economic policy, export
Key words
Abstrakt	It is established that the Ukrainian agrarian sector in recent years suffered quite serious reformational impacts on the institutional environment of the functioning of economic actors, in particular the influence of regulators on the transformation of agricultural development. It is substantiated that under institutional transformations it is appropriate to understand the changes that occur as part of the creation of new rules of conduct of participants, containing a specific mechanism for ensuring compliance with these rules, as well as improving organizational and economic regulators within the existing set of rules for all participants It is determined that the institutional system is a structured set of interrelated informal rules that determine, on the one hand, a system of incentives for increasing the efficiency of interaction between subjects of the agrarian economy, and, on the other hand, restricts the activities of economic agents, which create a certain framework for implementation their target functions in accordance with the law and public interests.
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Cytowanie	Klapkiv Y., Kostetskyi Y., Putsenteilo P.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s250.pdf

Autor	Olha Babytska, Tamara Prykhodko, Olena Shust, Serhiy Zabolotnyy
Tytuł	ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY IMPLEMENTATION BASED ON INNOVATIVE COMPONENT – EXPERIENCE OF UKRAINE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	environmental policy, sustainability, innovation, effect
Key words
Abstrakt	The article presents the principles of environmental policy implementation in Ukraine and its social, economic and ecological impact in accordance with objectives of the Environmental Strategy of Ukraine for 2020. It is stated that activities of industrial enterprises lead to the most significant negative influence on the environment. The relation between environmental policy and atmospheric air emissions is determined using regression analysis. It is also proved that innovations can be viewed as a driver for realization of environmental policy. Measures for the environmental policy improvement in Ukraine refer to state and local control and imply a set of innovative actions in industrial production.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Babytska O., Prykhodko T., Shust O., Zabolotnyy S.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s287.pdf