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Autor	Magdalena Cyrek, Piotr Cyrek
Tytuł	DIFFERENCE IN CONSUMPTION BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL HOUSEHOLDS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	consumption, well-being, households, city-countryside
Key words
Abstrakt	Levels of income, consumer expenditure and their structure display significant disproportions between areas of different degrees of urbanisation. These disproportions are reflected both in the objective comparison and subjectively perceived material situation of households. This study contains an assessment of the differences in income and consumption in rural areas and cities of Poland at a national level and in relation to the Subcarpathian Province, as a less developed region. The results of public statistic surveys were supplemented with the results of own research regarding the perception of the situation by the inhabitants of Subcarpathia. The scale of existing socio-economic disproportion in spatial layout and directions of changes in accordance to objective and subjective indicators were identified. The changes in the value of purchases of various types of products, levels of savings and living conditions were addressed. In order to verify the hypothesis of consumption convergence in the city-countryside system, a statistical analysis of national structures was carried out and the differences in change patterns typical for urban and rural households in Subcarpathia were identified. This research allows to conclude that there exist adverse disproportions in rural development and some signs of overcoming them on a national and regional level.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Cyrek M., Cyrek P.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s68.pdf

Autor	Marlena Piekut
Tytuł	CONSUMPTION PATTERNS AMONG ONE-PERSON HOUSEHOLDS OF NEVER MARRIED IN POLAND
Title
Słowa kluczowe	single-person households, consumption, goods, services
Key words
Abstrakt	The scientific objective of the study was to identify consumption patterns in one-person households of never- married women and men, living independently. Ward’s grouping method make possible to establish the number of households’ clusters. The final stage of household grouping procedure, regarding consumption expenditures was accomplished with k-means clustering method. It can be concluded that distinguishing the consumption patterns for one-person households of never married is possible on the basis of diversification both level and structure of incomes in these households as well as socio-demographic differences between them. Depending on economic and socio-demographic variables, disparate consumption patterns for these types of households can be observed. In addition, it’s worth stressing that household having different level of income (although coming from similar source) but similar demographic structure show greater similarity than households having similar financial situation.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Piekut M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s75.pdf

Autor	Marta Domagalska-Grędys
Tytuł	EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION AND EDUCATION IN COOPERATION BETWEEN AGRICULTURAL HOLDINGS MAINTAINING CONSERVATIVE BREED ANIMALS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	cooperation goals, knowledge exchange and education, livestock conservative breeds, principal component analysis (PCA)
Key words
Abstrakt	The development by means of cooperation, an exchange of knowledge and education is of crucial importance in the contemporary knowledge-based economy. The goal of the study was to determine important goals in cooperation with regard to the scope of knowledge and education of agricultural holdings maintaining conservative breed animals in the region of fragmented agriculture (South-Eastern Poland). The studied entities contribute to an increased biodiversity and maintenance of small agricultural holdings. The conditions of cooperation basing on an exchange of knowledge and education are laid down based on the results of a questionnaire study conducted among 145 agricultural holdings and principal component analyses (PCA). The evaluation of the exchange of knowledge and education varied within the industry. The highest degree of approval for the exchange of knowledge and education was among breeders of pigs and cows, the lowest among sheep breeders. It was demonstrated that participation in fairs and trainings improved the evaluation of analysed cooperation.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Domagalska-Grędys M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s81.pdf

Autor	Aleksander Grzelak, Agnieszka Sapa
Tytuł	FOOD SECURITY PROBLEMS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN COUNTRIES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	food security, Global Food Security Index, Sub-Saharan Africa
Key words
Abstrakt	The main purpose of the study is to identify food security problems in Sub-Saharan African countries. Despite progress in increasing food security in the world, it is still one of the most important challenges facing Sub- -Saharan Africa. The research shows that the food security is different across countries. The more favourable situation takes place in South Africa, Botswana, while at the other extreme are countries such as Madagascar, Burundi and Sierra Leone. The economic affordability of food seems to be the most important problem for these countries. So an inclusive growth could be a chance to improve the level of food security.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Grzelak A., Sapa A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s89.pdf

Autor	Zuzanna Szymaniuk
Tytuł	THE PHENOMENON OF LAND ABANDONMENT IN THE OPINIONS OF AGRICULTURAL ADVISERS (EXAMPLE OF PODLASKIE VOIVODESHIP)
Title
Słowa kluczowe	land abandonment, land use, agriculture, Podlaskie Voivodeship
Key words
Abstrakt	The phenomenon of abandoning agricultural land is the same as discontinuing the agricultural use of certain agricultural land, the causes of which should be sought in environmental, economic and social factors. In the Podlaskie Voivodeship, agriculture plays a key role in economic life due to the significant number of lands classified as agricultural and century-old tradition of agriculture. The research assessed the existence of threats that could cause the problem of abandonment of agricultural land in the region and indicated the complexity of the land abandonment phenomenon. The study is based on opinions of advisers from the regional Agricultural Extension Service Centre. The results indicated that the process of ceasing to use agricultural land is the result of many factors that mutually influence and strengthen each other.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Szymaniuk Z.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s95.pdf

Autor	Włodzimierz Kołodziejczak
Tytuł	DECOMPOSITION OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN RURAL POPULATION ON THE BASIS OF MAIN SOURCES OF INCOME IN 2002–2009 AND 2016
Title
Słowa kluczowe	natural unemployment, labour flows, rural population
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of the paper is to present a decomposition of unemployment in the rural population into the structural and cyclical components in groups distinguished based on their main source of household income. This study was conducted using the method estimating the level of natural unemployment (equilibrium unemployment) proposed by the Centre for Economic Policy Research (1995). The analysis was based on individual, unweighted, quarterly raw data provided by the Polish LFS (BAEL) from the years 2002–2009 and 2016. The professional situation of the rural population in the analysed period improved, which was manifested in an increase in the employment rate and a reduction of the actual unemployment rate. Between the periods of 2002–2005 and 2006–2009 actual unemployment ‘followed’ the lower values of equilibrium unemployment. In 2016 the actual unemployment rate was lower than in previous periods; however, an adverse change was observed for its relation to the natural unemployment rate. If we assume that it will – as previously – strive to attain the equilibrium level, in the case of a downturn on the market for goods and services the actual unemployment among the rural population may considerably increase, particularly in the group of individuals whose main source of income is provided by unemployment benefits and the family farm.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kołodziejczak W.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s102.pdf

Autor	Ryszard Kata
Tytuł	AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY IN POLAND IN THE CONTEXT OF STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE SECTOR IN 2002–2016
Title
Słowa kluczowe	agriculture, production factors, productivity of land and labour
Key words
Abstrakt	This paper attempts to analyse the changes in labour and land productivity in agriculture in Poland resulting from changes to the production structures in this sector, particularly changes in the relationships between production factors, i.e. land, labour and capital. The analysis covered the years 2002–2016. It was found that this period saw important changes in agriculture expressed in the concentration of agrarian structure and the progressive substitution of land and labour by capital, which was reflected in the increase of work technical equipment and the rate of technical progress. There was also a progressive outflow of some of the labour resources from agriculture. A positive correlation between the productivity of land and labour and the said structural changes in agriculture was found.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kata R.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s109.pdf

Autor	Maria Zuba-Ciszewska
Tytuł	STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE DAIRY INDUSTRY AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE EFFICIENCY OF DAIRIES – A POLISH EXAMPLE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	dairy industry, efficiency, changes, milk market
Key words
Abstrakt	The purpose of this paper was to determine structural changes in Poland’s dairy industry and assess their impact on the efficiency of dairies. It was not until the mid-nineties that the process of concentrating milk processing and the rationalization of its production began in the country. Technical and economical work efficiency have improved. By also taking the dynamic increase in sales profitability into account, one can draw some positive conclusions about the intensive management seen within the dairy sector. Dairies should not only improve their position on the domestic and foreign markets, but also strengthen vertical integration with milk producers.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Zuba-Ciszewska M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s116.pdf

Autor	Aleksandra Matuszewska-Janica
Tytuł	WOMEN’S LABOUR MARKET ACTIVITY IN THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR IN POLAND AND EUROPEAN UNION IN 2016
Title
Słowa kluczowe	labour market, female employment, cluster analysis, k-mean method
Key words
Abstrakt	The European authorities pay particular attention to agriculture and employees in this sector. Women represent more than 33% of this group in the European Union. A significant number of actions are targeted at women from rural areas, having regard to the mentioned issues and specific situation of women in the labour market. Therefore, it requires in-depth analyses. The main aim of the presented study is to assess the diversity of the situation of women working in agriculture across the EU. The quantitative analysis allows to indicate similarities and differences among EU states in the current structure of women’s employment in this sector. In the analysis, the k-mean method is applied with the Labour Force Survey data from the year 2016. The study refers to 28 EU states and a group of women aged 20–64. The obtained results indicated that we have a large proportion of self-employees in agriculture. However, we observe a larger percentage of those who create jobs for others states that are better economically developed. This analysis confirms the findings that the Polish structure of female employment is closer to those in the Mediterranean countries. Poland is assigned to one cluster with Greece. This group is distinguished by several factors. Firstly, it contains a high proportion of people employed in agriculture with a relatively small share of part-timers. Secondly, it is a very high rate of self-employed with a very low proportion of those who create jobs for others.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Matuszewska-Janica A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s124.pdf

Autor	Łukasz Pietrych
Tytuł	IDENTIFICATION OF THE (DETERMINISTIC OR RANDOM) NATURE OF THE WHEAT PRICE VARIABILITY WITH THE APPLICATION OF RECURRENCE QUANTIFICATION ANALYSIS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	deterministic chaos, recurrence quantification analysis, wheat prices
Key words
Abstrakt	In this article performed was an analysis of the time series which presents the wheat price by means of recurrence quantification analysis. The main research problem was to ascertain whether the time series for this agricultural raw material may be considered as a system in which chaos has the deterministic nature, possibly with slight random disturbances. It was proved that it is justified to believe that the time series under analysis is characterized with the occurrence of deterministic chaos. The literature review led to believe that although this issue had been analysed in a large number of papers, most specialists confirm there is no conclusive evidence of chaos in economic or financial data.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Pietrych Ł.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s130.pdf

Autor	Andrzej Hornowski, Pavel Kotyza, Karolina Pawlak, Luboš Smutka
Tytuł	CZECH AND POLISH SUGAR INDUSTRY – CONCENTRATION OF SUGAR PRODUCTION
Title
Słowa kluczowe	Czech Republic, Poland, sugar, industry, markets, production, concentration, Herfindahl-Hirschman index
Key words
Abstrakt	The sugar industry, as one of the most regulated food industries in the EU, has been given great challenge due to the sugar quota elimination in 2017. Both in the Czech Republic and Poland, sugar industry underwent significant transformation over last 20 years and mainly after the EU accession. Due to EU’s 2006 sugar reform led to significant reduction in number of production facilities. In both countries, we observed improved production of sugar beet driven equally by intensification and extensification in Poland and by extensification forces in the Czech Republic. Reduction in number of refineries also decreased number of competitors which led to market concentration. Conducted Herfindahl-Hirschman analyses proved, that Polish market face lower level of concentration in comparison to Czech market, which is dominated mainly by Tereos TTD and Moravskoslezke curkovary. Even though Krajowa Spółka Cukrowa also dominate the Polish market, other producers also take advantage of their position. KSC is under the increasing competition of German sugar producers (Südzucker Polska; Pfeifer&Langen; Nordzucker Polska).
Abstract
Cytowanie	Hornowski A., Kotyza P., Pawlak K., Smutka L.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s136.pdf

Autor	Tadeusz Filipiak, Mariusz Maciejczak
Tytuł	COSTS OF VINEYARDS PRODUCTION IN SELECTED EU COUNTRIES IN THE PERIOD 2004–2015
Title
Słowa kluczowe	cost of production, specialist vineyards, FADN, European Union
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of the research was to determine the production costs in farms specializing in viticulture in the selected European Union countries in the period 2004–2015. It was found that there was a large variation in terms of the structure of production costs. In the analysed period, the majority of countries recorded an increase in total costs per 1 ha, which was mostly due to the year by year increase of the direct costs. In direct costs the plant protection had the largest share, followed by fertilization costs, while the lowest were the costs of pruning. The share of indirect costs in total costs was relatively high and on EU average reached 82%.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Filipiak T., Maciejczak M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s144.pdf

Autor	Martyn Mieczkowski, Marzena Trajer
Tytuł	TRENDS IN POULTRY CONSUMPTION AFTER POLAND’S ACCESSION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION
Title
Słowa kluczowe	poultry consumption, poultry, production, foreign sales
Key words
Abstrakt	The poultry industry is one of the most rapidly developing sectors of the national agriculture, and Poland is the largest poultry producer in the European Union. Since Poland’s accession to the European Union, the two main factors determining the development of the poultry industry in Poland have been export demand and the growing domestic consumption. The aim of this article was to analyse the changes in the balance sheet of poultry consumption in Poland in the context of conditions of the poultry market and to analyse the impact of changes in red meat consumption on changes in the dynamics of poultry consumption.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Mieczkowski M., Trajer M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s154.pdf

Autor	Monika Wojcieszak
Tytuł	WELFARE FARMS IN POLAND AS AN EXAMPLE OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES IN RURAL AREAS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	welfare farms, rural areas, agri-tourism
Key words
Abstrakt	The purpose of the paper was to present the importance of welfare farms in Poland as a social element of mutual relations, connections and co-operation in local and regional development. The concept of welfare farms is characterised in the study and the main idea of their formation is presented. Examples of welfare farms in Poland as part of the first pilot project known as ‘Zielona opieka – gospodarstwa opiekuńcze w woj. kujawsko-pomorskim’ (Green care: welfare farms in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie voivodeship) have also been presented. It was also pointed out that social farming plays an increasingly important role in the contemporary development of rural areas. The paper was compiled using the desk research method and a classical analysis of documents was used. The choice of methods was determined by the availability of source materials, some of which were of primary or secondary nature (social farming literature, reports and public statistic documents). This paper also pointed to the fact that welfare farms are increasingly becoming a popular form of social service in rural areas. It also testifies to the entrepreneurship of farmers, because they offer not only accommodation and catering, but also care on their farms.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Wojcieszak M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s161.pdf

Autor	Krzysztof Firlej, Sebastian Kubala
Tytuł	THE ASSESSMENT OF EXPORT POTENTIAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD PRODUCTS IN THE VISEGRAD GROUP COUNTRIES IN THE YEARS 2005–2017
Title
Słowa kluczowe	foreign trade, agri-food industry, the Visegrad Group
Key words
Abstrakt	The foreign trade in agricultural and food products is a significant reflection of an economic situation occurring in the current functioning of agriculture, food industry and its individual trades in a given country. It is worth considering how the export of Polish agricultural and food products may be compared with the Vise grad Group countries in this area. The article deals with an attempt to assess the export potential of agricultural and food products in the Visegrad Group countries in the years 2005–2017 using a modified index for an assessment of a level of competitiveness in a foreign trade, that is the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index – RCA – by Balassa. The results of the study prove that the export of agricultural and food products in the Visegrad Group countries is vulnerable to economic trends, there is a significant degree of competitiveness regarding export of the food products of animal origin in these countries, and the greatest level of competitiveness of the foreign trade in the food products of plant origin regarding cereals, and the trade in fruit and vegetables is less and less important.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Firlej K., Kubala S.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s167.pdf

Autor	Karolina Kossowska, Sylwester Kozak
Tytuł	CHANGES IN THE LEVEL OF TECHNICAL AND SCALE EFFICIENCY OF THE FOOD SECTOR ENTERPRISES IN POLAND IN THE YEARS 2006–2016
Title
Słowa kluczowe	technical efficiency, DEA method, food sector
Key words
Abstrakt	This article empirically analyses evaluation of efficiency of Polish food producers. Technical and scale efficiency indices are measured using the non-parametric DEA method. The study is based on the annual financial reports of 51 sugar and confectionery producers operating in 2006–2016. The research revealed that technical efficiency of enterprises ranged from 82 to 93%, with the highest levels in periods of considerable increasing macroeconomic conditions in periods of 2006–2007 and 2013–2016. Most of companies characterised with the high efficiency and increasing return to scale. Throughout the entire period companies characterized with high scale efficiency at the interval of 87–93%.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kossowska K., Kozak S.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s174.pdf

Autor	Mariusz Maciejczak, Kiryll Zahkarov
Tytuł	DELIVERING CONSUMER VALUES BY CONSUMER FOOD COOPERATIVES – A CASE OF TWO TYPES OF COOPS FROM POLAND
Title
Słowa kluczowe	consumer food cooperative, utilitarian values, hedonic values, environmental values, participatory cooperative, supermarket cooperative, Poland
Key words
Abstrakt	Consumer choice of a particular type of retail outlet greatly depends on the consumer values that the outlet provides. The aim of this research was to address specific consumer values created by consumer food cooperatives in general, and in addition to examine the difference in the consumer values provided by two major types of such coops in Poland. It is argued that consumer food cooperatives provide customers with unique blend of values, different from those of consumer cooperatives in general due to their close bond with agriculture and environment. Such coops could deliver their customers not only economic or hedonic values but also an additional environmental ones. The environmental values are prevailing in participatory type of coop, while the supermarket type can deliver better the economic values.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Maciejczak M., Zahkarov K.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s180.pdf

Autor	Bartłomiej Bajan, Aldona Mrówczynska-Kamińska
Tytuł	GLOBAL DIFFERENCES IN LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN THE AGRIBUSINESS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	agribusiness, labour productivity, economic growth
Key words
Abstrakt	The purpose of this paper is to assess the global differences in labour productivity in the agribusiness. The relationship between a country’s economic development level (measured as GDP per capita) and labour productivity in the agriculture and across the entire agribusiness was measured in 39 countries around the world (which are entered to the World Input-Output Database and for which the relevant I/O tables were prepared) in 2000 and 2014. The input-output analysis, employed as the main research method, enabled the calculation of value added in the agriculture and elsewhere in the agribusiness. The results suggest the existence of a positive linear association between agribusiness labour productivity and economic development level, as corroborated by previous observations. In turn, two separate groups are noticeable in the relationship between agricultural labour productivity and the level of development of a country. In the first group of countries, agricultural labour productivity grows fast as the economy grows whereas in the second group, the growth rate of labour productivity clearly decreases as the economy grows. This study is a part of the discussion on the global agricultural development model which, on the one hand, calls for increasing the productivity of agricultural labour and, on the other, shows a need to reduce environmental degradation.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Bajan B., Mrówczynska-Kamińska A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s191.pdf

Autor	Ewa Stawicka, Ali Unsal
Tytuł	COMPARATIVE ANALYSES OF HEALTH ECONOMICS INDICATORS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND TURKEY
Title
Słowa kluczowe	core health indicators, European Union countries, health expenditures
Key words
Abstrakt	In this paper, Turkey and the European Union countries are compared on health economics indicators such as health expenditure per capita, health expenditure as a percentage of GDP, life expectancy and infant mortality rate. The aim of this study is to determine the position of Turkey comparing to the European Union countries on the basis of health indicators. Result of this study shows that Eastern EU countries as well as, Turkey in particular should allocate more share for health from their health spendings to get better health outcomes.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Stawicka E., Unsal A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s198.pdf

Autor	Joanna Baran
Tytuł	REASONS FOR INTERNATIONALIZATION OF POLISH FOOD INDUSTRY COMPANIES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	internationalization, food industry, companies
Key words
Abstrakt	The primary aim of this article is to identify the reasons for internationalization of Polish food industry companies. As a part of empirical studies, we carried out interviews with managers at 52 of food industry companies. Poland’s accession to the EU, the managers’ experience gained on foreign markets and geographical proximity of foreign markets were the main determinants of internationalization for the respondents. For food industry companies, EU markets are the most attractive while export activities constitute the most common form of internationalization.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Baran J.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s203.pdf