Annals of Marketing Management and Economics 2016 2 (1)

Autor	Pervez Akhtar,
Tytuł	An analysis of capital structure determinants using the example of Pakistan’s cement sector companies listed on the Karachi stock exchange
Title
Słowa kluczowe
Key words	capital structure determinants, cement sector, KSE Pakistan
Abstrakt
Abstract	This paper examines the capital structure determinants of Pakistan’s cement sector. The sample is based on 21 cement sector companies listed on the national stock exchange of Pakistan, the Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE). Debt/equity was taken as the dependent variable Chile independent variables were sales growth, profitability, financial cost, company size and tangibility. The overall results showed that financial cost and tangibility have positive relationship with the dependent variable. The three other variables growth, profitability and size are negatively correlated with leverage.
Cytowanie	Akhtar P.
Pełny tekst	AMME_2016_n1_s5.pdf
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DOI	10.22630/AMME.2016.2.1.1

Autor	Dariusz Chalimoniuk, Wojciech Pizło,
Tytuł	The influence of the operational programme innovative economy on individuals at risk of the digital divide and their participation in the electronic economy
Title
Słowa kluczowe
Key words	information society, digital divide (digital divide), Operational Programme
Abstrakt
Abstract	The article examines the influence of the Operational Programme Innovative Economy on individuals whose participation in the electronic economy is threatened by the digital divide. The aim was to diagnose the digital divide in the context of the Information Society and to assess the level of digital divide. The empirical material was a survey on a sample of 1,487 questionnaires, 1,402 of which were ultimately accepted and analysed. The sample consisted of individuals benefiting from the Operational Programme Innovative Economy – Measure 8.3, Counteracting Digital divide – eInclusion. The article presents the essence of the information society by looking at the ideas of A. Toffler, D. Bell, M. Castells, M. Bangemann and T. Goban-Class, as well as the nature of the digital divide and e-Inclusion. It was found that, after joining the programme, beneficiaries significantly increased their use of Internet encyclopedias (from 52 to 75.1%), as well as participation in online courses. Respondents also showed an increase in the use of electronic banking (the number of respondents who opened up an online bank account rose from 31.8 to 49.9%).
Cytowanie	Chalimoniuk D., Pizło W.
Pełny tekst	AMME_2016_n1_s13.pdf
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DOI	10.22630/AMME.2016.2.1.2

Autor	Izabela Dobrowolska,
Tytuł	European Union policy for the socio-economic development of Africa
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Key words	Africa, socio-economic development, the European Union, growth, prosperity
Abstrakt
Abstract	The main goal of the research was to show the European Union’s policy towards the regional development of the African continent. Recently, Africa has played a very important role on the international political arena and it has been empowered thanks to a plentiful supply of raw materials. The Communities’ help is based mainly on financial support and promotion of the Mediterranean area. Under the long-term cooperation between the two continents, many agreements, acts, and documents have been signed that would directly benefit the African states and indirectly help the entire European Union. While these documents and agreements cover a variety of matters, including environmental protection and human rights, they are diffuse and lack clear goals. The article relies on the relevant and current literature and a variety of statistics.
Cytowanie	Dobrowolska I.
Pełny tekst	AMME_2016_n1_s25.pdf
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DOI	10.22630/AMME.2016.2.1.3

Autor	Beata Kowalczyk,
Tytuł	Changes to the system of direct payments in the framework of the CAP reform for the years 2014–2020
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Słowa kluczowe
Key words	direct payment system, direct payment budget and rates, CAP reform
Abstrakt
Abstract	The article examines the changes that have been made to the direct payments system as a result of the most recent reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) for the years 2014–2020. It presents a model division of direct payment funds taken on by the countries and institutions of the EU, as well as changes to the national budgets and payments for 1 ha of agricultural land resulting from the redistribution and the ability to transfer funds between the CAP’s two pillars. It also presents solutions individual countries have used in choosing components available in the direct payment system and the division of national budgets allocated for their realisation. Results of the analysis show that the amount of direct payments in Poland has grown and that EU Member States have taken a variety of approaches to shaping the new national payment system.
Cytowanie	Kowalczyk B.
Pełny tekst	AMME_2016_n1_s39.pdf
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DOI	10.22630/AMME.2016.2.1.4

Autor	Mateusz Drzazga, Anna Karpa, Teresa Łaguna, Michał Pawelec, Mariusz Piórkowski,
Tytuł	Customer transport preferences in services offered by the regional Olsztyn-Mazury airport in Szymany
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Słowa kluczowe
Key words	air transport, regional airport, air transport offer, additional services, studying preferences
Abstrakt
Abstract	The aim of the study was to research, analyse and evaluate preferences concerning the services offered by the Regional Olsztyn-Mazury Airport in Szymany. A questionnaire was used as the research tool. The researched groups were students and employees of the Faculty of Economics of Warminsko-Mazurski University in Olsztyn. Number of 1,136 people, accounting for 38.77% of the student body and employees, responded. Thus they were statistically representative. The theoretical part of the paper discusses air transport in Poland. Definitions and features of the air transport market are presented, as are the relationship between supply and demand for passenger transport services. Information about Polish airports is presented along with development trends of the airports and the role of the regional airports. The empirical section presents the characteristics of Regional Olsztyn-Mazury Airport in Szymany. Questionnaire respondents were described by gender, age, occupation and income. The preferences of the interviewees concerning transport services offered by the airport are presented. The research shows that a significant numer of respondents would be unwilling to use the services, though there are factors that could encourage them (lower prices and more services). The article also examines demand for a list of frequently visited destinations, the reasons for travelling, and the need to adjust transport services to demand.
Cytowanie	Drzazga M., Karpa A., Łaguna T., Pawelec M., Piórkowski M.
Pełny tekst	AMME_2016_n1_s53.pdf
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DOI	10.22630/AMME.2016.2.1.5

Autor	Eugeniusz Michalski,
Tytuł	International competitive intelligence
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Key words	international trade, market, competition, commercial risk, price risk, international environment
Abstrakt
Abstract	Creating international competitive intelligence is the foundation of an enterprise’s entry and existence in a foreign market. Good preparation for international trade and the exchange of goods and services requires intelligence to be collected and examined. An enterprise needs to determine sources of competitive intelligence as well as set up foreign market entry strategies and activities under the existing conditions. For that, it must know the nature and scope of international competitive intelligence. To understand the factors shaping business activities, it should also study the competition between local and foreign enterprises in a foreign country, commercial organisations and risk in price fluctuations.
Cytowanie	Michalski E.
Pełny tekst	AMME_2016_n1_s67.pdf
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DOI	10.22630/AMME.2016.2.1.6

Autor	Tomasz Mutrynowski,
Tytuł	Regulatory determinants of US automotive market structure – an overview
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Słowa kluczowe
Key words	American automotive market, interventionism, General Motors, Ford, Chrysler
Abstrakt
Abstract	Governments have different measures at their disposal to influence the car market and thus achieve particular goals. Indirect interventionism, thanks to i.e. environmental regulation, should include social welfare. The American automotive market is more than 100 years old and has been the subject of various regulations that have shaped its structure. The Big Three of the US car industry (General Motors, Ford Motor Company, Chrysler) has changed over the last 50 years into The Big Six, which now includes Nissan, Honda, and Toyota. Analysis shows how fiscal and environmental policies influence particular sectors. This should be a revealing lesson for Polish automotive market regulators, especially when we need to deal with our own problems, such as the high average age of vehicles. The article also describes government activity in rescuing a key national economic sector. The financial crisis of 2008 showed that market mechanisms are not sufficient. Possible further losses related to the collapsing car industry forced the government to take control of the bankruptcy of GM and Chrysler.
Cytowanie	Mutrynowski T.
Pełny tekst	AMME_2016_n1_s79.pdf
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DOI	10.22630/AMME.2016.2.1.7

Autor	Mariusz Nyk,
Tytuł	Tax planning for small and medium enterprises (SMEs)
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Słowa kluczowe
Key words	tax optimisation, corporate sector, income tax
Abstrakt
Abstract	This study points to the essence of appropriate differentiation among tax optimisation, tax savings, tax evasion and tax avoidance. It discusses criteria for choosing taxation forms for entities in the small and medium enterprise sector that do not have a legal personality (in other words, they are run by natural persons and pay personal income tax). It uses a case study based on actual economic data, taking into account applicable tax regulations. The study concludes with recommendations for entrepreneurs facing the dilemma of choosing the form of income taxation that is most appropriate for them, keeping in mind that tax planning is an element of the entity’s operating strategy.
Cytowanie	Nyk M.
Pełny tekst	AMME_2016_n1_s91.pdf
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DOI	10.22630/AMME.2016.2.1.8

Autor	Katarzyna Podhorodecka,
Tytuł	The impact of the global economic crisis on tourism in Cyprus
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Słowa kluczowe
Key words	Cyprus, tourism economy, global economic crisis
Abstrakt
Abstract	The Global economic crisis had an impact on tourism movement all over the world and especially on island territories. However, some island territories coped better with the effects of the crisis than others. Cyprus was one that saw tourists visits return to pre-crisis levels. The main aim of the article was to examine how Cyprus dealt with the global economic crisis. Three questions were here posed: First, is there a correlation between the changes in the GDP growth rate in the main markets that send tourists to Cyprus and the changes in the number of tourist arrivals from these markets? Did the actions taken by the National Tourism Administration and National Tourism Organisation, during the global economic crisis, increase the number of tourist visits to the island? Was there, during the period analysed, a correlation between foreign tourists arrivals and Cyprus’ GDP growth rate? The methods used in the article included statistical analysis as well as analysis of the literature and of strategic documents. A correlation between the changes in GDP from the main markets and the number of tourists visiting Cyprus from these markets was observed. Moreover the actions taken by the National Tourism Administration were only partly effective. The correlation between the changes in foreign tourist arrivals visiting Cyprus and the changes in Cyprus’ GDP was estimated as weak.
Cytowanie	Podhorodecka K.
Pełny tekst	AMME_2016_n1_s99.pdf
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DOI	10.22630/AMME.2016.2.1.9

Autor	Hanna Soroka-Potrzebna,
Tytuł	Survival analysis of newly formed companies in the years 2009–2013
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Key words	analysis, company, barrier
Abstrakt
Abstract	New companies are an opportunity to develop a region, increase its employment and GDP, and push a country’s economy forward. However, only some of them survive the barriers and vicissitudes the economy throws up before them. Analysis of data on Polandallow us to assess whether the country’s economy enables newly formed companies to survive more than a year or two, or if tends to close the door on them before they can fully develop their activities. The article also shows the types of barriers that are most burdensome for newly formed companies, and what should be changed so that Polish enterprise can grow.
Cytowanie	Soroka-Potrzebna H.
Pełny tekst	AMME_2016_n1_s111.pdf
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DOI	10.22630/AMME.2016.2.1.10

Autor	Aneta Szara,
Tytuł	Talent management programmes in the retail industry designed for university graduates
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Słowa kluczowe
Key words	development programmes, social competencies, manager competencies, trainings, mentoring, coaching
Abstrakt
Abstract	The article systematises issues concerning managerial skills development programmes dedicated to university graduates. Conclusions and recommendations have been collected to define key competencies and roles of people supporting participants as well as to establish a training scheme which allows graduates to move into their first managerial position. Recommendations are based on commentary from a case study done on a trade company analysed to define a development and conditioning programme for potential future managers. An important result was that such programmes reach out to young people preparing to hold a specialist or managerial position while also helping the organisation to provide good quality staff which realises the goals of the company. In other words, the analysis shows that the interests of both sides are consistent in career development. Moreover, the training programmes make it possible to realise the goals of the organisation.
Cytowanie	Szara A.
Pełny tekst	AMME_2016_n1_s121.pdf
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DOI	10.22630/AMME.2016.2.1.11

Autor	Zygmunt Waśkowski,
Tytuł	Relationship management in effective sports sponsorship
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Słowa kluczowe
Key words	sports sponsoring, partnership relations, sports marketing
Abstrakt
Abstract	Sponsoring on the sports market should be treated not as a promotional tool, but rather as the act of building a relationship network, which is created and developed as the partners cooperate. Such a point of view brings about new challenges connected to managing a sports organisation and requirements towards positioning sponsoring in the marketing communication strategy of the sponsor to emerge in the context of expected effectiveness of all activities. The cooperation between a sports organisation and a sponsor requires a processual approach and the implementation of rules favouring the process of building a partnership. The process of managing the relations in the relationship network should be analysed on the strategy level, and consider the business and the expectations of each partner. Because those expectations can differ, and there may be a relative lack of desire to cooperate, which is rather common on the Polish sports market, managing a relationship network is a challenge that is difficult to coordinate.
Cytowanie	Waśkowski Z.
Pełny tekst	AMME_2016_n1_s135.pdf
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DOI	10.22630/AMME.2016.2.1.12

Autor	Wojciech Wychowaniec,
Tytuł	Age management as an opportunity to manage employees effectively in the light of demographic changes
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Słowa kluczowe
Key words	age management, older workers, labour market
Abstrakt
Abstract	The goal of this article is to analyse the main threats and benefits that accompany the implementation of age management policy, a method that enables workers aged 45+ to be highly effective. The article presents a demographic prognosis on the changing structure of human capital in the labour market, which determines the growing importance of age management in enterprises. The text contains an analysis of the key threats arising from a lack of employer action on age management, and the benefits that may be gained from age management policy. The article also examined the inevitability of changes, which will appear in the age structure of Polish people in the labour market and in companies. These particular changes will determinate plenty of consequences, mostly for employers, because the new personnel will require a slightly different management approach. My intention is to adapt the work to the requirements of the scientific community, as well as to the needs of labour market experts and business practitioners. This is why the paradigm of radical humanism was chosen for the article.
Cytowanie	Wychowaniec W.
Pełny tekst	AMME_2016_n1_s145.pdf
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DOI	10.22630/AMME.2016.2.1.13