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Autor	Łukasz Ambroziak
Tytuł	Wpływ pandemii COVID-19 na handel rolno-spożywczy Polski: pierwsze doświadczenia
Title	The Impact of the Pandemic COVID-19 on Agri-Food Trade of Poland: First Experiences
Słowa kluczowe	pandemia COVID-19, eksport, import, produkty rolno-spożywcze, Polska
Key words	pandemic COVID-19, export, import, agri-food products, Poland
Abstrakt	Wybuch pandemii COVID-19 na początku 2020 r. w sposób istotny zmienił uwarunkowania rozwoju wymiany handlowej produktami rolno-spożywczymi. Celem artykułu jest próba oceny wpływu pierwszych miesięcy pandemii COVID-19 na polski handel rolno-spożywczy. Analizy dokonano na podstawie niepublikowanych danych Ministerstwa Finansów, stosując metodę statystyczno-opisową. Z wstępnych danych handlowych za pierwsze półrocze 2020 r. wynikało, że poza nielicznymi wyjątkami polski eksport rolno-spożywczy dobrze radził sobie w okresie największych ograniczeń związanych z przemieszczaniem się ludności wprowadzonych wskutek pandemii COVID-19. Było to efektem m.in. tego, iż żywność jest produktem pierwszej potrzeby (tak, jak np. leki) i cechuje ją niższa elastyczność dochodowa popytu, a także relatywnie niewielkich zakłóceń w produkcji.
Abstract	The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic at the beginning of 2020 significantly changed the conditions for the development of trade in agri-food products. The aim of the article is to assess the impact of the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic on the agri-food trade of Poland. The analysis was based on unpublished data from the Ministry of Finance, using descriptive statistics method. Preliminary trade data for the first half of 2020 showed that with few expectations Polish agri-food exports performed well during lockdown, that is in the period of the greatest restrictions related to the movement of people introduced by the COVID-19 pandemic. It resulted, inter alia, from the fact that food is a basic necessity (such as e.g. medicines) and is characterized by lower income elasticity of demand, and also from relatively small disruptions in production.
Cytowanie	Ambroziak Ł. (2020) Wpływ pandemii COVID-19 na handel rolno-spożywczy Polski: pierwsze doświadczenia.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 20(35), z. 4: 5-17
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2020_T20(35)_n4_s5.pdf

Autor	Agnieszka Parlinska, Yılmaz Toktaş
Tytuł	The Impact of the Real Effective Exchange Rate on Poland’s Food and Live Animal Exports
Title	The Impact of the Real Effective Exchange Rate on Poland’s Food and Live Animal Exports
Słowa kluczowe	exchange rate, ARDL bounds test analysis, time series analysis, food and live animal exports, cointegration
Key words	exchange rate, ARDL bounds test analysis, time series analysis, food and live animal exports, cointegration
Abstrakt	In this study, for the 2012M1-2020M1 period, the relationship between Poland’s real effective exchange rate and its food and animal exports were examined by the bounds test. The stationary analyses of variables were examined by the ADF and PP tests. According to the results of a cointegration test, a cointegration relation among the real effective exchange rate, food and live animal exports, as well as industrial production was determined. It was also concluded that the real effective exchange rate has a long-term negative impact on Poland's food and live animal exports. This research also established that a 1% increase in the real effective exchange rate in the long-term would decrease Poland's food and animal exports by 3.091%. Also, industrial production has a positive impact on Poland’s food and animal exports, as expected. It was determined that a 1% increase in industrial production would increase Poland’s food and animal exports by 2.803%. On the other hand, the error correction term coefficient was found to be -0.119, indicating that 11% of the imbalance in the short-term will be recovered in the next period.
Abstract	In this study, for the 2012M1-2020M1 period, the relationship between Poland’s real effective exchange rate and its food and animal exports were examined by the bounds test. The stationary analyses of variables were examined by the ADF and PP tests. According to the results of a cointegration test, a cointegration relation among the real effective exchange rate, food and live animal exports, as well as industrial production was determined. It was also concluded that the real effective exchange rate has a long-term negative impact on Poland's food and live animal exports. This research also established that a 1% increase in the real effective exchange rate in the long-term would decrease Poland's food and animal exports by 3.091%. Also, industrial production has a positive impact on Poland’s food and animal exports, as expected. It was determined that a 1% increase in industrial production would increase Poland’s food and animal exports by 2.803%. On the other hand, the error correction term coefficient was found to be -0.119, indicating that 11% of the imbalance in the short-term will be recovered in the next period.
Cytowanie	Parlinska A., Toktaş Y. (2020) The Impact of the Real Effective Exchange Rate on Poland’s Food and Live Animal Exports.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 20(35), z. 4: 47-57
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2020_T20(35)_n4_s47.pdf

Autor	Helga Pavlić Skender, Antonela Štefanić, Petra Zaninović
Tytuł	The logistics performance analysis in European Union – EU-15 vs. EU-13
Title	Analiza wydajności logistycznej w Unii Europejskiej – UE-15 vs. UE-13
Słowa kluczowe	logistics, logistics performance index – LPI, European Union, EU-15, EU-13
Key words	logistyka, wskaźnik wydajności logistyki – LPI, Unia Europejska, EU-15, EU-13
Abstrakt	Logistics accounts for 14% of total GDP in the European Union countries, which shows the importance of the logistics service and performance of the European Union countries. Logistics market of EU-15 countries is well developed while most of EU-13 countries need to address poor railway infrastructure and other political issues related to corruption and lack of competitiveness. However, EU-13 economies are growing fast and can benefit even more from the improvements in logistics market. Therefor this paper aims to analyze logistics performance in the European Union, distinguishing between EU-15 and EU-13 countries. For our analysis we use Worlds Bank Logistics Performance Index (LPI) which is a tool that measures the quality, velocity, accuracy and simplicity of the logistics processes. The analysis covers the period from 2010 to 2018. The results of our analysis show that some EU-13 countries are lagging behind EU-15 countries in terms of logistics performance, while countries like Poland, Czech Republic and Hungary are the best logistics performers among all EU-13 countries. Results also shows us correlation between logistics performance and economic growth which imply that EU-13 countries must take step forward in their logistics performance in order to integrate in regional and global supply chain and thus enhance their economic position and competitiveness.
Abstract	Logistyka stanowi 14% całkowitego PKB krajów Unii Europejskiej, co wskazuje na duże znaczenie tego sektora dla wyników ekonomicznych krajów członkowskich Unii Europejskiej. Rynek logistyczny krajów UE-15 jest dobrze rozwinięty, podczas gdy większość krajów UE-13 powinno podjąć działania dla rozwoju słabej infrastruktury kolejowej oraz pochylić się nad kwestiami politycznymi związanymi z korupcją, czy brakiem konkurencyjności. Szybko rozwijające się gospodarki UE-13 mogą jednak skorzystać na poprawie rynku usług sektora logistycznego. Celem artykułu było określenie wydajności sektora logistyki w Unii Europejskiej z podziałem na kraje UE-15 i UE-13. W pracy wykorzystano wskaźnik wydajności logistyki według Banku Światowego (Logistics Performance Index – LPI), który jest narzędziem określającym jakość, szybkość, dokładność i prostotę procesów logistycznych. Analiza objęła okres od 2010 do 2018 roku. Wyniki wskazują, że niektóre kraje UE-13 pozostają w tyle za członkami UE-15 pod względem wyników logistycznych, podczas gdy kraje takie jak Polska, Czechy i Węgry osiągają najlepsze wyniki logistyczne wśród krajów UE-13. Wyniki wskazują również na korelację między wynikami logistyki a wzrostem gospodarczym. To oznacza, że kraje UE-13 muszą zrobić krok naprzód w swoich wynikach logistycznych, aby zintegrować się z regionalnym i globalnym łańcuchem dostaw, a tym samym poprawić swoją pozycję gospodarczą i konkurencyjność.
Cytowanie	Pavlić Skender H., Štefanić A., Zaninović P.
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Pełny tekst	EIOL_2020_T5_n3_s5.pdf

Autor	Joanna Domagała
Tytuł	Macro-logistics as tools for shaping today’s economy
Title	Makrologistyka narzędziem kształtowania współczesnej gospodarki
Słowa kluczowe	micro-logistic, macro-logistic, economy, Poland
Key words	mikrologistyka, makrologistyka, gospodarka, Polska
Abstrakt	The aim of the article is to determine the essence of micro- and macrologistics and to present the elements of the macro-logistics system as factors in the development of the Polish economy. Secondary data was used to present the current state and perspectives for the development of four elements of the macrologistics sub-system in Poland, i.e.: transport networks, systems of product distribution, infrastructure connected with the flow of information and systems for the management and treatment of waste. Also, the growing role of Polish logistics in Europe was noted.
Abstract	Celem artykułu jest określenie istoty mikro- i makrologistyki oraz przedstawienie elementów systemu makrologistyki jako czynników rozwoju polskiej gospodarki. Wykorzystując dane wtórne, zaprezentowano stan i perspektywy rozwoju czterech elementów podsystemu makrologistycznego w Polsce tj.: sieci transportowych, systemów dystrybucji produktów, infrastruktury związanej z przepływem informacji oraz systemów zagospodarowywania i utylizacji odpadów. Wskazano również rosnącą rolę polskiej logistyki w Europie.
Cytowanie	Domagała J.
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Pełny tekst	EIOL_2020_T5_n3_s31.pdf

Autor	Ola Bareja-Wawryszuk
Tytuł	Determinants of spatial concentration of short food supply chains on example of marginal, localized and restricted activities in Poland
Title	Determinanty przestrzennej koncentracji krótkich łańcuchów dostaw na przykładzie podmiotów marginalnych, lokalnych i ograniczonych w Polsce
Słowa kluczowe	local food systems, short food supply chains, spatial concentration, marginal localized and restricted activities, nonparametric regression trees
Key words	działalność marginalna, lokalna i ograniczona, nieparametryczne modele drzew regresji
Abstrakt	The article analyses spatial concentration of marginal, localized and restricted activities creating local food systems in Poland regarded as short supply chains. Local food systems in Poland can take the forms of direct sale, direct deliveries, agricultural retail as well as marginal, localized and restricted activities. Short food supply chains play crucial role in case of local economy, environment and society. Thus, article rises issue connected with sustainability, alternatives for mass produced and distributed food, spatial diversity of local activities. Empirical part of the article focus on marginal, localized and restricted activities. The first part of the article contains a characteristic of the analyzed activities and their spatial distribution. The second part identifies factors that have the strongest influence on the formation of marginal, localized and restricted activities with the application of nonparametric models of regression trees. It is reported that spatial and environmental factors occur most frequently in the process of recurrent division of the data set and, thus, constitute the strongest determinant of marginal, localized and restricted activities.
Abstract	W artykule analizie poddano koncentrację przestrzenną podmiotów marginalnych, lokalnych i ograniczonych tworzących lokalne systemy żywnościowe w Polsce i utożsamianych z krótkimi łańcuchami dostaw. Lokalne systemy żywnościowe w Polsce mogą przybierać formy organizacyjno-prawne takie jak: sprzedaż bezpośrednia, dostawy bezpośrednie, rolniczy handel detaliczny oraz działalności marginalną, lokalną i ograniczoną. Krótkie łańcuchy dostaw żywności odgrywają kluczową rolę w lokalnej gospodarce, środowisku i społeczeństwie. W artykule poruszono zatem problematykę związaną ze zrównoważonym rozwojem, alternatywami dla masowo produkowanej i dystrybuowanej żywności, przestrzennym zróżnicowaniem lokalnych podmiotów. Część empiryczna artykułu oparta jest na analizie podmiotów marginalnych, lokalnych i ograniczonych. W pierwszej kolejności dokonano charakterystyki analizowanych podmiotów i ich rozmieszczenia przestrzennego. Następnie, wykorzystując nieparametryczne modele drzew regresji, zidentyfikowano czynniki, które najsilniej wpływają na powstawanie podmiotów marginalnych, lokalnych i ograniczonych. Dostrzeżono, że czynniki przestrzenno- środowiskowe występują najczęściej w procesie rekurencyjnego podziału zbioru danych, a tym samym stanowią najsilniejszą determinantę działalności marginalnej, lokalnej i ograniczonej.
Cytowanie	Bareja-Wawryszuk O.
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Pełny tekst	EIOL_2020_T5_n3_s45.pdf

Autor	Agnieszka Maciąg, Dagmara Stangierska
Tytuł	Assessment of the place of purchase of vegetables and fruits as expressed by consumers
Title	Ocena miejsca zakupu warzyw i owoców w opinii konsumentów
Słowa kluczowe	place of purchase, fruits and vegetables, consumers
Key words	miejsce zakupu, warzywa i owoce, konsumenci
Abstrakt	According to studies, Poland is the leader in the production of certain fruits and vegetables as well as certain food products. The development of discount chains is where the changes are visibly heading. The article presents the results of the most common places to buy fruits and vegetables. The research was carried out on a sample of 812 people. Research shows that consumers most often buy fruits and vegetables in super and hypermarkets, with supermarkets being chosen most often when purchasing all food products. The smallest percentage of respondents declared making food purchases in bazaars and markets. The place of purchase is an important factor for choosing food.
Abstract	Jak wynika z badań, Polska jest liderem w produkcji niektórych owoców i warzyw, a także producentem wybranej żywności. Najbardziej widoczny kierunek zmian stanowi rozwój sieci dyskontowych. W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki dotyczące najczęstszego miejsca zakupu żywności owoców i warzyw, które uzyskano na próbie 812 osób. Jak wynika z badań, konsumenci najczęściej kupują owoce i warzywa w super- i hipermarketach, markety natomiast są wybierane najczęściej w przypadku zakupu całej żywności. Najmniejszy odsetek respondentów dokonuje zakupu żywności na bazarach i targowiskach. Dla 70% respondentów miejsce zakupu jest istotnym czynnikiem decydującym o wyborze żywności.
Cytowanie	Maciąg A., Stangierska D.
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Pełny tekst	EIOL_2020_T5_n3_s57.pdf

Autor	Aleksandra Górecka, Paulina Zborowska
Tytuł	The factors influencing the growth in dropshipping orders during the COVID-19 pandemic
Title	Czynniki wpływające na wzrost liczby zamówień w modelu dropshipping w czasie pandemii COVID-19
Słowa kluczowe	dropshipping, Polish market, COVID-19
Key words	dropshipping, polski rynek, COVID-19
Abstrakt	The paper aimed to investigate the most significant factors influencing the growth in orders in the dropshipping model in Poland. The research was conducted during the pandemic time and was compared with the results in the levels in orders in 2019. The main factors that have impacts on the growth in the level of orders were introduced out of B2B and B2C variables. The results present that apart from the product type, the payment method, marketing by supplier entity, and the number of suppliers is crucial for a dropshipping business model.
Abstract	Celem artykułu było zbadanie najważniejszych czynników wpływających na wzrost zamówień w modelu dropshipping w Polsce. Badania przeprowadzono w okresie pandemii COVID-19 i porównano z wynikami w zakresie poziomów zamówień w 2019 roku. Czynniki mające wpływ na wzrost poziomu zamówień (zmienne) podzielono na dwie grupy: B2B i B2C. Wyniki wskazują, że poza rodzajem produktu kluczowe dla wzrostu zamówień w modelu biznesowym dropshipping były: dostępne sposoby płatności, rozwiązania marketingowe, dostawcy oraz liczba dostawców sklepu.
Cytowanie	Górecka A., Zborowska P.
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Pełny tekst	EIOL_2020_T5_n3_s65.pdf

Autor	Maryla Bieniek-Majka
Tytuł	QUO VADIS ORGANIZATION OF THE FRUIT AND VEGETABLES MARKET IN POLAND? STATE OF ORGANIZATION OF THE POLISH FRUIT AND VEGETABLES MARKET
Title
Słowa kluczowe	fruit and vegetable market, integration, competitiveness
Key words
Abstrakt	The article aimed to present the state of the organization of the fruit and vegetable market in Poland in 2020. Based on a library query and available registers, changes in the number of producer groups and organiza tions, their members, and the selected organizational form and category of products offered in Poland in 2004-2020 were presented. After the introduction of legislative changes in 2012, limiting the co-financing of the market organization process, a chronic decrease in both the number of existing fruit and vegetable producer organizations and their members is noticeable. Such a long-term trend may lead to a decline in the market organization and bargaining power of domestic producers. To prevent further disintegration of pro ducer groups and organizations, it is suggested that they should be provided with institutional support that would be long-lasting and stable.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Bieniek-Majka M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2020_n4_s22.pdf

Autor	Mieczysław Adamowicz, Tomasz Adamowicz
Tytuł	The World Financial Crisis and The Polish Economy
Title	The World Financial Crisis and The Polish Economy
Słowa kluczowe	financial crisis, effects of financial crisis, anti-crisis action, Poland
Key words	financial crisis, effects of financial crisis, anti-crisis action, Poland
Abstrakt	The subject of the work is to provide an overview of the global financial crisis in the years 2007-2011; its course, symptoms and effects in the world and in Poland. The work presents the causes and the sources of crisis as well as corrective measures taken by governments and financial institutions. The subject literature and information from different national and international financial institutions and organisations were used as a source of research materials and data for analysis. The financial crisis appeared in Poland with some delay and was less intensive than in other developed countries. Anti-crisis measures taken in Poland complied with the recommendations of the European Union and the International Monetary Fund. The measures taken by the Polish central bank concerned the institutional sphere, the manner in which the financial policy worked and how it was pursued, as well as the real sphere of the economy, including especially enterprises, households and public institutions.
Abstract	The subject of the work is to provide an overview of the global financial crisis in the years 2007-2011; its course, symptoms and effects in the world and in Poland. The work presents the causes and the sources of crisis as well as corrective measures taken by governments and financial institutions. The subject literature and information from different national and international financial institutions and organisations were used as a source of research materials and data for analysis. The financial crisis appeared in Poland with some delay and was less intensive than in other developed countries. Anti-crisis measures taken in Poland complied with the recommendations of the European Union and the International Monetary Fund. The measures taken by the Polish central bank concerned the institutional sphere, the manner in which the financial policy worked and how it was pursued, as well as the real sphere of the economy, including especially enterprises, households and public institutions.
Cytowanie	Adamowicz M., Adamowicz T. (2019) The World Financial Crisis and The Polish Economy.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 1: 5-21
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n1_s5.pdf

Autor	Jerzy Bieńkowski, Małgorzata Holka
Tytuł	Environmental Assessment of the Life Cycle of Bovine Compound Feeds from a Feed Milling Plant in a Large Commercial Farm in Wielkopolska Region, Poland
Title	Environmental Assessment of the Life Cycle of Bovine Compound Feeds from a Feed Milling Plant in a Large Commercial Farm in Wielkopolska Region, Poland
Słowa kluczowe	environment, life cycle analysis, impact category indicator, compound feed, feed mill, Poland
Key words	environment, life cycle analysis, impact category indicator, compound feed, feed mill, Poland
Abstrakt	In recent years, the importance of environmental threats associated with intensive livestock production has been emphasized. Compound feeds make up a part of the animal production chain. A complete assessment of the animal production system with regard to environmental criteria is therefore impossible without considering the environmental consequences of feed production. The goal of this research is to fill the gap in an environmental assessment of production processes of compound feeds in Poland. The study presents an assessment of production impacts of bovine compound feeds according to Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) methodology. The data for analysis were based on the set of information obtained from the feed milling plant located in a commercial agricultural enterprise in the Wielkopolska region in the years 2015-2016. An inventory table of inputs was prepared in relation to the functional unit of 1 ton of compound feeds and two phases of production processes, i.e. upstream and core. For average compound feed, the impact category indicators for the global warming potential, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical ozone formation, consumption of mineral resources, fossil fuel resources and the emission of the respirable particles were respectively: 605.9 kg CO2 eq, 8.73 kg SO2 eq, 3.32 kg PO4 eq, 0.73 kg ethylene eq, 3.4x10-3 kg antimony eq, 5141.1 MJ and 2.25 kg PM2.5 eq. The upstream phase had the greatest effect on investigated impacts, while the core processes phase had a relatively low impact on environmental threats. It is recommended to broaden the scope of the research for a larger group of feed milling plants with more complex manufacturing processes, with a more branched supply structure and a wide range of compound feeds for different animal types. The obtained data can be a valuable source base in prospective analyses of the life cycle of various animal products in Poland.
Abstract	In recent years, the importance of environmental threats associated with intensive livestock production has been emphasized. Compound feeds make up a part of the animal production chain. A complete assessment of the animal production system with regard to environmental criteria is therefore impossible without considering the environmental consequences of feed production. The goal of this research is to fill the gap in an environmental assessment of production processes of compound feeds in Poland. The study presents an assessment of production impacts of bovine compound feeds according to Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) methodology. The data for analysis were based on the set of information obtained from the feed milling plant located in a commercial agricultural enterprise in the Wielkopolska region in the years 2015-2016. An inventory table of inputs was prepared in relation to the functional unit of 1 ton of compound feeds and two phases of production processes, i.e. upstream and core. For average compound feed, the impact category indicators for the global warming potential, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical ozone formation, consumption of mineral resources, fossil fuel resources and the emission of the respirable particles were respectively: 605.9 kg CO2 eq, 8.73 kg SO2 eq, 3.32 kg PO4 eq, 0.73 kg ethylene eq, 3.4x10-3 kg antimony eq, 5141.1 MJ and 2.25 kg PM2.5 eq. The upstream phase had the greatest effect on investigated impacts, while the core processes phase had a relatively low impact on environmental threats. It is recommended to broaden the scope of the research for a larger group of feed milling plants with more complex manufacturing processes, with a more branched supply structure and a wide range of compound feeds for different animal types. The obtained data can be a valuable source base in prospective analyses of the life cycle of various animal products in Poland.
Cytowanie	Bieńkowski J., Holka M. (2019) Environmental Assessment of the Life Cycle of Bovine Compound Feeds from a Feed Milling Plant in a Large Commercial Farm in Wielkopolska Region, Poland.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 1: 22-36
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n1_s22.pdf

Autor	Antoni Faber, Zuzanna Jarosz, Aleksandra Król
Tytuł	Wpływ zmian klimatu na efektywność wykorzystywania azotu oraz jego straty
Title	The Impact of Climate Change on the Efficiency of Nitrogen Use and its Losses
Słowa kluczowe	zmiany klimatu, plony, efektywność, azot, straty
Key words	climate change, yield, NUE, nitrogen, losses
Abstrakt	Celem badań było określenie przewidywanych plonów, efektywności wykorzystania N (NUE), wymywania N, emisji N2O i NH3 w zależności od zmian klimatu do 2050 r. Badania wykonano, z zastosowaniem modelu DNDC, dla okresów lat 1991-2010, 2011-2030 i 2031-2050 oraz 10 lokalizacji w Polsce. W symulacjach uwzględniono zmianowanie roślin: kukurydza na ziarno – jęczmień jary – rzepak ozimy – pszenica ozima, które uprawiano na glebach lekkich, średnich i ciężkich, przy nawożeniu wynoszącym odpowiednio: 140, 90, 160 i 120 kg N ha-1. Stwierdzono, że zmiany klimatu przyczynić się mogą do wzrostów plonów kukurydzy na ziarno (6-43%) i rzepaku ozimego (2-8%), spadków plonów pszenicy ozimej (od -18 do -5%) oraz nieistotnych zmian w plonach jęczmienia jarego. NUE wzrośnie w uprawie kukurydzy (2-17%), zmaleje w uprawach pszenicy ozimej (3-22%) i jęczmienia jarego (3-17%) oraz nie ulegnie zmianie w przypadku rzepaku ozimego. Zmiany NUE oraz straty N nie wpływały na konieczność zmniejszenia dawek azotu w przyszłej uprawie badanych roślin.
Abstract	The aim of the study was to determine the expected yields, the efficiency of N (NUE) use, N leaching, N2O and NH3 emissions depending on climate change until 2050. The research was carried out using the DNDC model for the years 1991-2010, 2011-2030 and 2031-2050 as well as 10 locations in Poland. In the simulations, the crop rotation were considered: maize for grain - spring barley - winter rape - winter wheat, which was grown on light, medium and heavy soils, with fertilization of, respectively: 140, 90, 160 and 120 kg N ha-1. It was found that climate change can contribute to increase in the yield of maize (6-43%) and winter rape (2-8%), decreases in winter wheat yield (from -18 to -5%) and negligible changes in yields of spring barley. NUE will increase in the cultivation of maize (2-17%), it will decrease in winter wheat (3-22%) and spring barley (3-17%) crops and will not change in the case of winter oilseed rape. NUE changes and N losses did not affect the need to reduce nitrogen doses in the future cultivation of the studied plants.
Cytowanie	Faber A., Jarosz Z., Król A. (2019) Wpływ zmian klimatu na efektywność wykorzystywania azotu oraz jego straty.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 1: 37-46
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n1_s37.pdf

Autor	Arkadiusz Piwowar
Tytuł	Development of the Agricultural Biogas Market in Poland – Production Volume, Feedstocks, Activities and Behaviours of Farmers
Title	Development of the Agricultural Biogas Market in Poland – Production Volume, Feedstocks, Activities and Behaviours of Farmers
Słowa kluczowe	low carbon agriculture, agricultural biogas plants, Poland
Key words	low carbon agriculture, agricultural biogas plants, Poland
Abstrakt	The activity and efficiency of agricultural biogas plants are important issues in the field of low-emission development in rural areas and in agribusiness. The essence of the problems concerns mainly sustainable waste management in agricultural production. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the volume of agricultural biogas production in Poland and the structure of consumption of raw materials used for production of agricultural biogas. The analyses were carried out in the period of 2011–2017. The paper also presents results of empirical research on the agricultural practices as part of the subject area of the development of the agricultural biogas market in Poland. The aim of the questionnaire surveys of agricultural holdings was to obtain information on the use of the biomass from field crops and grasslands for energy purposes and the interest in the development of agricultural production towards the cultivation of energy crops. The results of the analyses were presented in the spatial arrangement of research.
Abstract	The activity and efficiency of agricultural biogas plants are important issues in the field of low-emission development in rural areas and in agribusiness. The essence of the problems concerns mainly sustainable waste management in agricultural production. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the volume of agricultural biogas production in Poland and the structure of consumption of raw materials used for production of agricultural biogas. The analyses were carried out in the period of 2011–2017. The paper also presents results of empirical research on the agricultural practices as part of the subject area of the development of the agricultural biogas market in Poland. The aim of the questionnaire surveys of agricultural holdings was to obtain information on the use of the biomass from field crops and grasslands for energy purposes and the interest in the development of agricultural production towards the cultivation of energy crops. The results of the analyses were presented in the spatial arrangement of research.
Cytowanie	Piwowar A. (2019) Development of the Agricultural Biogas Market in Poland – Production Volume, Feedstocks, Activities and Behaviours of Farmers.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 1: 88-97
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n1_s88.pdf

Autor	Paweł Jankowski, Agnieszka Tul-Krzyszczuk
Tytuł	The Impact of Innovation on the Global Competitiveness of Polish Meat and Dairy Enterprises
Title	The Impact of Innovation on the Global Competitiveness of Polish Meat and Dairy Enterprises
Słowa kluczowe	innovation, competitiveness, meat, dairy, enterprise, global market, Poland
Key words	innovation, competitiveness, meat, dairy, enterprise, global market, Poland
Abstrakt	The aim of the study was to analyse innovations implemented in the milk and meat industries, and their impact on increasing competitiveness. The study showed that the 2010-12 period saw the most product and process innovations being introduced. On the other hand, innovations in marketing were found to be more popular in 2013. Three groups of similar innovations were distinguished. The milk industry stood out when it comes to the extent of innovations implemented. Fewer innovations were found in the poultry meat industry. Beef and pork meat processing was the least innovative. The innovativeness of enterprises is greater with larger numbers of employees and the increase in scope of their field of operation. The implementation of innovations resulted in: improvement of the quality of goods (services), increase in stock, productive capabilities and revenues from sales, emergence of new markets, increase in competitiveness and prestige of the firm. Those are confirmed by the very good performance of foreign trade and better competitiveness rates of Polish meat producers.
Abstract	The aim of the study was to analyse innovations implemented in the milk and meat industries, and their impact on increasing competitiveness. The study showed that the 2010-12 period saw the most product and process innovations being introduced. On the other hand, innovations in marketing were found to be more popular in 2013. Three groups of similar innovations were distinguished. The milk industry stood out when it comes to the extent of innovations implemented. Fewer innovations were found in the poultry meat industry. Beef and pork meat processing was the least innovative. The innovativeness of enterprises is greater with larger numbers of employees and the increase in scope of their field of operation. The implementation of innovations resulted in: improvement of the quality of goods (services), increase in stock, productive capabilities and revenues from sales, emergence of new markets, increase in competitiveness and prestige of the firm. Those are confirmed by the very good performance of foreign trade and better competitiveness rates of Polish meat producers.
Cytowanie	Jankowski P., Tul-Krzyszczuk A. (2019) The Impact of Innovation on the Global Competitiveness of Polish Meat and Dairy Enterprises.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 1: 120-132
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n1_s120.pdf

Autor	Karolina Anielak
Tytuł	Fintech as a Source of Financial Innovations on the Polish Financial Services Market
Title	Fintech as a Source of Financial Innovations on the Polish Financial Services Market
Słowa kluczowe	Fintech, financial innovations, banks
Key words	Fintech, financial innovations, banks
Abstrakt	The paper presents the definition of innovation, advancement and development of the Fintech sector on the global scale, with particular emphasis put on Poland. Fintechs, i.e. IT companies that provide increasingly more modern solutions for customers active on the financial markets are not fully described in the literature on the subject. The aim of the paper was to present a comprehensive definition of Fintech, show the scale of this type of ventures around the world and in Poland, and analyze the forms and potential of the cooperation of Fintech companies with financial services entities, in particular with the banks. The article uses a critical analysis of the literature of mainly English-language studies from the last 5 years, indicating the state of financial innovations and their importance on the global scale. The author analyzed statistical data from PWC Global Fintech Report, CitiGPS reports, Capgemini reports and KPMG, which enabled her to present the value of global investments in Fintech. The performed cause and effect analysis indicates that investments in the Fintech sector are becoming more and more popular, that this market will be growing due to cooperation, among others, with the banks which want to meet the requirements of their customers using more advanced technologies.
Abstract	The paper presents the definition of innovation, advancement and development of the Fintech sector on the global scale, with particular emphasis put on Poland. Fintechs, i.e. IT companies that provide increasingly more modern solutions for customers active on the financial markets are not fully described in the literature on the subject. The aim of the paper was to present a comprehensive definition of Fintech, show the scale of this type of ventures around the world and in Poland, and analyze the forms and potential of the cooperation of Fintech companies with financial services entities, in particular with the banks. The article uses a critical analysis of the literature of mainly English-language studies from the last 5 years, indicating the state of financial innovations and their importance on the global scale. The author analyzed statistical data from PWC Global Fintech Report, CitiGPS reports, Capgemini reports and KPMG, which enabled her to present the value of global investments in Fintech. The performed cause and effect analysis indicates that investments in the Fintech sector are becoming more and more popular, that this market will be growing due to cooperation, among others, with the banks which want to meet the requirements of their customers using more advanced technologies.
Cytowanie	Anielak K. (2019) Fintech as a Source of Financial Innovations on the Polish Financial Services Market.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 1: 162-171
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n1_s162.pdf

Autor	Antoni Faber, Zuzanna Jarosz, Tomasz Żyłowski
Tytuł	Weryfikacja możliwości redukcji emisji amoniaku dla różnych praktyk aplikacji gnojowicy w Polsce
Title	Verification of the Possibilities to Reduce Ammonia Emission for Various Slurry Application Practices in Poland
Słowa kluczowe	rolnictwo, gnojowica, amoniak, emisje, ograniczenie emisji
Key words	agriculture, slurry, ammonia, emission, emission reduction
Abstrakt	Rolnictwo polskie zobowiązane jest do redukcji emisji amoniaku (NH3), w stosunku do 2005 r., o 1% corocznie w latach 2020-29 oraz o 17% corocznie od 2030 r. Znaczącym źródłem emisji jest stosowanie gnojowicy. W Polsce aplikuje się ją głównie rozbryzgowo na powierzchnię pola i przyoruje po 4-24 godzinach od aplikacji. W pracy zastosowano model ALFAM2 do scharakteryzowania emisji NH3 z rozbryzgowego stosowania gnojowicy w zależności od specyficznych dla Polski: dawek gnojowicy, jej suchej masy, temperatury powietrza, prędkości wiatru, opadów oraz pH gnojowicy. W stosunku do emisji NH3 z gnojowicy stosowanej na powierzchnię pola oszacowano emisje powstające przy aplikacji gnojowicy za pomocą wężów wleczonych, wężów z redlicami oraz aplikacji do otwartych szczelin, płytko doglebowo i głęboko doglebowo. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników oszacowano wielkości redukcji emisji dla podstawowych praktyk jej aplikacji.
Abstract	Polish agriculture is obliged to reduce ammonia (NH3) emissions, compared to 2005, by 1% annually in 2020-29 and by 17% annually from 2030. A significant source of emissions is the use of slurry. In Poland, it is mainly broadcast on the field surface and incorporated 4-24 hours after application. The ALFAM2 model was used to characterize the NH3 emissions from the slurry broadcast depending on the specific parameters for Poland: doses of slurry, its dry matter, air temperature, wind speed, precipitation and the pH of the slurry. In relation to the NH3 emission from the slurry applied broadcast to the field surface, the emissions resulting from the application of slurry by trailing hoses, trailing shoe, open slot injection, shallow and deep injection were estimated. On the basis of the obtained results, the emission reduction values were estimated for the basic practices of its application.
Cytowanie	Faber A., Jarosz Z., Żyłowski T. (2019) Weryfikacja możliwości redukcji emisji amoniaku dla różnych praktyk aplikacji gnojowicy w Polsce.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 2: 31-40
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n2_s31.pdf

Autor	Urszula Bronisz, Andrzej Jakubowski
Tytuł	Rural Demographic Problem Areas in Poland
Title	Rural Demographic Problem Areas in Poland
Słowa kluczowe	rural areas, demographic problems, Poland
Key words	rural areas, demographic problems, Poland
Abstrakt	Demographic problem areas are perceived as one of the most important types of problem areas and require special research interest. Problem areas conditioned by population factor most often refer to rural areas. Presented article aims to identify and delimit rural demographic problem areas in Poland. The study covered rural areas distinguished on the basis of the classification of the European Commission DEGURBA The analysis enabled to identify depopulation areas, areas with disrupted population reproduction (ie areas of permanent natural decline), areas of permanent outflow of population, areas with impaired population structure by age and areas with disrupted population structure by sex in the group of people of marriage age (20-34 years). To indicate clusters of communes characterised by the presence of the unfavourable demographic phenomena and processes (rural demographic problem areas) the measure of local spatial autocorrelation (Anselin Local Moran's I) was applied. The application value resulting from the research may be the improvement of the effectiveness of public intervention carried out as part of the development policy.
Abstract	Demographic problem areas are perceived as one of the most important types of problem areas and require special research interest. Problem areas conditioned by population factor most often refer to rural areas. Presented article aims to identify and delimit rural demographic problem areas in Poland. The study covered rural areas distinguished on the basis of the classification of the European Commission DEGURBA The analysis enabled to identify depopulation areas, areas with disrupted population reproduction (ie areas of permanent natural decline), areas of permanent outflow of population, areas with impaired population structure by age and areas with disrupted population structure by sex in the group of people of marriage age (20-34 years). To indicate clusters of communes characterised by the presence of the unfavourable demographic phenomena and processes (rural demographic problem areas) the measure of local spatial autocorrelation (Anselin Local Moran's I) was applied. The application value resulting from the research may be the improvement of the effectiveness of public intervention carried out as part of the development policy.
Cytowanie	Bronisz U., Jakubowski A. (2019) Rural Demographic Problem Areas in Poland.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 2: 41-53
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n2_s41.pdf

Autor	Katarzyna Himstedt, Tomasz Kacprzak
Tytuł	The Influence of the Russian Embargo on the Economic Situation of Apple Producers in the Eastern Part of the Masovia Province
Title	The Influence of the Russian Embargo on the Economic Situation of Apple Producers in the Eastern Part of the Masovia Province
Słowa kluczowe	embargo, Russia, apple market
Key words	embargo, Russia, apple market
Abstrakt	The article concerns the effects of the Russian embargo on apple producers in Poland. Scientific literature is quite poor in this field, mainly information articles in industry literature and media information are available. The literature was reviewed in this respect and two studies (questionnaire and interview) were carried out. The information obtained allowed us to draw conclusions about the very large negative impact of the embargo on the apple market and to learn about its characteristics. New markets do not generate sufficient demand, in 2018 apple prices dropped below production costs, but this does not reflect in a drop in prices in stores, which means that price speculations take place, and the situation is used by realtors. It is necessary to quickly return to the Russian market, because soon it will be unrecoverable for Polish fruit farmers. It is also necessary to put pressure on the European Union's policy, because nowadays it is the Polish farmers who bear its effects to the greatest extent.
Abstract	The article concerns the effects of the Russian embargo on apple producers in Poland. Scientific literature is quite poor in this field, mainly information articles in industry literature and media information are available. The literature was reviewed in this respect and two studies (questionnaire and interview) were carried out. The information obtained allowed us to draw conclusions about the very large negative impact of the embargo on the apple market and to learn about its characteristics. New markets do not generate sufficient demand, in 2018 apple prices dropped below production costs, but this does not reflect in a drop in prices in stores, which means that price speculations take place, and the situation is used by realtors. It is necessary to quickly return to the Russian market, because soon it will be unrecoverable for Polish fruit farmers. It is also necessary to put pressure on the European Union's policy, because nowadays it is the Polish farmers who bear its effects to the greatest extent.
Cytowanie	Himstedt K., Kacprzak T. (2019) The Influence of the Russian Embargo on the Economic Situation of Apple Producers in the Eastern Part of the Masovia Province.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 2: 54-64
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n2_s54.pdf

Autor	Sylwia Kierczyńska
Tytuł	Zmiany w produkcji i eksporcie malin i wiśni w krajach Europy Południowej i Wschodniej i ich znaczenie dla produkcji w Polsce
Title	Changes in Raspberry and Sour Cherry Production and Export in Southern and Eastern Europe and Implications for Polish Production
Słowa kluczowe	produkcja malin, eksport malin, produkcja wiśni, eksport wiśni
Key words	raspberry production, raspberry export, sour cherry production, sour cherry export
Abstrakt	Celem pracy było zbadanie jak zmieniała się produkcja i eksport owoców, które są domeną polskiej produkcji na rynku międzynarodowym, czyli malin i wiśni, w krajach Europy Wschodniej i Południowej w okresie 2006-2017. Do analizy produkcji owoców wykorzystano dane pochodzące z bazy Faostat, a wielkości eksportu – dane z bazy Comtrade. Przeprowadzona analiza wskazała na rozwój produkcji oraz wzrost eksportu malin w krajach o mniejszym areale upraw tych owoców oraz stabilizację w krajach posiadających dużą powierzchnię upraw malin. W przypadku wiśni, w większości krajów, zarówno o dużej jak i małej powierzchni nasadzeń, potencjał produkcyjny oraz zbiory owoców tego gatunku zmniejszały się. Eksport wiśni zwiększał się szczególnie z krajów o mniejszym potencjale w produkcji wiśni. Rozwój produkcji i eksportu malin z krajów o dotychczas mniejszym potencjale produkcyjnym może w przyszłości stanowić konkurencję dla Polski na rynkach międzynarodowych.
Abstract	The aim of the study was to examine the changes in production and export of raspberries and sour cherries, which are the domain of Polish production on the international markets, in the countries of Eastern and Southern Europe during the 2006-2017. There was used data from Faostat database for the analysis of fruit production, and from Comtrade database for the analysis of export volume. Study points to the development of production and an increase in the export of raspberries in countries with a smaller area of cultivation of this fruit crops and stability in countries with a large area of crops of raspberries. In the case of sour cherries, in most countries, both large and small area plantings, production potential, and volume of production of fruit of this species declined. The export of sour cherries increased particularly from countries with less potential in the production of sour cherries. The development of the production and export of raspberries from countries with lower production capacity may in the future be competition for Poland on the international markets.
Cytowanie	Kierczyńska S. (2019) Zmiany w produkcji i eksporcie malin i wiśni w krajach Europy Południowej i Wschodniej i ich znaczenie dla produkcji w Polsce.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 2: 65-76
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n2_s65.pdf

Autor	Zbigniew Korzeb
Tytuł	The Real Estate and Credit Bubble in Spain; Implications for Poland
Title	The Real Estate and Credit Bubble in Spain; Implications for Poland
Słowa kluczowe	mortgage crisis, banking sector, commercial banks, financial stability, Spain, Poland
Key words	mortgage crisis, banking sector, commercial banks, financial stability, Spain, Poland
Abstrakt	The aim of this article is to establish whether the symptoms of an emerging housing bubble can be observed on the Polish market. The concept of this study is based on a comparison between economic, financial and demographic conditions at the time of the mortgage crisis in Spain and the current situation on the housing market and on the market of housing loans granted to households in Poland. An analysis of two economic indicators, (i) housing loans to households-to-GDP expressed in growth rates and (ii) rates of house price growth, does not indicate that a speculative bubble occurs in Poland now. This, however, does not mean that the conclusions drawn from the Spanish crisis cannot and should not have a bearing on the Polish market, especially in terms of potential consequences the crisis may have for the banking sector.
Abstract	The aim of this article is to establish whether the symptoms of an emerging housing bubble can be observed on the Polish market. The concept of this study is based on a comparison between economic, financial and demographic conditions at the time of the mortgage crisis in Spain and the current situation on the housing market and on the market of housing loans granted to households in Poland. An analysis of two economic indicators, (i) housing loans to households-to-GDP expressed in growth rates and (ii) rates of house price growth, does not indicate that a speculative bubble occurs in Poland now. This, however, does not mean that the conclusions drawn from the Spanish crisis cannot and should not have a bearing on the Polish market, especially in terms of potential consequences the crisis may have for the banking sector.
Cytowanie	Korzeb Z. (2019) The Real Estate and Credit Bubble in Spain; Implications for Poland.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 2: 77-88
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n2_s77.pdf

Autor	Andżelika Kuźnar, Jerzy Menkes
Tytuł	Handel produktami rolno-spożywczymi w Umowie o partnerstwie gospodarczym między UE a Japonią
Title	Agri-Food Trade in the EU-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement
Słowa kluczowe	umowa o partnerstwie gospodarczym UE-Japonia (EPA); regionalne porozumienia handlowe (RTA), cła, bariery pozataryfowe
Key words	EU-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA); Regional Trade Agreements (RTA), tariffs, non-tariff barriers
Abstrakt	W 2018 r. Unia Europejska i Japonia zawarły Umowę o partnerstwie gospodarczym (EPA), która jest jedną z najszerszych i najbardziej kompleksowych umów handlowych podpisanych przez Strony do tej pory. Umowa ta obejmuje m.in. kwestie dostępu do rynków rolnych obu Stron, zakładając liberalizację barier taryfowych i pozataryfowych. Z uwagi na większe znaczenie sektora rolnego w eksporcie UE do Japonii niż odwrotnie, jak również wysoki poziom ochrony rynku japońskiego, Umowa ma duże znaczenie dla unijnych, w tym polskich podmiotów z branży rolno-spożywczej. Celem artykułu jest określenie możliwych skutków EPA dla rozwoju eksportu produktów rolno-spożywczych z państw UE, a w szczególności z Polski do Japonii. Badanie przeprowadzono na podstawie analizy tekstu EPA oraz najnowszych danych handlowych.
Abstract	In 2018, the European Union and Japan concluded an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA), which is one of the widest and most comprehensive trade agreements signed by the Parties to date. This Agreement covers issues related to access to agricultural markets of both Parties, assuming the liberalization of tariff and non-tariff barriers. Due to the greater importance of the agricultural sector in EU exports to Japan than vice versa, as well as the high level of protection of the Japanese market, the Agreement is of great importance for the EU, including Poland’s agri-food exporters. The aim of the paper is to determine the possible effects of EPA on the development of exports of agri-food products from EU countries, in particular from Poland to Japan. The study was based on EPA text analysis and the latest trade data.
Cytowanie	Kuźnar A., Menkes J. (2019) Handel produktami rolno-spożywczymi w Umowie o partnerstwie gospodarczym między UE a Japonią.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 2: 89-102
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n2_s89.pdf