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Autor	Olga Podlińska
Tytuł	Przetwórstwo spożywcze w Polsce na tle krajów Unii Europejskiej
Title	FOOD PROCESSING IN POLAND AGAINST THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES
Słowa kluczowe	przetwórstwo spożywcze, przemysł, przemysł spożywczy
Key words	food processing, industry, food industry
Abstrakt	Celem artykułu jest ukazanie pozycji polskiego przetwórstwa spożywczego na tle przetwórstwa spożywczego w krajach Unii Europejskiej oraz przedstawienie przetwórstwa spożywczego w Polsce na tle całego przemysłu. Realizację podjętej tematyki rozpoczęto od studiów literaturowych pozycji krajowych jak i międzynarodowych. W części empirycznej wykorzystano dane publikowane przez Europejski Urząd Statystyczny EUROSTAT oraz Główny Urząd Statystyczny GUS. W celu zobrazowania pozycji przetwórstwa spożywczego posłużono się udziałem procentowym produkcji sprzedanej przemysłu spożywczego w ogólnej wartości produkcji sprzedanej przemysłu. Biorąc pod uwagę udział całkowitej wartość produkcji sprzedanej w krajach Unii Europejskiej w 2016 r. Polska znalazła się wśród liderów krajów członkowskich, zajmując szóstą pozycję. Z udziałem 4% uplasowała się za Niemcami, Włochami, Francją, Wielką Brytanią i Hiszpanią. Zestawienia w opracowaniu dotyczą lat 2015 i 2016.
Abstract	The aim of the article is to present the position of the Polish food processing sector in the context of food processing in the European Union countries and to present the food processing in Poland against the whole industry production. The execution of the subject in question started with the literature studies of national and international positions. In the empirical part the data published by the European Statistical Office EUROSTAT and the Central Statistical Office of Poland (GUS) were used. The share of the sold food industry production in the total value of the sold industrial production was used to illustrate the position of the food processing sector. Taking into account the total value of sold production in the European Union countries in 2016, Poland was among the leaders of the member states, occupying the sixth position. With the share of 4% it was placed after Germany, Italy, France, Great Britain and Spain. The comparisons are for the years 2015 and 2016.
Cytowanie	Podlińska O. (2017) Przetwórstwo spożywcze w Polsce na tle krajów Unii Europejskiej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 18(67): 137-145
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2017_n67_s137.pdf

Autor	Małgorzata Raczkowska
Tytuł	Nierówności ekonomiczne a jakość życia w krajach Unii Europejskiej
Title	ECONOMIC INEQUALITY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
Słowa kluczowe	dochód, nierówności dochodowe, jakość życia
Key words	income, income inequality, quality of life
Abstrakt	Artykuł podejmuje fundamentalne kwestie odnoszące się do istoty i pomiaru nierówności ekonomicznych. Praca została wykonana na podstawie analizy i syntezy literatury przedmiotu oraz zebranych danych statystycznych. Przeprowadzono analizę poszczególnych wymiarów nierówności ekonomicznych w krajach Unii Europejskiej w 2010 i 2015 roku. Uzyskane wyniki potwierdziły występowanie nierówności ekonomicznych pomiędzy krajami Unii Europejskiej. Największe różnice odnotowano w poziomie luki płacowej oraz w wartościach współczynnika Giniego. Najwyższe nierówności dochodowe odnotowano w Bułgarii, Rumunii, w państwach bałtyckich a także w krajach południa Europy tj. w Hiszpanii, Portugalii oraz Grecji, natomiast najniższe w Słowacji, Czechach, Słowenii, Szwecji oraz w Finlandii.
Abstract	This article addresses fundamental issues related to the essence and measurement of economic inequalities. The work was performed on the basis of the analysis and synthesis of the literature of the subject and gathered statistical data. The analysis of individual dimensions of economic inequalities in EU countries in 2010 and 2015 was conducted. The obtained results confirmed the occurrence of economic inequalities between the countries of the European Union. The biggest differences were recorded at the level of wage gap and the Gini coefficient values. The highest income inequalities were recorded in Bulgaria, Romania, the Baltic States and in Southern European countries, i.e. in Spain, Portugal and Greece, while the lowest in Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Slovenia, Sweden and Finland.
Cytowanie	Raczkowska M. (2017) Nierówności ekonomiczne a jakość życia w krajach Unii Europejskiej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 18(67): 146-157
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2017_n67_s146.pdf

Autor	Dominika Szwed, Anna Wasilewska
Tytuł	Formy zatrudnienia pracowników a koszty pracy
Title	FORMS OF EMPLOYMENT AND LABOUR COSTS
Słowa kluczowe	koszty pracy, składniki obligatoryjne i fakultatywne, formy zatrudnienia, minimalizacja kosztów pracy
Key words	labour costs, mandatory and optional components of wages, types of contracts, minimization of labour costs
Abstrakt	Koszty pracy to ogół kosztów, jakie ponosi przedsiębiorstwo w związku z zatrudnieniem pracowników. W ich skład wchodzą elementy obligatoryjne m.in. w postaci płacy minimalnej, dopłat do godzin nadliczbowych, składki na ubezpieczenie społeczne, FP i FGŚP oraz fakultatywne czyli wynagrodzenia powyżej płacy minimalnej, premie uznaniowe. Jedną z możliwości minimalizacji kosztów pracy jest stosowanie odpowiedniej formy zatrudnienia pracowników. W artykule przedstawiono możliwe formy zatrudnienia pracowników, wskazując na ich wady i zalety oraz wpływ na obciążenie pracodawcy kosztami pracy.
Abstract	The aim of the study was to determine the components of labour costs and to indicate the possibilities of limiting them by employing various forms of employment and indicating their disadvantages and advantages. Research shows that most labour costs are mandatory but the costs of hired labour vary depending on the form of employment (contract type). The highest costs are generated by permanent employment (employment contract). The most important way to allow an entrepreneur to optimize labour costs is an ordering contract. Labour costs in Poland are low in comparison with other EU countries. The average hourly cost of employment in Poland was 8.6 euros in 2016 towards 25.4 euros in the EU average. In the structure of average cost of labour, the non-wage costs (employer's social security contributions) accounted for 18.6% in Poland and 24% in the EU average
Cytowanie	Szwed D., Wasilewska A. (2017) Formy zatrudnienia pracowników a koszty pracy.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 18(67): 218-228
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2017_n67_s218.pdf

Autor	Dariusz Prokopowicz, Wioletta Wereda
Tytuł	ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL SITUATION OF HOUSEHOLDS IN POLAND – ANALYSIS AND DIAGNOSIS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	sytuacja materialna, sytuacja ekonomiczno-finansowa, rodzina, gospodarstwa domowe, dochody, oszczędności, konsumpcja, finanse gospodarstw domowych, społeczeństwo, polityka rodzinna, polityka społeczna, polityka gospodarcza, program Rodzina 500 Plus, program Mieszkanie Plus
Key words	material situation, economic and financial situation, family, households, income, savings, consumption, household finance, society, family policy, social policy, economic policy, Family Plus 500 program, Apartment Plus program
Abstrakt	Rodziny w Polsce prowadzą gospodarstwa domowe, dysponując znacznie niższym dochodem rozporządzalnym w porównaniu z rodzinami funkcjonującymi w krajach Zachodniej Europy. Poziom konsumpcji rodzin w Polsce w ostatnich latach zbliża się do średniej w Unii Europejskiej, natomiast poziom oszczędności nadwyżek finansowych jest nadal pięciokrotnie niższy względem tej średniej. W Polsce od wielu lat relatywnie najniższe dochody osiągały rodziny wielodzietne. Podobne relacje kształtują się w zakresie sytuacji mieszkaniowej i wyposażenia gospodarstwa domowego w dobra trwałego użytku. W ostatnich latach po globalnym kryzysie finansowym w 2008 roku koniunktura w globalnej i krajowej gospodarce zaczęła się sukcesywnie poprawiać. Równocześnie sytuacja dochodowa rodzin w Polsce także zaczęła się poprawiać. Dodatkowo istotny wpływ na tę poprawę miało uruchomienie w kwietniu 2016 roku programu Rodzina 500 Plus jako kluczowego instrumentu społecznej polityki rodzinnej w Polsce.
Abstract	Families in Poland run households with significantly lower disposable income compared to families in Western European countries. The level of family consumption in Poland in recent years is approaching the EU average, while the level of financial savings is still five times lower than the average. In Poland for many years the relatively low incomes have been achieved by families with many children. Similar relationships exist in the area of housing and household appliances in durable goods. In recent years, after the global financial crisis in 2008, the global and domestic economy began to improve steadily. At the same time the income situation of families in Poland has also started to improve. In addition, the Family 500 Plus program was launched in April 2016 as a key instrument of social family policy in Poland.
Cytowanie	Prokopowicz D., Wereda W. (2017) ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL SITUATION OF HOUSEHOLDS IN POLAND – ANALYSIS AND DIAGNOSIS.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 18(67): 240-258
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2017_n67_s240.pdf

Autor	Zenon Pokojski
Tytuł	Dystrybucja produktów dla rolnictwa w Polsce – w poszukiwaniu nowych źródeł przewagi konkurencyjnej
Title	Distribution of products for agriculture in Poland – in search of new sources of competitive advantage
Słowa kluczowe	kanał dystrybucji, dystrybutor, rolniczy łańcuch wartości
Key words	distribution channel, distributor, agricultural value chain
Abstrakt	Do 2004 r. dystrybucję produktów dla rolnictwa w Polsce uważano za stosunkowo słabo rozwiniętą na tle innych krajów Europy. Wskazywano dużą liczbę małych przedsiębiorstw prowadzących dystrybucję, których strategie opierały się głównie na konkurencji cenowej. Jednak ta sytuacja po przystąpieniu Polski do Unii Europejskiej zaczęła się szybko zmieniać. Liczba podmiotów zaczęła się zmniejszać, a dystrybutorzy zaczęli przejmować funkcje hurtowników oraz detalistów. Model biznesowy dystrybucji w Polsce wciąż ewoluuje, dostosowując się do dynamiki zmian oczekiwań klientów. Celem pracy jest zaprezentowanie zmian w dystrybucji jako ogniwa rolniczego łańcucha wartości. Na podstawie przeglądu literatury, danych z raportów SM GP i Ibris za lata 2014 i 2015 oraz obserwacji uczestniczącej autora jako wiceprezesa zarządu GA Puławy nadzorującego omawiany obszar przedstawiono nowe aspekty w działalności dystrybutorów takie jak usługi doradztwa rolnego i organizację finansowania działalności gospodarczej rolników.
Abstract	The distribution of agricultural products in Poland is considered to be relatively weak compared to other European countries. There is a huge number of small players whose strategies are based primarily on price competition. This situation, however, after Poland’s accession to the European Union began to change rapidly. The number of players began to decrease, distributors have overtaken the roles of wholesalers and retailers. The distribution model in Poland is still evolving, adjusting the offer to dynamic changes to meet the expectations of customers. Individual elements of the agricultural value chain seek new opportunities to create and capture the highest margins in the portfolio of companies that participate in the production and delivery of a product to a farmer. The goal of this study is to present changes in distribution as a link in the agricultural value chain. The author will more broadly present new phenomena in this market, such as agricultural advisory services and the organization of financing the economic activity of farmers. The publication is the result of a research study based on data from TNS Polska and Ibris conducted in 2015 and observations as Vice President of GA Puławy responsible for this area.
Cytowanie	Pokojski Z. (2017) Dystrybucja produktów dla rolnictwa w Polsce – w poszukiwaniu nowych źródeł przewagi konkurencyjnej.Roczniki Naukowe Ekonomii Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich, t. 104, z. 4: 86-98
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Pełny tekst	RNR_2017_n4_s86.pdf

Autor	Ewa Kołoszycz
Tytuł	Ekonomiczne i organizacyjne zmiany w gospodarstwach mlecznych należących do Europejskiego Stowarzyszenia Producentów Mleka
Title	Economic and organizational changes in dairy farms members of the European Dairy Farmers
Słowa kluczowe	zarządzanie stadem, koszty produkcji mleka, próg rentowności
Key words	herd management, milk production costs, breakeven point
Abstrakt	W opracowaniu scharakteryzowano zmiany, które zaszły w gospodarstwach wyspecjalizowanych w produkcji mleka w okresie przed reformą rynku mleka w Europie i po niej. Do badań wybrano 124 gospodarstwa należące do Europejskiego Stowarzyszenia Producentów Mleka (EDF ), które w latach 2012-2016 uczestniczyły w analizach kosztów produkcji mleka. Wyniki badań wskazują, że we wszystkich grupach analizowanych gospodarstw nastąpił wyraźny wzrost produkcji, wynikający zarówno ze wzrostu wielości stad krów, jak i z poprawy wydajności mlecznej. Zaobserwowano wzrost intensywności wykorzystania ziemi i pracy, a także pogorszenie produktywności kapitału zaangażowanego w produkcję mleka. Największe różnice między grupami w ponoszonych kosztach produkcji mleka były w kosztach alternatywnych i amortyzacji. Niekorzystna sytuacja cenowa na rynku w 2016 r. sprawiła, że całkowite koszty produkcji mleka były niższe od cen mleka zaledwie w 12% analizowanych gospodarstwach.
Abstract	The paper aims to discussion of the changes that have been made in farms specialised in milk production in the period before and after changes the dairy market in Europe. To research is based on the selected 124 farm belonging to the European Dairy Farmers (EDF), which in period 2012-2016 participated in the analysis of the cost of milk production. There were examined changes in the organization of production, used resources, and the economic effects on farms. The results indicate that all groups of farms have increased their milk production, resulting from the growth of both the multiplicity of cow herds as well as with the improvement of milk yield. It has been observed an increase in the intensity of land use and labor, and has worsened the productivity of capital involved in dairy production. The biggest differences between the groups in the incurred costs in milk production were in the opportunity cost and depreciation. Unfavorable price situation on the market in 2016 resulted in the situation that, the total cost of milk production were lower than the prices of milk only by 12% in the analysed farms.
Cytowanie	Kołoszycz E. (2017) Ekonomiczne i organizacyjne zmiany w gospodarstwach mlecznych należących do Europejskiego Stowarzyszenia Producentów Mleka.Roczniki Naukowe Ekonomii Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich, t. 104, z. 4: 99-111
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Pełny tekst	RNR_2017_n4_s99.pdf

Autor	Edyta Gajos
Tytuł	Implementation of Selected Sustainable Development Objectives in European Union Countries
Title
Słowa kluczowe	sustainable development, European Union, sustainable development objectives, greenhouse gas emission, energy efficiency, renewable energy
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of the paper is to assess the implementation of selected sustainable development objectives in European Union countries with particular focus on Poland. Several different indicators were taken into account: greenhouse gas emission, share of renewable energy, GDP energy intensity and protection of environment and biodiversity, which cover goals set in The Europe 2020 Strategy, among others: reduction of carbon dioxide emission, increase share of renewable energy usage, increase the effectiveness of energy usage, preservation of biodiversity. It was found, that European Union countries generally strive towards achieving those goals, though the effectiveness differs among them. Poland positively pursues all discussed issues. However, is not the leader in any of them. It is important to underline, that analysed data seem to allow to say, that it is possible to achieve objectives set in Europa 2020 Strategy.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Gajos E. (2017) Implementation of Selected Sustainable Development Objectives in European Union Countries.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 17(32), z. 4: 68-77
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2017_T17(32)_n4_s68.pdf

Autor	Ľudmila Dobošová, Silvia Jacková, Mária Kadlečíková, Zuzana Kapsdorferová
Tytuł	Food Security and Self-Sufficiency in Europe
Title
Słowa kluczowe	food security, food affordability, food availability, healthy diet, quality, Europe
Key words
Abstrakt	The submitted scientific paper deals with food security and self-sufficiency in Europe in EU-15 and EU-13 countries. The objective of this paper was to evaluate upon the basis of the Global Food Security Index, the overall food security situation in the European Union states. The countries are divided into two groups. The first is composed of fourteen selected states from the EU -15 and the second group is six selected states from the EU-13. In addition to the Food Security Index, the Food Affordability, Food Availability, and the Food Quality and Safety Indexes were also analyzed. The research data were obtained from the authors‘ own research based on the Global Food Security Index Report, and from FAO.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Dobošová Ľ., Jacková S., Kadlečíková M., Kapsdorferová Z. (2017) Food Security and Self-Sufficiency in Europe.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 17(32), z. 4: 111-119
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2017_T17(32)_n4_s111.pdf

Autor	Joanna Jaroszewska, Robert Pietrzykowski
Tytuł	Convergence of the Labour Productivity in European Union Agriculture
Title
Słowa kluczowe	labour productivity, convergence, UE
Key words
Abstrakt	The objective of the paper is to examine the changes in the level of diversification of the labour productivity in the European Union countries in the years 1998-2015, and then to determine whether there is any convergence of the labour productivity among these countries. The labour productivity has been calculated as a relation of the gross value added at constant prices per one full-time employee. The study used the Economic Accounts for Agriculture (EAA) and the Agricultural Labour Input (ALI). The study covered the European Union countries, broken down by the countries of the „old” EU (EU-15) and the countries admitted to the EU after 2004. In order to determine the changes occurring in these countries, sigma-convergence (σ) and beta-convergence (β) have been used. The study shows that after 2011 there was a process of convergence among the EU countries in terms of the labour productivity in agriculture.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Jaroszewska J., Pietrzykowski R. (2017) Convergence of the Labour Productivity in European Union Agriculture.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 17(32), z. 4: 120-129
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2017_T17(32)_n4_s120.pdf

Autor	Marzena Kacprzak, Agnieszka Król, Izabela Wielewska
Tytuł	Human Capital on the European Labour Market
Title
Słowa kluczowe	human capital, European Union, labour market, competence
Key words
Abstrakt	Efficient use of human capital and taking care of its quality in the global labour market is becoming a priority. This is primarily due to the need to function in a multicultural environment, growing competition and population aging. This article is an attempt to systematise knowledge about human capital and its use in the labour market. Attention is being drawn to the effective use of capital, including implementation of European strategies, as well as trends and challenges facing key employment issues. In addition, an effort has been made to identify key employee competencies reflecting global labour market trends. The article shows the importance of quality and investment in human resources, which is associated with the use of EU projects and programmes targeted at young people on the labour market.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kacprzak M., Król A., Wielewska I. (2017) Human Capital on the European Labour Market.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 17(32), z. 4: 143-150
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2017_T17(32)_n4_s143.pdf

Autor	Łukasz Kryszak, Jakub Staniszewski
Tytuł	The Elasticity of Agricultural Income in the EU Member States Under Different Cost Structures
Title
Słowa kluczowe	agricultural income, cost structure, European Union, income elasticity
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of this paper was to determine whether the EU countries which vary in terms of their cost structure in agriculture, differ also with regard to the influence of capital-labour ratio and land supply per worker on labour profitability. It was assumed that data concerning the presence and character of those differences can contribute to better understanding of the nature of agricultural development in the EU countries. The main sources of data used in this paper were the Economic Accounts for Agriculture (Eurostat) and the FAOStat database. The study covered the period of 2004-2014. In the article it was shown that agriculture in the EU countries is varied in terms of cost structure, and in the cluster II, including mostly the countries of the so-called “new” EU, intermediate consumption is of relatively larger significance for their cost structure. In the countries of the “old” EU an important role is played by the depreciation of buildings and external services. Stronger influence of capital-labour ratio on the payment to the factor of labour was observed in the cluster II countries. In those countries, increasing capital expenditures was a more efficient strategy to increase income.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kryszak Ł., Staniszewski J. (2017) The Elasticity of Agricultural Income in the EU Member States Under Different Cost Structures.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 17(32), z. 4: 182-192
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2017_T17(32)_n4_s182.pdf

Autor	Maurycy Graszewicz, Justyna Łapińska, Ewa Zdunek-Rosa
Tytuł	Poland's Competitive Position in Trade in Agri-Food Products with the United Kingdom – Selected Aspects
Title
Słowa kluczowe	competitive position, agri-food products, foreign trade
Key words
Abstrakt	Thirteen years have passed since Poland's accession to the European Union. This is a period long enough to make some generalisations over the accession results. This paper focuses on assessing the competitive position of Poland in trade in agri-food products with one of its most important trading partners – the United Kingdom. For this purpose, quantitative indexes of competitive positioning were used, in particular, the trade coverage ratio as well as the revealed comparative advantage indexes – RCAi and LFIi. The conducted analyses show that Poland's competitive position in agri-food trade with the United Kingdom improved markedly over the period considered. The dynamic growth in trade, especially in exports, a significant increase in the trade balance surplus, and generally favourable comparative advantage indexes for Poland show that the period of EU membership has been well utilised by Polish food producers. Polish food is increasingly eagerly bought by demanding British consumers.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Graszewicz M., Łapińska J., Zdunek-Rosa E. (2017) Poland's Competitive Position in Trade in Agri-Food Products with the United Kingdom – Selected Aspects.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 17(32), z. 4: 199-209
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2017_T17(32)_n4_s199.pdf

Autor	Agnieszka Parlińska, Maria Parlińska
Tytuł	The Crop Insurance Systems in Poland Towards the EU
Title
Słowa kluczowe	crop insurance, subsidies, risk
Key words
Abstrakt	The increasing number of unfavorable conditions of agricultural production causes the farmers to suffer severe losses in their activity. At the same time, the increase in the profitability of agricultural production, the support of numerous European Union funds, led to increased interest in insurance as an instrument supporting agricultural risk management. Hence, both the agricultural industry and the insurance industry see the need to create an effective agricultural and livestock insurance system. The paper examines the changes and scope of crop insurance in Poland towards the European Countries. There were presented issues connecting to policies, regulation and state aid rules, crop insurance level in EU countries and characteristic of the crop insurance market – case study Poland. There was used descriptive and comparative methods, as well as the selected statistical method. The analysis was performed in the years 2005-2016.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Parlińska A., Parlińska M. (2017) The Crop Insurance Systems in Poland Towards the EU.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 17(32), z. 4: 228-235
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2017_T17(32)_n4_s228.pdf

Autor	Karolina Pawlak
Tytuł	Importance and Comparative Advantages of the EU and US Agri-food Sector in World Trade in 1995-2015
Title
Słowa kluczowe	international competitiveness, comparative advantages, export specialisation, agri-food products, world trade, the EU, the US
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of the paper was to examine the evolution of the importance and comparative advantages of the EU and US agri-food sector in world trade in 1995-2015. The research is based on data from UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) resources. The following indicators were used in the comparative advantage analysis: Balassa’s Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Vollrath’s Revealed Competitiveness (RC), the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA), and the Lafay’s Trade Balance Index (TBI). In 1995-2015, the EU countries and the US were the largest players of world trade in agri-food products. The EU countries held comparative advantages in the global market as regards exports of products of animal origin whereas the exports of cereals, preparations of cereals, oilseeds and oleaginous fruits and meat products were the source of revealed comparative advantages for the US. Both the EU countries and the US reached high comparative advantages in trade in those assortment groups which corresponded to their highest shares in global exports and generated a high, consistently increasing positive trade balance. Therefore, their comparative advantages were the source of their favourable export specialisation profile, which is consistent with the classical comparative costs principle.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Pawlak K. (2017) Importance and Comparative Advantages of the EU and US Agri-food Sector in World Trade in 1995-2015 .Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 17(32), z. 4: 236-248
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2017_T17(32)_n4_s236.pdf

Autor	Anna Rytko
Tytuł	The Economic Development in the Context of the Development of Foreign Trade in Poland – a Comparison to some EU Countries
Title
Słowa kluczowe	economic growth, export diversification, export competitiveness, comparative advantage
Key words
Abstrakt	The themes of the impact of foreign trade on economic growth has been repeatedly assumed by investigators and were most often related to various aspects: the openness of the economies, economic prosperity, competitiveness and diversification of export. The objective of the research was the evaluation of changes in economic development and the development of foreign trade in Poland comparing them with the EU and some EU countries. Particular attention was given to the issue of diversification and competitiveness of exports by putting the hypothesis that the greater product diversification of Polish export, the greater its competitiveness, which leads to economic growth. The work uses the following test methods: descriptive methods, statistical methods, the indexing methods of which Indicator of the Absolute Deviations and Revealed Comparative Advantages were calculated. Export diversification can lead to speeding up the pace of economic growth. By analyzing in detail the situations in Poland can conclude that it is advisable to diversify of the export structure.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Rytko A. (2017) The Economic Development in the Context of the Development of Foreign Trade in Poland – a Comparison to some EU Countries.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 17(32), z. 4: 271-279
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2017_T17(32)_n4_s271.pdf

Autor	Ewa Wasilewska
Tytuł	Demographical Ageing of the EU Member States’ Societies
Title
Słowa kluczowe	population ageing, demographical ageing, measures of demographical senility, European Union Member States
Key words
Abstrakt	A spatial differentiation of the level of demographical senility was illustrated in the study, along with determination of dynamics of the European Union Member States ageing process (EU 27). The research period included years 1996-2016. The measures of demographical senility were used in the static and dynamical aspect. Country grouping due to the level of demographical senility advancement was performed based on statistical measures. A significant differentiation of the demographical senility level and population ageing process in the spatial system were found. The highest degree of demographical senility advancement was observed in the countries of “the old” Union but the greatest dynamics of this process was shown in the case of new Member States, including Poland and Baltic States.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Wasilewska E. (2017) Demographical Ageing of the EU Member States’ Societies.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 17(32), z. 4: 302-315
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2017_T17(32)_n4_s302.pdf

Autor	Andrzej Wiatrak
Tytuł	The Scope and Conditions of the European Union's Innovation Policy
Title
Słowa kluczowe	innovation, innovation policy, innovation policy tools
Key words
Abstrakt	This article aims to present the nature and the many directions of support for innovation processes in the EU on the one hand and to indicate the orientations of this support that could be used by Poland, including by agribusiness, on the other. The article covers the following: the nature, objectives and tools of innovation policy implementation, evolution of the European Union’s innovation policy, characteristics of EU innovation policy measures after 2010, and characteristics of EU innovation policy measures in agribusiness after 2010. It is clear from the discussion herein that innovative actions and their support in the EU encompass not only technological but also social and environmental issues, with innovation and its support being the cornerstones of various policies, hence it is important to address them systemically. In particular, tools for implementing innovation policy and innovation partnerships at various levels play a role in this respect. The article is based on the related literature as well as documents and materials concerning the EU’s innovation policy.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Wiatrak A. (2017) The Scope and Conditions of the European Union's Innovation Policy.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 17(32), z. 4: 316-325
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2017_T17(32)_n4_s316.pdf

Autor	Mykola Orlykovskyi, Ludwik Wicki, Lesia Zaburanna
Tytuł	Agriculture in Poland and Ukraine – Potential and Dynamics of Changes in Production
Title
Słowa kluczowe	productivity gap, agriculture efficiency, production factors, agriculture development
Key words
Abstrakt	The article attempts to compare the importance of agriculture and the dynamics of its development in Ukraine and Poland. The most important constraints on the development of Ukrainian agriculture were identified, including the unregulated land market, lack of coherent support programs for agriculture and rural areas, poorly developed infrastructure of the agricultural environment and lack of capital for development. It was found that agriculture in Ukraine is characterized by a high growth rate of productivity and production. The observed output gap in relation to agriculture in Poland is about 10 years. The agricultural sector in Ukraine has about 10% share in generating GDP and as much as 40% share in exports. Such high importance can be maintained even in the conditions of economic development, as there are large reserves in the development of agribusiness. The most important development factors include the introduction of a coherent program for the development of the agribusiness sector, including production of goods with high added value and increasing the availability of capital for the development of agriculture. A great opportunity is the development of trade in the conditions of affiliation with the EU.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Orlykovskyi M., Wicki L., Zaburanna L. (2017) Agriculture in Poland and Ukraine – Potential and Dynamics of Changes in Production.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 17(32), z. 4: 326-338
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2017_T17(32)_n4_s326.pdf

Autor	Oleh Ożarowski
Tytuł	Advantages and threats of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)
Title	Advantages and threats of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)
Słowa kluczowe
Key words	Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), non-tariff trade barriers,export, import
Abstrakt
Abstract	The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) is a major trade pact created to further integration of the EU and US economies. In today’s low-tariff reality, the agreement concentrates on eliminating nontariff trade barriers between the states, such as the differing standards in the European union and in the United States for given consumer goods and services. Unfortunately, a number of barriers threaten ratification. The agreement remains far from implementation and it is hard to measure how the two sides would benefit from it equally.
Cytowanie	Ożarowski O.
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Pełny tekst	AMME_2017_n1_s81.pdf

Autor	Vasyl Lypchuk, Tetiana Stepura
Tytuł	Qualimetric approaches to the quality of human potential in Ukraine
Title	Qualimetric approaches to the quality of human potential in Ukraine
Słowa kluczowe
Key words	regional human potential quality, personal paradigm, qualimetry, time–space factors, energy, degree of harmonization
Abstrakt
Abstract	The article evaluates the main parameters of human potential quality of Ukraine’s region. The assessment is based on the quantitative measurement of sustainable development. The Euclidean metric was used. The quality of human potential as a multi-structuralphenomenon characterizes the levels of human potential characteristics developed according to the environment of its formation, as well as public and personal needs. It is indicated that a structural approach should be used to study the quality of regional human potential. This necessitates the separation of certain levels of sociogenesis. Those levels include the human body, individuality and personality. Quality is formed at each of them. In this article, using qualimetry, a quantitative measure of quality was evaluated using the level of the human body. This was the basis for the premise that the quality of human potential is formed in a three-dimensional system of time, space and energy parameters, corresponding to the demographic, ecological and economic dimensions. Various indicators can be the characteristics of each of the parameters, depending on the research focus. Using the methods proposed, the quality of the human potential of Ukrainian regions was evaluated. Indicators of the degree of harmonization and the quantitative measure of the quality were calculated. It was established that analytical conclusions should be considered not only the grade of the quality achieved, but also the degree of harmonisation of internal and external factors.
Cytowanie	Lypchuk V., Stepura T.
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Pełny tekst	AMME_2017_n2_s41.pdf