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Autor	Andrzej Hornowski, Pavel Kotyza, Karolina Pawlak, Luboš Smutka
Tytuł	CZECH AND POLISH SUGAR INDUSTRY – CONCENTRATION OF SUGAR PRODUCTION
Title
Słowa kluczowe	Czech Republic, Poland, sugar, industry, markets, production, concentration, Herfindahl-Hirschman index
Key words
Abstrakt	The sugar industry, as one of the most regulated food industries in the EU, has been given great challenge due to the sugar quota elimination in 2017. Both in the Czech Republic and Poland, sugar industry underwent significant transformation over last 20 years and mainly after the EU accession. Due to EU’s 2006 sugar reform led to significant reduction in number of production facilities. In both countries, we observed improved production of sugar beet driven equally by intensification and extensification in Poland and by extensification forces in the Czech Republic. Reduction in number of refineries also decreased number of competitors which led to market concentration. Conducted Herfindahl-Hirschman analyses proved, that Polish market face lower level of concentration in comparison to Czech market, which is dominated mainly by Tereos TTD and Moravskoslezke curkovary. Even though Krajowa Spółka Cukrowa also dominate the Polish market, other producers also take advantage of their position. KSC is under the increasing competition of German sugar producers (Südzucker Polska; Pfeifer&Langen; Nordzucker Polska).
Abstract
Cytowanie	Hornowski A., Kotyza P., Pawlak K., Smutka L.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s136.pdf

Autor	Tadeusz Filipiak, Mariusz Maciejczak
Tytuł	COSTS OF VINEYARDS PRODUCTION IN SELECTED EU COUNTRIES IN THE PERIOD 2004–2015
Title
Słowa kluczowe	cost of production, specialist vineyards, FADN, European Union
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of the research was to determine the production costs in farms specializing in viticulture in the selected European Union countries in the period 2004–2015. It was found that there was a large variation in terms of the structure of production costs. In the analysed period, the majority of countries recorded an increase in total costs per 1 ha, which was mostly due to the year by year increase of the direct costs. In direct costs the plant protection had the largest share, followed by fertilization costs, while the lowest were the costs of pruning. The share of indirect costs in total costs was relatively high and on EU average reached 82%.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Filipiak T., Maciejczak M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s144.pdf

Autor	Martyn Mieczkowski, Marzena Trajer
Tytuł	TRENDS IN POULTRY CONSUMPTION AFTER POLAND’S ACCESSION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION
Title
Słowa kluczowe	poultry consumption, poultry, production, foreign sales
Key words
Abstrakt	The poultry industry is one of the most rapidly developing sectors of the national agriculture, and Poland is the largest poultry producer in the European Union. Since Poland’s accession to the European Union, the two main factors determining the development of the poultry industry in Poland have been export demand and the growing domestic consumption. The aim of this article was to analyse the changes in the balance sheet of poultry consumption in Poland in the context of conditions of the poultry market and to analyse the impact of changes in red meat consumption on changes in the dynamics of poultry consumption.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Mieczkowski M., Trajer M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s154.pdf

Autor	Monika Wojcieszak
Tytuł	WELFARE FARMS IN POLAND AS AN EXAMPLE OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES IN RURAL AREAS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	welfare farms, rural areas, agri-tourism
Key words
Abstrakt	The purpose of the paper was to present the importance of welfare farms in Poland as a social element of mutual relations, connections and co-operation in local and regional development. The concept of welfare farms is characterised in the study and the main idea of their formation is presented. Examples of welfare farms in Poland as part of the first pilot project known as ‘Zielona opieka – gospodarstwa opiekuńcze w woj. kujawsko-pomorskim’ (Green care: welfare farms in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie voivodeship) have also been presented. It was also pointed out that social farming plays an increasingly important role in the contemporary development of rural areas. The paper was compiled using the desk research method and a classical analysis of documents was used. The choice of methods was determined by the availability of source materials, some of which were of primary or secondary nature (social farming literature, reports and public statistic documents). This paper also pointed to the fact that welfare farms are increasingly becoming a popular form of social service in rural areas. It also testifies to the entrepreneurship of farmers, because they offer not only accommodation and catering, but also care on their farms.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Wojcieszak M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s161.pdf

Autor	Krzysztof Firlej, Sebastian Kubala
Tytuł	THE ASSESSMENT OF EXPORT POTENTIAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD PRODUCTS IN THE VISEGRAD GROUP COUNTRIES IN THE YEARS 2005–2017
Title
Słowa kluczowe	foreign trade, agri-food industry, the Visegrad Group
Key words
Abstrakt	The foreign trade in agricultural and food products is a significant reflection of an economic situation occurring in the current functioning of agriculture, food industry and its individual trades in a given country. It is worth considering how the export of Polish agricultural and food products may be compared with the Vise grad Group countries in this area. The article deals with an attempt to assess the export potential of agricultural and food products in the Visegrad Group countries in the years 2005–2017 using a modified index for an assessment of a level of competitiveness in a foreign trade, that is the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index – RCA – by Balassa. The results of the study prove that the export of agricultural and food products in the Visegrad Group countries is vulnerable to economic trends, there is a significant degree of competitiveness regarding export of the food products of animal origin in these countries, and the greatest level of competitiveness of the foreign trade in the food products of plant origin regarding cereals, and the trade in fruit and vegetables is less and less important.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Firlej K., Kubala S.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s167.pdf

Autor	Karolina Kossowska, Sylwester Kozak
Tytuł	CHANGES IN THE LEVEL OF TECHNICAL AND SCALE EFFICIENCY OF THE FOOD SECTOR ENTERPRISES IN POLAND IN THE YEARS 2006–2016
Title
Słowa kluczowe	technical efficiency, DEA method, food sector
Key words
Abstrakt	This article empirically analyses evaluation of efficiency of Polish food producers. Technical and scale efficiency indices are measured using the non-parametric DEA method. The study is based on the annual financial reports of 51 sugar and confectionery producers operating in 2006–2016. The research revealed that technical efficiency of enterprises ranged from 82 to 93%, with the highest levels in periods of considerable increasing macroeconomic conditions in periods of 2006–2007 and 2013–2016. Most of companies characterised with the high efficiency and increasing return to scale. Throughout the entire period companies characterized with high scale efficiency at the interval of 87–93%.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kossowska K., Kozak S.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s174.pdf

Autor	Mariusz Maciejczak, Kiryll Zahkarov
Tytuł	DELIVERING CONSUMER VALUES BY CONSUMER FOOD COOPERATIVES – A CASE OF TWO TYPES OF COOPS FROM POLAND
Title
Słowa kluczowe	consumer food cooperative, utilitarian values, hedonic values, environmental values, participatory cooperative, supermarket cooperative, Poland
Key words
Abstrakt	Consumer choice of a particular type of retail outlet greatly depends on the consumer values that the outlet provides. The aim of this research was to address specific consumer values created by consumer food cooperatives in general, and in addition to examine the difference in the consumer values provided by two major types of such coops in Poland. It is argued that consumer food cooperatives provide customers with unique blend of values, different from those of consumer cooperatives in general due to their close bond with agriculture and environment. Such coops could deliver their customers not only economic or hedonic values but also an additional environmental ones. The environmental values are prevailing in participatory type of coop, while the supermarket type can deliver better the economic values.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Maciejczak M., Zahkarov K.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s180.pdf

Autor	Bartłomiej Bajan, Aldona Mrówczynska-Kamińska
Tytuł	GLOBAL DIFFERENCES IN LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN THE AGRIBUSINESS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	agribusiness, labour productivity, economic growth
Key words
Abstrakt	The purpose of this paper is to assess the global differences in labour productivity in the agribusiness. The relationship between a country’s economic development level (measured as GDP per capita) and labour productivity in the agriculture and across the entire agribusiness was measured in 39 countries around the world (which are entered to the World Input-Output Database and for which the relevant I/O tables were prepared) in 2000 and 2014. The input-output analysis, employed as the main research method, enabled the calculation of value added in the agriculture and elsewhere in the agribusiness. The results suggest the existence of a positive linear association between agribusiness labour productivity and economic development level, as corroborated by previous observations. In turn, two separate groups are noticeable in the relationship between agricultural labour productivity and the level of development of a country. In the first group of countries, agricultural labour productivity grows fast as the economy grows whereas in the second group, the growth rate of labour productivity clearly decreases as the economy grows. This study is a part of the discussion on the global agricultural development model which, on the one hand, calls for increasing the productivity of agricultural labour and, on the other, shows a need to reduce environmental degradation.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Bajan B., Mrówczynska-Kamińska A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s191.pdf

Autor	Joanna Baran
Tytuł	REASONS FOR INTERNATIONALIZATION OF POLISH FOOD INDUSTRY COMPANIES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	internationalization, food industry, companies
Key words
Abstrakt	The primary aim of this article is to identify the reasons for internationalization of Polish food industry companies. As a part of empirical studies, we carried out interviews with managers at 52 of food industry companies. Poland’s accession to the EU, the managers’ experience gained on foreign markets and geographical proximity of foreign markets were the main determinants of internationalization for the respondents. For food industry companies, EU markets are the most attractive while export activities constitute the most common form of internationalization.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Baran J.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s203.pdf

Autor	Dawid Jabkowski, Norbert Szalaty, Weronika Wyduba
Tytuł	ROLE OF THE EU, THE USA AND BRICS COUNTRIES IN GLOBAL TRADE IN GOODS AND SERVICES AND SELECTED DETERMINANTS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	international trade, exports, imports, population size, GDP, inflation rate, the EU, the USA, BRICS countries
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of this paper is to present changes in the role of EU countries, the USA and BRICS countries in international trade of goods and services and selected macroeconomic determinants of trade exchange in the analysed countries in the years 1960–2015 together with the projection of potential development of the situation until 2070. Investigated macroeconomic trade conditions included population size, GDP, GDP per capita and the inflation rate. Naive forecasting methods were used to estimate selected characteristics, as well as export and import volumes, considering their development trends. The analyses showed that currently, the largest global trade centres, i.e. the EU and the USA, are losing their share in global GDP. Their share in global exports and imports is decreasing to the advantage of BRICS countries. The simulation up to 2070 showed that the trends observed in previous years may be increasing, while the position of the EU and the USA in world trade may be weakening.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Jabkowski D., Szalaty N., Wyduba W.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s209.pdf

Autor	Malgorzata Just
Tytuł	TRANSFER OF EXTREME RISK BETWEEN SELECTED EU WHEAT MARKETS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	spillover effect, Granger causality in risk, value at risk, wheat prices
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of this study was to analyse the transfer of extreme price risk between selected EU milling wheat markets in the years 2005–2015. Extreme price risk (value at risk) was estimated using the ARMA-GARCH- -EVT models. In turn, the risk transfer phenomenon was identified using the Granger causality in risk test according to Cheung and Ng, the Granger test in relation to logarithmic price increments exceeding values at risk and the quotient of these increments and values at risk. Results of these tests indicate the effect of extreme price risk transfer on the EU milling wheat markets in the years 2005–2015. The market from which the risk was most frequently transferred was the wheat market in France, while the wheat markets in Poland and in Germany were those, onto which the risk was most frequently transferred.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Just M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s216.pdf

Autor	Karolina Pawlak
Tytuł	COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES OF THE POLISH AGRI-FOOD SECTOR ON THE US MARKET
Title
Słowa kluczowe	comparative advantage, agri-food products, export, import, Poland, USA
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of this paper is to identify the level and changes in comparative advantages of the Polish agri-food sector on the US market in 2004–2017. The following indicators were used in the comparative advantage analysis: Balassa’s Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Vollrath’s Revealed Competitiveness (RC), the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) and the Lafay’s Trade Balance Index (TBI). A product mapping scheme based on the level of comparative advantage (RSCA) and export specialisation (TBI) was made. This study was supplemented with the analysis of values for the trade balance and shares of individual groups of products in the structure of Poland’s exports to the US. The analyses showed that, in the years 2004–2017, Poland attained high comparative advantages in trade with these assortment groups, which were characterised by the relatively highest shares in the structure of exports to the US, as well as generated a high and frequently improving positive trade balance.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Pawlak K.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s223.pdf

Autor	Dariusz Czakowski, Andrzej Czyżewski
Tytuł	THE MARKETS OF POTATOES AND SUGAR BEETS IN POLAND BEFORE AND AFTER ACCESSION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION. AN ATTEMPT TO COMPARE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	root crop market, sugar market, potato market, European integration
Key words
Abstrakt	The article attempts to identify the dynamics and direction of the root plant market development in Poland in the period before and after accession to the European Union by defining resource-efficiency relations related to the cultivation of potatoes and sugar beet. The research was carried out in the years 1994–2016. Based on them, it turned out that despite the progressive process of concentration and specialization of production on the market of root crops in Poland, income efficiency (without subsidies), especially in the case of sugar beets, decreased significantly. In addition, the area of cultivation of both potatoes and sugar beet was systematically decreasing, which was partially compensated by the improvement in crops. As a result of these adjustments, sugar beet harvests were at a similar level throughout the entire period considered, while potato production decreased.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Czakowski D., Czyżewski A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s231.pdf

Autor	Funda Gencler, Altay Gul, Berna Turkekul
Tytuł	ARE POLAND AND TURKEY RIVALS IN THE EU AGRICULTURAL MARKET?
Title
Słowa kluczowe	Poland, Turkey, competitiveness
Key words
Abstrakt	Poland and Turkey are one of the largest global producers and particularly exporters of fruits. The export is of great importance to domestic producers of these fruits. This paper attempts to assess Polish and Turkish fruit sectors’ competitiveness. For competitive comparison of Poland and Turkey, balance of foreign trade, trade coverage index, share in export and import, specialisation index, relative revealed comparative export advantage index, relative import penetration index, relative trade advantage index were calculated. According to the results, Turkey has shown to have comparative advantage for all periods. In contrast, however, Poland seems to be losing its advantages. Although Poland’s competitiveness is diminishing, Poland enjoys free access to EU market.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Gencler F., Gul A., Turkekul B.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s238.pdf

Autor	Magdalena Jaworska
Tytuł	FOOD IMPORTS AND FOOD SECURITY OF MAIN GLOBAL MARKET PLAYERS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	food, food security, importers, international trade
Key words
Abstrakt	The main purpose of this paper was to assess the openness of trade in food products in the context of changes in food security levels. The period covered by this study is 1995–2015. The research was based on outcomes reported by main players of the global market. The basic source of data were online databases and reports. Once collected, the data was analysed with the use of quantitative and qualitative research methods. Selected statistical methods, indices of structure and dynamics, indicators of economic openness and indicators related to three dimensions of security (availability, access and stability) were used. The analysis resulted in numerous conclusions. In the study period, food imports followed a global growth trend with alternating periods of contrasting developments. In the countries covered by this study, the openness of trade in food was higher than that of global imports and followed a growth trend. The singularities of the development of the agri-food sector were reflected in decreasing values of the exports-to-imports ratio, and were decisive for the positive growth rate of per capita agri-food output. According to the analysis of relationships between changes in trade levels and selected food security indicators, imports proved to be positively correlated with physical and economic availability, and negatively correlated with stability. Based on the results, a general conclusion may be drawn that economic growth resulted in structural changes which contributed to improving access to food.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Jaworska M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s245.pdf

Autor	Katarzyna Czech
Tytuł	DUTCH DISEASE IN OIL-EXPORTING COUNTRIES: A SURVEY OF THEORY AND EVIDENCE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	Natural resource curse, Dutch disease, oil market
Key words
Abstrakt	Dutch disease phenomenon can be observed in a country that discovers an important and substantial natural resource deposit and starts exporting it on a large scale. In consequence, the country’s currency appreciates reducing competitiveness of its traditional export sector, including agricultural sector. The Dutch disease is considered to be one of the most significant reasons for the natural resource curse. The aim of the paper is to consolidate a growing literature on the Dutch disease and to provide theoretical framework for analysing this phenomenon. It refers to both developed and developing oil-exporting countries. The paper stresses the fact that the vulnerability to the Dutch disease depends strongly on economic policy, political regime and quality of institutions.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Czech K.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s252.pdf

Autor	Katarzyna Bentkowska
Tytuł	THE ROLE OF SOCIAL CAPITAL AND TRUST IN CONTRACTING
Title
Słowa kluczowe	informal institutions, social capital, incomplete contracts
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of the study is to analyse how the social capital in Poland affects contracting. It’s role is significant as the contracts concluded on the market are incomplete, i.e. they do not regulate all the issues explicitly. The effects of contractual incompleteness can be mitigated by the high level of trust and well-developed social capital. However, the research results show that the level of trust in Poland has been low for years and that social capital remains underdeveloped. It prevents the social capital to fulfil its role as a factor supporting the conclusion of contracts properly. This results in a real loss for enterprises, as part of the transactions is not conducted.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Bentkowska K.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s267.pdf

Autor	Anna Mazurkiewicz, Katarzyna Szara
Tytuł	THE ROLE OF HUMAN, SOCIAL AND CREATIVE CAPITALS IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Title
Słowa kluczowe	human capital, social capital, creative capital, development
Key words
Abstrakt	Socio-economic development is a process of quantitative and qualitative changes that increase phenomena in the economic, social and cultural areas. Various types of capital, including human and social capitals, support this development. These capitals are often described in literature. Less information on the subject of creative capital derived from the Florida’s theory is available in the subject matter literature. The aim of the paper is to identify the role of human, social and creative capitals in socio-economic development. Against the background of the capitals characteristics, their similarities and differences were pointed out. Human capital is substitutive against social and creative ones. However, these two capitals have a complementary character in relation to human nature. The identified roles of the three capitals described in the comparative dimension in the aspect of a commune, a region and a country development are an original contribution to the paper.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Mazurkiewicz A., Szara K.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s273.pdf

Autor	Beata Będzik, Sylwia Gołąb
Tytuł	INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION ON THE INVOLVEMENT OF INHABITANTS IN THE COMMUNITY AFFAIRS – IMPLICATION FOR THE SOCIAL CAPITAL
Title
Słowa kluczowe	education, involvement, social capital
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of paper is to present the level of respondents involvement in the commune affairs. The results of the analyses presented in this paper come from surveys conducted using a questionnaire survey among residents of rural communes in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship. After rejecting incomplete and/or illogical questionnaires, 2,409 respondents were qualified for the analysis. The results confirmed the relationship between social capital and involvement of inhabitants in the community affairs. Verification of the existence of a relationship between the involvement in the commune affairs (social capital component) and the education of the respondents was verified. The research results indicate the diversity of involvement in level of education groups. The respondents with a minimum level of secondary education noted a positive average level of involvement, which means that they showed more interest in commune matters and willingness to get involved in them. The highest level of involvement was noted in the group of people with post-secondary education. Respondents with basic vocational and elementary and gymnasial education more often showed lack of involvement in the commune’s affairs, and thus they recorded negative average results of engagement.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Będzik B., Gołąb S.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s280.pdf

Autor	Anna Mazurkiewicz, Katarzyna Szara
Tytuł	CREATIVITY AS A STIMULANT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE PODKARPACKIE VOIVODESHIP
Title
Słowa kluczowe	creativity, region, development
Key words
Abstrakt	In social and economic development, significance is primarily attributed to endogenous resources. The local conditions should play a key role in it. One of the characteristic features of the region and at the same time a key one is human capital which conditions the occurrence of creative capital. In the paper, creativity – as a resource appropriate to people, a feature of the individual – its potential for creative achievements currently or in the future will be analysed through the prism of creative capital. The aim of the article is to evaluate the conditions for the development of creative capital of the Podkarpackie municipalities in the context of their social and economic development. The evaluation will be made in regard to human resources. In order to achieve the goal of the study, the literature of the subject was analysed, numerical data published by the Central Statistical Office was used, and empirical studies were carried out in the offices of the Podkarpackie municipalities. The results of the conducted research showed that there are conditions favourable to the development of creative capital in the region. The majority of the inhabitants of the Podkarpackie Voivodeship municipalities saw the importance of creativity for the development of the commune.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Mazurkiewicz A., Szara K.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s287.pdf