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Autor	Włodzimierz Kołodziejczak
Tytuł	DECOMPOSITION OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN RURAL POPULATION ON THE BASIS OF MAIN SOURCES OF INCOME IN 2002–2009 AND 2016
Title
Słowa kluczowe	natural unemployment, labour flows, rural population
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of the paper is to present a decomposition of unemployment in the rural population into the structural and cyclical components in groups distinguished based on their main source of household income. This study was conducted using the method estimating the level of natural unemployment (equilibrium unemployment) proposed by the Centre for Economic Policy Research (1995). The analysis was based on individual, unweighted, quarterly raw data provided by the Polish LFS (BAEL) from the years 2002–2009 and 2016. The professional situation of the rural population in the analysed period improved, which was manifested in an increase in the employment rate and a reduction of the actual unemployment rate. Between the periods of 2002–2005 and 2006–2009 actual unemployment ‘followed’ the lower values of equilibrium unemployment. In 2016 the actual unemployment rate was lower than in previous periods; however, an adverse change was observed for its relation to the natural unemployment rate. If we assume that it will – as previously – strive to attain the equilibrium level, in the case of a downturn on the market for goods and services the actual unemployment among the rural population may considerably increase, particularly in the group of individuals whose main source of income is provided by unemployment benefits and the family farm.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kołodziejczak W.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s102.pdf

Autor	Zuzanna Szymaniuk
Tytuł	THE PHENOMENON OF LAND ABANDONMENT IN THE OPINIONS OF AGRICULTURAL ADVISERS (EXAMPLE OF PODLASKIE VOIVODESHIP)
Title
Słowa kluczowe	land abandonment, land use, agriculture, Podlaskie Voivodeship
Key words
Abstrakt	The phenomenon of abandoning agricultural land is the same as discontinuing the agricultural use of certain agricultural land, the causes of which should be sought in environmental, economic and social factors. In the Podlaskie Voivodeship, agriculture plays a key role in economic life due to the significant number of lands classified as agricultural and century-old tradition of agriculture. The research assessed the existence of threats that could cause the problem of abandonment of agricultural land in the region and indicated the complexity of the land abandonment phenomenon. The study is based on opinions of advisers from the regional Agricultural Extension Service Centre. The results indicated that the process of ceasing to use agricultural land is the result of many factors that mutually influence and strengthen each other.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Szymaniuk Z.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s95.pdf

Autor	Aleksander Grzelak, Agnieszka Sapa
Tytuł	FOOD SECURITY PROBLEMS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN COUNTRIES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	food security, Global Food Security Index, Sub-Saharan Africa
Key words
Abstrakt	The main purpose of the study is to identify food security problems in Sub-Saharan African countries. Despite progress in increasing food security in the world, it is still one of the most important challenges facing Sub- -Saharan Africa. The research shows that the food security is different across countries. The more favourable situation takes place in South Africa, Botswana, while at the other extreme are countries such as Madagascar, Burundi and Sierra Leone. The economic affordability of food seems to be the most important problem for these countries. So an inclusive growth could be a chance to improve the level of food security.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Grzelak A., Sapa A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s89.pdf

Autor	Marta Domagalska-Grędys
Tytuł	EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION AND EDUCATION IN COOPERATION BETWEEN AGRICULTURAL HOLDINGS MAINTAINING CONSERVATIVE BREED ANIMALS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	cooperation goals, knowledge exchange and education, livestock conservative breeds, principal component analysis (PCA)
Key words
Abstrakt	The development by means of cooperation, an exchange of knowledge and education is of crucial importance in the contemporary knowledge-based economy. The goal of the study was to determine important goals in cooperation with regard to the scope of knowledge and education of agricultural holdings maintaining conservative breed animals in the region of fragmented agriculture (South-Eastern Poland). The studied entities contribute to an increased biodiversity and maintenance of small agricultural holdings. The conditions of cooperation basing on an exchange of knowledge and education are laid down based on the results of a questionnaire study conducted among 145 agricultural holdings and principal component analyses (PCA). The evaluation of the exchange of knowledge and education varied within the industry. The highest degree of approval for the exchange of knowledge and education was among breeders of pigs and cows, the lowest among sheep breeders. It was demonstrated that participation in fairs and trainings improved the evaluation of analysed cooperation.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Domagalska-Grędys M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s81.pdf

Autor	Marlena Piekut
Tytuł	CONSUMPTION PATTERNS AMONG ONE-PERSON HOUSEHOLDS OF NEVER MARRIED IN POLAND
Title
Słowa kluczowe	single-person households, consumption, goods, services
Key words
Abstrakt	The scientific objective of the study was to identify consumption patterns in one-person households of never- married women and men, living independently. Ward’s grouping method make possible to establish the number of households’ clusters. The final stage of household grouping procedure, regarding consumption expenditures was accomplished with k-means clustering method. It can be concluded that distinguishing the consumption patterns for one-person households of never married is possible on the basis of diversification both level and structure of incomes in these households as well as socio-demographic differences between them. Depending on economic and socio-demographic variables, disparate consumption patterns for these types of households can be observed. In addition, it’s worth stressing that household having different level of income (although coming from similar source) but similar demographic structure show greater similarity than households having similar financial situation.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Piekut M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s75.pdf

Autor	Magdalena Cyrek, Piotr Cyrek
Tytuł	DIFFERENCE IN CONSUMPTION BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL HOUSEHOLDS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	consumption, well-being, households, city-countryside
Key words
Abstrakt	Levels of income, consumer expenditure and their structure display significant disproportions between areas of different degrees of urbanisation. These disproportions are reflected both in the objective comparison and subjectively perceived material situation of households. This study contains an assessment of the differences in income and consumption in rural areas and cities of Poland at a national level and in relation to the Subcarpathian Province, as a less developed region. The results of public statistic surveys were supplemented with the results of own research regarding the perception of the situation by the inhabitants of Subcarpathia. The scale of existing socio-economic disproportion in spatial layout and directions of changes in accordance to objective and subjective indicators were identified. The changes in the value of purchases of various types of products, levels of savings and living conditions were addressed. In order to verify the hypothesis of consumption convergence in the city-countryside system, a statistical analysis of national structures was carried out and the differences in change patterns typical for urban and rural households in Subcarpathia were identified. This research allows to conclude that there exist adverse disproportions in rural development and some signs of overcoming them on a national and regional level.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Cyrek M., Cyrek P.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s68.pdf

Autor	Ilir Kapaj, Maksim Meco, Ilir Tomorri
Tytuł	THE FARM TYPOLOGIES AND ITS PERFORMANCE IN ALBANIA (CASE OF ELBASAN)
Title
Słowa kluczowe	Elbasani region, farm typology, farm performance
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of this paper is to determine the farm typology in Elbasan region and orient policy maker’s agriculture support scheme. Albania is divided into 12 regions and 61 municipality. Region of Elbasan is one of the intermediate ones4 and consists of 4 districts (district of Elbasan, Gramsh, Librazhd and Peqin). Elbasan ranked third by the availability of agricultural land in the country after Fier and Korca (72,872 ha or 10.4% of the agricultural land area at country level). Despite the size of the agricultural land area, it should be considered that a good part of it lies in hilly and mountainous part especially in Librazhd and Gramsh districts. Besides construction and development services, there is observed a growing trend of agricultural activity especially in terms of olive and vegetables cultivation in open field and greenhouses. In this region operate about 32,439 farms. The average farm family size is 4.9 persons, while the national average farm size is 4.5 persons (MAFCP, 2012). The farm typology was determined using nine indicators. Based on these indicators are identified the following type of cluster/typology for Elbasani district: poly-culture for market; livestock; leisure farms; fruit trees; arable crop farm; self-sufficiency. The farm performance was determined using factors productivity which reveals that farms that belong to the poly-culture for market, livestock and self-sufficient clusters are performing better than other clusters.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kapaj I., Meco M., Tomorri I.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s59.pdf

Autor	Robert Nowacki
Tytuł	USE OF ICT SERVICES AT FOOD PROCESSING ENTERPRISES AND THE INFORMATION SOCIETY DEVELOPMENT
Title
Słowa kluczowe	food processing, ICT, ICT services, information society
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of the article is to analyse the scale of use and to assess the services related to modern information and communication technologies at food processing enterprises and to identify the dependencies between the obtained indices and the features characterising the entities surveyed. The grounds for considerations are findings of the surveys with 201 managers of enterprises of this sector, differentiated in terms of size. The analysis comprised the three areas of ICT services: telecommunications services, services related to software and consultancy in the IT area, and information-related services. The results indicate a wide scope of the use of ICT services – telecommunication services are used by all the entities surveyed, those related to software and consultancy – by three quarters, while information-related services – by almost 60%. In case of all entities there are noted growing outlays on their application, justified, on the one side, by the demand, and, on the other side, by high appraisals of their quality and up-to-datedness (more than 70% of indications) as well as their impact on competitiveness of the entities using them (percentages at the level of more than 60%). It must be said that there occur quite big differences in the indices obtained, due to the features of the enterprises in question. Most often statistically significant dependencies appear in case of information-related services – they are determined by the size of enterprises and the origin of their capital. In case of the services related to software and IT consultancy, the said dependencies also concern the enterprises’ size and, additionally, the range of their activities. Definitely most seldom the statistically significant dependencies occur in case of telecommunication services.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Nowacki R.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s51.pdf

Autor	Irina Pilvere, Aleksandra Rizojewa-Silava, Sandija Zeverte-Rivza
Tytuł	AGRICULTURE MODELLING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
Title
Słowa kluczowe	agriculture, simulation, models, system
Key words
Abstrakt	Agriculture is an important sector of the national economy. Modelling in agriculture is extensively used to evaluate and simulate the development of this industry. There are two main purposes for the development of agricultural models: to develop a scientific understanding of a particular system and obtain information in order to justify agricultural policy decisions and predict their implications. The purpose of this study is to analyse the models used in agriculture in the European Union (EU). To reach these purposes, the following research tasks were set: (1) to analyse the theoretical aspects of simulation modelling; (2) to explore the key agricultural simulation models employed in the EU. The research found that simulation modelling is often used in agriculture by policy makers. There are eight key models of different complexity which are being used to predict the development of the agricultural sector in the EU.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Pilvere I., Rizojewa-Silava A., Zeverte-Rivza S.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s45.pdf

Autor	Bruno Chiarini, Antonella Dagostino, Elisabetta Marzano, Andrea Regoli
Tytuł	SUSTAINABILITY IN URBAN VS. RURAL AREAS: A COMPARISON OF SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE INDICATORS ACROSS EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	perception of pollution, concentration of particulate matter, cross-country comparison
Key words
Abstrakt	In this paper, starting from the approach described in Chiarini et al. (2017), who have provided a subjective measure of the environmental impact of cities (subjective EIC) at the country level, we extend the analysis comparing their indicator with the objective measure of the environmental impact of cities (objective EIC) suggested by Agenda 2030, namely mean levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10). The comparison between subjective and objective indicators of the EIC is a novelty in the panorama of the available studies, and provides useful results for policy analysis. In fact, the relative ranking of countries changes according to the metric adopted, and the analysis of association with macroeconomic indicators of development and growth reveal that subjective and objective EIC indicators might influence/be influenced by different macrofactors.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Chiarini B., Dagostino A., Marzano E., Regoli A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s140.pdf

Autor	Alesia Efremova
Tytuł	ROLE OF POULTRY INDUSTRY IN PUBLIC FOOD SUPPLY
Title
Słowa kluczowe	livestock, poultry industry, poultry meat, egg, food supplies
Key words
Abstrakt	Within the framework of implementation of overarching national tasks, special attention is paid to the food production and the matter of keeping up with the consumer demand for quality food, which is of national significance. The poultry industry is able to make its fairly considerable contribution into solving the problems of the consumer demand for valuable healthy food products; and to create conditions for the national food security owing to this industry economic growth based on its production potential development and strengthening. The domestic and foreign practice clearly demonstrates that it is possible to provide the population with quality food within a relatively short term, primarily due to the increase of egg and poultry meat production. The poultry industry is not only the most dynamic and fast-growing branch of the livestock farming, but also it has the most intensive production methods. The aim of this article is to determine the influence and the role of the poultry industry on providing the population with food supplies in present-day conditions in the world.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Efremova A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s29.pdf

Autor	Roma Ryś-Jurek
Tytuł	FAMILY FARM INCOME AND THEIR PRODUCTION AND ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS ACCORDING TO THE ECONOMIC SIZE IN THE EU COUNTRIES IN 2004–2015
Title
Słowa kluczowe	economic size of farm, family farm income, production
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of this research is to present the family farm income and production and its economic determinants according to the economic size of farms in the EU countries in 2004–2015. Research is based on European Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN), which includes information about average farms according to the economic size in the EU-28. In this article an attempt is made to use the panel models to evaluate the production and economic determinants of family farm income. The Gretl program is used to evaluate fixed effect models and random effect models. The production and economic determinants of family farm income depending on the farm’s size are indicated, such as: utilised agricultural area, crop and livestock production, net investment and cash flow and inputs.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Ryś-Jurek R.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s21.pdf

Autor	Grzegorz Paluszak, Joanna Wiśniewska-Paluszak
Tytuł	ECO-INDUSTRIAL BANK ATTENDANCE TO ECO-INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	eco-industrial bank, eco-industrial symbiosis, industrial ecology
Key words
Abstrakt	This article aims at conceptualization of new construct of eco-industrial bank and discusses its role in the development of eco-industrial symbiosis. The concept has been grounded in late theoretical streams of industrial ecology and industrial networks. The eco-industry bank plays a significant role of connecting ecology with business for the stakeholders’ economic and social benefits. According to the concept the broad objectives of the bank are to use financial resources with economic, social and environmental responsibility and to give priority to environmental interaction with business and society.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Paluszak G., Wiśniewska-Paluszak J.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s396.pdf

Autor	Tomasz Pawlonka
Tytuł	BEHAVIOURAL FINANCE IN AGRIBUSINESS – THE BIRTH OF A CONCEPT
Title
Słowa kluczowe	homo oeconomicus, rationality, agriculture, speculative motif
Key words
Abstrakt	Up until now, a model approach has constituted the core of mainstream economics with regard to the decision maker and decision-making conditions. The financial (and economic) crises appearing with increased frequency and numerous market anomalies, although considered predictable by economists and being only a residual component of econometric models, are related to the growing financialization of the economy and an existing asymmetry of information in the absence of full decision-maker rationality. The importance of the psychological characteristics of individuals, their knowledge, the level of trust and priorities, recognized more and more commonly in economic practice, make it necessary to conduct research to identify ‘difficult quantifiable’ characteristics of decision-makers, including their purely economic considerations. (as a supplement to previous economic considerations, including the inclusion of new variables to econometric models that have been in operation for years). The aim of the study was to systematize the evolution of the homo oeconomicus concept along with an indication of further possible directions in its development. A survey of behavioural finance in relation to agribusiness has also been reviewed, which is a perfect example of the evolution of mainstream economics.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Pawlonka T.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s389.pdf

Autor	Agnieszka Komor
Tytuł	PRIORITY DIRECTIONS OF EXPENDITURE IN THE OPINION OF RESIDENTS OF SELECTED RURAL COMMUNES OF THE LUBELSKIE VOIVODESHIP
Title
Słowa kluczowe	local development, rural areas, local development policy, resident needs, investment needs
Key words
Abstrakt	One of the main objectives of both local and regional development is to increase the level of satisfaction of the needs and preferences of residents, which implies an increase in the quality of life in a particular area. Therefore, it is important to define strategic directions and priorities of activities which are of key importance from the point of view of satisfying the needs of the communes’ residents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and analyse priority directions of expenditure in selected rural communes of the Lubelskie voivodeship in the opinion of their residents, as compared with urban and urban-rural communes. In order to achieve the research objective, a survey was conducted among the residents of selected communes of the Lubelskie voivodeship. The survey showed that according to respondents from rural communes, the priority directions of expenditure included roads and pavements with street lighting, healthcare, tourism, recreational and sports infrastructure, as well as support for the development of investment areas. Investment needs related to social infrastructure, social welfare and pro-environmental activities were also of relative importance. Respondents from rural communes more often indicated the majority of the above investment needs than respondents from urban-rural and urban communes (except for recreational infrastructure and pro-environmental measures, tourist trails in urban-rural communes and sports and healthcare infrastructure in urban communes).
Abstract
Cytowanie	Komor A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s383.pdf

Autor	Pawel Janulewicz
Tytuł	EU FUNDS (RDP) AND THEIR IMPACT ON LOCAL DEVELOPMENT
Title
Słowa kluczowe	local development, Hellwig’s method, Ward’s method
Key words
Abstrakt	The paper presents the results of research aimed at determining the impact of the use of EU funds on local development on the example of voivodeships. The first stage of the research was performed with the use of Hellwig’s development model method. It was aimed at classifying individual voivodships and assigning them to one of four groups in terms of their level of development. The next stage was to check whether the examined features proving the level of local development are also related to the level of use of EU funds under RDP. In the third stage, the analysis of Ward clusters was used and answers were sought as to whether the units which are clustered together in terms of the level of use of EU funds are at the same time included in the same groups in terms of the level of local development.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Janulewicz P.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s376.pdf

Autor	Łukasz Satoła
Tytuł	MUNICIPAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND THE LEVEL OF FISCALISM IN LOCAL TAXES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	infrastructure, municipality, local taxes
Key words
Abstrakt	Municipalities are responsible for the condition of technical infrastructure installations, shaping the conditions of functioning of companies at the local level. The operation of municipal infrastructure generates costs that need to be financed by budgetary revenue. The aim of this paper is to identify the interdependencies between the level of municipal infrastructure provision and the level of fiscalism in property tax. The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method was used for the synthetic assessment of the development of the municipal infrastructure. The analyses conducted confirmed the correlation between the condition of technical infrastructure and the level of fiscalism of municipalities. Municipalities with higher standard of public services related with technical infrastructure had higher property tax rates. A higher fiscalism level of municipalities is accepted if the installations allowing for a better standard of living and conducting business is provided.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Satoła Ł.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s370.pdf

Autor	Malgorzata Kołodziejczak
Tytuł	USE OF AGRICULTURAL SERVICES IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	agricultural services, European Union
Key words
Abstrakt	The purpose of this paper is to assess the use of agricultural services in European Union countries in the context of selected features of agriculture. The Ward’s Method was used to isolate six typological clusters of European Union countries. It may be noticed that clusters with a high levels of fixed capital consumption and total intermediate consumption are characterized by a higher use of services than other clusters. The absence of a noticeable relation between the share of crop output in the structure of agricultural output, or between the labour input and the use of agricultural services can be explained by differences in natural conditions, traditional farming models and preferences in choosing between developing the farm’s own machinery or using services.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kołodziejczak M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s364.pdf

Autor	Arleta Kedra, Lyubov Klapkiv
Tytuł	RELATION BETWEEN SELECTED WEATHER FACTORS AND INSURANCE INDEMNITY IN UKRAINIAN AGRICULTURE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	insurance indemnity, weather variables, agriculture
Key words
Abstrakt	The present paper is devoted to examining if weather variables have a significant impact on the level of indemnity in examined agriculture insurances, i.e. insurance of winter crops. The authors will determine whether indicators as excessive rainfall and extreme temperatures (especially frost) contribute to crucial increase of insurance indemnity. According to currently existing theories, weather changes have vital consequences both for farmers and for insurers as they take over the risk. The goal of the present paper is to analyse strength and direction of correlation between weather variables and insurance indemnity in case of winter plants to state whether these influence amounts of money paid to farmers for their crops’ losses.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kedra A., Klapkiv L.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s358.pdf

Autor	Marcin Idzik
Tytuł	RATING OF THE CUSTOMER SERVICE QUALITY AT COOPERATIVE BANKS IN MYSTERY SHOPPER STUDY
Title
Słowa kluczowe	satisfaction, sales, trust
Key words
Abstrakt	The objective of this paper is to evaluate the customer service quality at the cooperative banks in Poland and to test the extent of the customer oriented approach of selling banking services based on the relational model. The customer service level at the cooperative banks was evaluated as low in comparison with the results achieved by the commercial banks. The principles of the relational model and the customer-oriented sales model were fulfilled in 36%. The analysis of the needs, using the feedback about the customer, the customer commitment and the effective sales were the least implemented. The highest level of implementation concerned the principles of comfortable customer service, the greeting and presentation of the offer. The selling efficiency is highly correlated with upholding the principles of a customer-oriented sales model. The study used the Mystery Shopper method.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Idzik M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s351.pdf