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Autor	Grażyna Ancyparowicz, Miłosz Stanisławski
Tytuł	Kryterium fiskalne a procedura nadmiernego deficytu wobec Polski
Title	The Fiscal Criterion and the Excessive Deficit Procedure Against Poland
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Abstract	The formulation of the nominal convergence criteria in the Treaty establishing the European Union was dictated by the need to examine the degree of consistency in the economies of Member States. These criteria enabled verification of their readiness to participate in the Monetary Union. In particular, establishment of the fiscal criterion was aimed to impose financial discipline. Poland participates in the third stage of Economic and Monetary Union on the rights of the State with a derogation, however, it does not exempt our country from fulfilling the fiscal criterion. Exceeding the reference level of the general government sector’s deficit triggered EC’s initialization of Excessive Deficit Procedure (EDP) against our country in 2009. The answer to this challenge was the Government’s plan to consolidate public finances. In 2011, at the cost of raising tax rates and eliminating most of the allowances, while limiting transfers to Open Pension Funds (OFE) and reducing social spending, an improvement of the reference indicators was achieved. Nevertheless, the results after the first quarter of 2012 are not optimistic.
Cytowanie	Ancyparowicz G., Stanisławski M. (2012) Kryterium fiskalne a procedura nadmiernego deficytu wobec Polski.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 97: 17-30
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2012_n97_s17.pdf

Autor	Jarosław Mielcarek
Tytuł	Rachunek kosztów docelowych jako narzędzie analizy inwestycji w rolnictwie
Title	Agricultural Investment Analysis with Target Costing
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Abstract	The expression development for free cash flows to firm taking into account the flat-rate tax on special branches of agricultural production was necessary to use the target costing for the analysis of agricultural investment project. It made possible to present essential for this costing the appropriately changed formula for target minimum rate of return on sales therefore. The modified current unit cost for investment project was lower than the allowable cost. Discount criteria for acceptance of this project were fulfilled. The size of the safety margin and safety margin rate for current costs reached a level indicating a low risk of failure of the project.
Cytowanie	Mielcarek J. (2012) Rachunek kosztów docelowych jako narzędzie analizy inwestycji w rolnictwie.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 97: 111-125
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2012_n97_s111.pdf

Autor	Tomasz Kondraszuk
Tytuł	Zasady ewidencji w uproszczonych systemach podatku dochodowego w Czechach i Polsce
Title	Simplified Income Tax System in the Czech Republic and Poland, with a Particular Emphasis on the Principles of Business Tax Records
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Abstract	The purpose of this paper is an attempt to analyze the simplified tax records in the Czech Republic and Poland. In the Czech Republic a cash register for the purpose of determining the tax costs in the SME sector is successfully used. In Poland, according to the author, using NRP does not meet the basic requirements for reducing the tax burden and reducing barriers to the establishment and operation of small businesses.
Cytowanie	Kondraszuk T. (2012) Zasady ewidencji w uproszczonych systemach podatku dochodowego w Czechach i Polsce.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 97: 249-262
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2012_n97_s249.pdf

Autor	Małgorzata Hybka
Tytuł	Schematy optymalizacji podatkowej europejskich struktur holdingowych
Title	Tax Optimization Schemes of the European Holding Structures
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Abstract	The aim of the article is to demonstrate the tax optimization possibilities that may be used by holding companies. The author presents the factors taken into account by the choice of holding company location, and characterizes two of the most attractive holding regimes – the Dutch and Cyprus ones. The article presents three tax optimal holding structures, most often applied. Moreover, it contains an analysis of the American and German foreign direct investment in holding companies by countries.
Cytowanie	Hybka M. (2012) Schematy optymalizacji podatkowej europejskich struktur holdingowych.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 97: 263-275
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2012_n97_s263.pdf

Autor	Anna Czarnecka
Tytuł	Miernik incydencji podatkowej
Title	Tax Incidence Index
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Abstract	Tax incidence is a rational reaction of taxpayers to taxation. The taxpayer will attempt to shift the tax burden to other market entities. In order to analyze the degree of such shift, it is necessary to be able to measure it. This publication presents the tax incidence measure as the sum of two components: the percentage of taxation shift from the taxpayer to the recipient and the percentage of taxation shift from the taxpayer to the supplier. This index appears to be a good tool. Its advantages include an ability to measure tax incidence impacts in varying directions, the possibility to combine forward and backward incidence to show incidence against base price levels – that is the differentiation between partial, full and over incidence. The index which specifies the degree of tax incidence means it becomes an operational value, that is, it becomes measurable. We will be able to predict the effects of taxation more easily, measuring the degree of taxpayers’ reaction to taxation.
Cytowanie	Czarnecka A. (2012) Miernik incydencji podatkowej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 97: 277-286
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2012_n97_s277.pdf

Autor	Elżbieta Badach, Monika Zioło
Tytuł	Zastosowanie metod taksonomicznych do badania poziomu życia w powiatach województwa małopolskiego
Title	Application of Taxonomic Methods in Investigations of Life Quality in Districts of Małopolskie Voivodship
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Abstract	The aim of the paper is to classify districts of Małopolskie Voivodship with respect to the quality of live of the inhabitants. In order to do this the synthetic variable was constructed with the usage of Hellwig method; the diagnostic variables constituting the basis for this construction were such as the average income in given district, the level of unemployment, average area of flat and number of beds in hospitals per 10 thousand inhabitants. The analysis was based on the GUS data from 2009. As the result of the classification four groups of districts similar with respect to the quality of life were obtained.
Cytowanie	Badach E., Zioło M. (2012) Zastosowanie metod taksonomicznych do badania poziomu życia w powiatach województwa małopolskiego.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 100: 75-84
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2012_n100_s75.pdf

Autor	Danuta Zawadzka
Tytuł	Znaczenie fiskalne podatku rolnego w gminach Pomorza Środkowego
Title	Fiscal importance of the agricultural tax in the municipalities of Middle Pomerania
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Abstract	The aim of this study is the evaluation the fiscal importance of agricultural tax in the municipalities of Middle Pomerania region. The evaluation was based on the analysis of the agricultural tax revenues in the municipalities of Middle Pomerania, and also on the basis of the share of these revenues in total municipalities’ revenues, the share of these revenues in municipalities own incomes, and on the evaluation of changes in the agricultural tax revenues in the years 1995–2009.
Cytowanie	Zawadzka D. (2011) Znaczenie fiskalne podatku rolnego w gminach Pomorza Środkowego.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 88: 243-256
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n88_s243.pdf

Autor	Rafał Rosiński
Tytuł	Opodatkowanie działalności rolniczej i gospodarczej w Polsce1
Title	Fiscal analysis of the tax burden of individual agricultural farms in Poland
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Abstract	Diversification of the tax burden in relation to particular sectors of the economy is dependent on the state tax policy. Analyses show that the agricultural tax as the tax burden of individual farms rather characteristic meets the property tax because it is in fact minimal relationship between paid agricultural tax and the income obtained.
Cytowanie	Rosiński R. (2011) Opodatkowanie działalności rolniczej i gospodarczej w Polsce1.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 88: 257-266
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n88_s257.pdf

Autor	Mirosław Wasilewski
Tytuł	Finansowanie rzeczowych aktywów trwałych z budżetu państwa (na przykładzie uczelni publicznych)
Title	Financing of fi xed assets from the state treasury (exemplifi ed by public institutions of higher education)
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Abstract	The aim of this paper is to find out determinants and options for purchasing fixed assets in state-operated institutions of higher education financed by the State Treasury. Based on applicable law that regulates the possibility of State Treasury’s financing of purchase or unaided production of fixed assets in public institutions of higher education, a detailed analysis was performed. An examination of the currently valid method and a procedure of fixed assets financing revealed difficulties encountered by institutions of higher education in the course of investments financed with State Treasury funds. Applicable statutory regulations concernig the limitation of financing of fixed assets with a subsidy specifically designated for the purchase or production of fixed assets contain significant complications, thus restricting operations and development of institutions of higher education. Values provided in taxation law, allowing for one-off depreciation or introducing limits for one-off depreciation are applicable to certain values, different groups of fixed assets and different businesses (that pay income tax). An institution of higher education is not a payer of income tax and as such it makes use of balance sheet regulations only (based on accounting policy), and it does not make use of tax policy. Tax reliefs do not impact on effectiveness of management of resources of an institution of higher education, and recording of one-off depreciation of fixed assets with a final value below an amount allowed for such depreciation results in the deformaion of financial result and economic/financial image of such an institution.
Cytowanie	Wasilewski M. (2011) Finansowanie rzeczowych aktywów trwałych z budżetu państwa (na przykładzie uczelni publicznych).Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 89: 5-16
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n89_s5.pdf

Autor	Daniela Zabielska
Tytuł	Uwarunkowania zasad funkcjonowania podatku VAT w gospodarstwach rolnych
Title	Conditioning of the operation of the VAT rules in agricultural
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Abstract	In the paper methods of accounting for VAT were presented and compared between flatclears farmers and farmers – payers of VAT in general principles. For example, the selected farms was showed measurable financial benefits when the farmer has been giving up the flat-rate VAT system. It was presented the views of 50 farmers from the Podlaskie voivodship about experiences with the transition to pay VAT in general principles. The results of research which shows that the main cause of change in accounting, particularly for farmers investing in fixed assets (machinery and buildings), there are high returns on the excess input tax due, taxpayers may have to spend on further development of his farm. It also showed that farmers’ knowledge on the economic benefits of altering the status of flat clearers farmer to farmer who pay VAT in general principles is more available and farmers are increasingly inclined to opt for such a solution. Farmers keeping VAT accounts and records often rely entities possessing the necessary expertise in tax matters.
Cytowanie	Zabielska D. (2011) Uwarunkowania zasad funkcjonowania podatku VAT w gospodarstwach rolnych.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 89: 61-74
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n89_s61.pdf

Autor	Magdalena Forfa
Tytuł	Podatek rolny a rozwój gospodarstw rolnych
Title	Agricultural tax and the development of farms
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Abstract	The study presents the construction of agricultural tax is anachronistic. Moreover the article presents it was not achieved the objectives of the reform of 1984. The construction of agricultural tax reduces the role of fiscal functions. Agricultural tax in relation to the revenues achieved from the farms, is much lower. The revenues of community for agricultural tax are at a very low level. It is lack of factors in the structure of agricultural tax that affect to increase the surface area of farms. Flow of workers from agriculture to other sectors of the economy is blocked not only by the taxation system, but also by an insurance scheme.
Cytowanie	Forfa M. (2011) Podatek rolny a rozwój gospodarstw rolnych.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 89: 75-82
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n89_s75.pdf

Autor	Ireneusz Skłodowski
Tytuł	Opodatkowanie a rentowność branży niskiego hazardu
Title	Taxation and the low profi tability of the gambling industry
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Abstract	The article defines the profitability of low gambling. Setting the tax on gambling at the level of 2000 zł will cause lowering of the profitability of low gambling. Remaining profitability is possible at the tax on gambling lower than 1900 zł. The optimal tax rate should be set at 1500 zł. It would allow to gain the budget profit of 590 mln zł.
Cytowanie	Skłodowski I. (2011) Opodatkowanie a rentowność branży niskiego hazardu.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 89: 187-196
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n89_s187.pdf

Autor	Marzena Ganc
Tytuł	Sprawiedliwość opodatkowania rolnictwa oraz możliwości zmian w tym zakresie w opinii rolników indywidualnych
Title	Fairness of taxation of agriculture and the possibility of changes in this regard in the opinion of farmers
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Abstract	The purpose of the article was to determine the opinion of individual farmers in the field of justice tax system previously used in agriculture and the introduction of income tax. In the opinion of the respondents of farming conditions in Poland are much less favorable than in the EU-15, which justifies the preferential treatment of agriculture in terms of tax in relation to other branches of farm. In addition, farmers are willing to accept the introduction of income tax provided that the taxable income would be valued less labor costs and their own preferred system would work incentives and exemptions in this regard.
Cytowanie	Ganc M. (2011) Sprawiedliwość opodatkowania rolnictwa oraz możliwości zmian w tym zakresie w opinii rolników indywidualnych.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 89: 207-218
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n89_s207.pdf

Autor	Andrzej Czyżewski
Tytuł	Wpływ opodatkowania dochodów rolniczych na sytuację ekonomiczną indywidualnych gospodarstw rolnych z obszaru intensywnego rolnictwa (próba symulacji w odniesieniu do gospodarstw FADN z powiatu gostyńs
Title	Impact of income tax on the economic situation of individual farms in the area of intensive agriculture (simulation for FADN farms of the county gostyński)
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Abstract	In the research the attempt to check the influence of levying a tax on agriculture for the economic situation of individual farms from Gostyń province, taking part in FADN (the system of farm bookkeeping). On the basis of the results of that simulation, it was tried to specify the effect of progressive and proportionally - linear tax on the amount of income from farming, remaining to them after taxation. The analisys was made on the group of forty-five farms FADN from Gostyń province, taking into account classes according to area( up to 20 ha and from 20 ha and more), vitality economic ( up to 20 ESU and fro m 20 to 50 ESU) and farm types. It was shown that levying taxes on farm incomes may have the negative effect on income remaining to farm disposal from Gostyń province, taking part in FADN. Especially it is connected with specialized farms and those with high economic vitality, tested in that attempt
Cytowanie	Czyżewski A. (2011) Wpływ opodatkowania dochodów rolniczych na sytuację ekonomiczną indywidualnych gospodarstw rolnych z obszaru intensywnego rolnictwa (próba symulacji w odniesieniu do gospodarstw FADN z powiatu gostyńs.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 92: 5-16
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n92_s5.pdf

Autor	Jarosław Gołębiewski
Tytuł	Obciążenia podatkowe przedsiębiorstw agrobiznesu
Title	Tax burden as a factor affecting behavior of enterprises in the food marketing chain
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Abstract	The purpose of this study was plotting changes in the level of taxation of enterprises operating in the food marketing chain. Particular attention was paid to determine the effect of income tax law on the behavior of operators in the sectors of production and distribution of food. Evaluation of effective tax rate helped to determine the effectiveness of diversity of enterprises in different sectors of the food economy in the optimization of the tax burden.
Cytowanie	Gołębiewski J. (2011) Obciążenia podatkowe przedsiębiorstw agrobiznesu.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 92: 17-30
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n92_s17.pdf

Autor	Arkadiusz Sadowski
Tytuł	Ekonomiczne przesłanki sposobu rozliczania podatku VAT w gospodarstwach rolnych w świetle zmian przepisów w 2011 roku
Title	Economic grounds for VAT settlement scheme in farms, after regulatory amendments in 2011
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Abstract	The exemplary farm was analyzed in the paper, in order to assess if regulatory amendments in 2011 resulted in changes of VAT settlement schemes in agricultural holdings. The results show that in 2010 and 2011 the analyzed farm generates higher income using lump-sum tax. This is a result of farm’s spending structure, where basic means of production and services predominate. The situation might change if the farm started to invest, which would require purchasing goods with higher VAT rate.
Cytowanie	Sadowski A. (2011) Ekonomiczne przesłanki sposobu rozliczania podatku VAT w gospodarstwach rolnych w świetle zmian przepisów w 2011 roku.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 92: 31-40
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n92_s31.pdf

Autor	Agnieszka Ginter
Tytuł	Korzyści finansowe z tytułu podatku VAT w wybranych gospodarstwach rolnych dokonujących inwestycji
Title	Financial benefi ts of VAT on selected farms investing
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Abstract	The aim of the article was to show the financial benefits of the lump-sum tax resignation of Value Added Tax in farms, which are progressing by investment in modern agricultural equipment. Ine article was proved that polish farmers are awareness of accounting system for the value added tax. To analise the problem the experiment was carried out in sixteen farms, located on Mazovia woivodeship, in three districts, siedlecki district, sokołowski district and węgrowski district. Nine farms were taxed on bases rules and sewen were lump-sum tax payers. The data were collected
Cytowanie	Ginter A. (2011) Korzyści finansowe z tytułu podatku VAT w wybranych gospodarstwach rolnych dokonujących inwestycji.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 92: 41-50
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n92_s41.pdf

Autor	Tomasz Siudek
Tytuł	Podatek bankowy – konsekwencje dla sektora bankowego w Polsce
Title	Bank levy – implications for the banking sector in Poland
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Abstract	The paper concerns with a bank levy as an instrument of state regulation aimed at increasing the stability of the financial system. The analysis shows that in the case of Poland, an introduction of the bank levy at a rate of 0.39% of total assets would cause a significant rise in the tax burden on banks. According to our simulations, if the bank levy had been applied to the banks in the period 1999–2009, the total return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) would have gone down respectively by 0.39% and 5.90%. As a result, development of the banking sector, considered as a main driver of national economy, would have been slower.
Cytowanie	Siudek T. (2011) Podatek bankowy – konsekwencje dla sektora bankowego w Polsce.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 92: 63-76
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n92_s63.pdf

Autor	Olaf Kowalski, Jerzy Różyński
Tytuł	Obciążenia finansowe na przykładzie wybranych banków spółdzielczych
Title	Fiscal burden on example of chosen cooperative banks
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Abstract	The following article is divided into three chapters. First issue raised in the study is the assessment of economic-financial condition of cooperative banks based on primary financial figures characteristic for entire banking sector. Collected data is a precious source of information about the position of cooperative banks in relation to entire banking sector. The second chapter refers to fiscal burden imposed on entitles of cooperative banking. Authors focused here on basic tax responsibilities, which under currently applicable law are imposed on entire banking sector including cooperative banks. Third chapter indicates other financial charges, which from authors point of view are critical for comprehensive representation of studied issues
Cytowanie	Kowalski O., Różyński J. (2011) Obciążenia finansowe na przykładzie wybranych banków spółdzielczych.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 92: 77-88
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n92_s77.pdf

Autor	Magdalena Forfa
Tytuł	Obciążenia fiskalne gospodarstw rolniczych w zależności od wielkości ekonomicznej oraz typu rolniczego
Title	The level of fiscal burden in farms in relation european size unit and type of farming
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Abstract	The aim of the paper is to define the level of fiscal burden in farms in relation european size and type of farming in Mazowsze and Podlasie region, in Poland and also in selected European Union countries. The period of farm investigation covers the years 2004–2008. On the basis of conducted research has been ascertained that farms which had lower economic power (ESU), had the highest level of fiscal burden. In addition, the type of farm – “milk” paid the lowest taxes in relation to their income. Thus, the tax system favors farms, where production is highly dependent on land and high economic strength.
Cytowanie	Forfa M. (2011) Obciążenia fiskalne gospodarstw rolniczych w zależności od wielkości ekonomicznej oraz typu rolniczego.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 92: 89-102
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n92_s89.pdf