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Autor	Linda Groma, Lasma Licite-Kurbe
Tytuł	IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN PRESERVING NATURAL CAPITAL IN LATVIA
Title
Słowa kluczowe	social entrepreneurship, sustainable entrepreneurship, environment
Key words
Abstrakt	With the increasing focus being placed on climate problems, the role of social entrepreneurship in the protection of nature and the environment becomes increasingly important in the world. The activities specified in the Sustainable Development Strategy of Latvia about the preservation of natural capital are performed by several social enterprises. The research aims to identify the role of social enterprises in performing the activities specified in the Sustainable Development Strategy of Latvia. The research has found that the Latvia 2030 strategy emphasizes the importance of fostering entrepreneurship about the preservation of natural capital as well as promoting sustainable lifestyle activities. The mentioned activities are relevant to social enterprises that are engaged in preserving and protecting the environment, as social entrepreneurs not only contribute to green entrepreneurship but also make significant investments in education and informing the public, as well as in the development of innovative entrepreneurship
Abstract
Cytowanie	Groma L., Licite-Kurbe L.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2021_n5_s44.pdf

Autor	Oladimeji Oladele, Danlami Yakubu
Tytuł	Determinants of Use of Climate Change Adaptation Practices by Rice Farmers in Kebbi State, North-West Nigeria
Title	Determinants of Use of Climate Change Adaptation Practices by Rice Farmers in Kebbi State, North-West Nigeria
Słowa kluczowe	climate change, smallholder farmers, Nigeria, climate adaptation, adoption, livelihoods
Key words	climate change, smallholder farmers, Nigeria, climate adaptation, adoption, livelihoods
Abstrakt	Rice productivity and sustainability are threatened by both biotic and abiotic stresses, the effects of which can be further aggravated by dramatic changes in global climate. The most viable option for rice farmers is to use climate change adaptation practices. This study therefore investigated the determinants of use of climate change adaptation practices among rice farmers in Kebbi State, North-West, Nigeria. Data were collected from a sample of 279 farmers selected using a multistage sampling procedure. The results of the data analysis revealed that the farmers used improved rice varieties, intercropping, recommended rates of fertilizers and other chemicals as climate change adaptation practices among others. Education, climate change awareness, and extension contact significantly influenced the use of climate change adaptation practices among the farmers. Other determinants of use of climate change adaptation practices among the farmers were years of cooperative membership, affordability, farming experience, weather information and farm size. It was concluded that use of climate change adaptation practices was determined by socioeconomic, institutional and technological characteristics. It is recommended among others that government policy should be geared towards encouraging the farmers especially the younger ones to acquire more formal education, larger farmlands and more climate change awareness.
Abstract	Rice productivity and sustainability are threatened by both biotic and abiotic stresses, the effects of which can be further aggravated by dramatic changes in global climate. The most viable option for rice farmers is to use climate change adaptation practices. This study therefore investigated the determinants of use of climate change adaptation practices among rice farmers in Kebbi State, North-West, Nigeria. Data were collected from a sample of 279 farmers selected using a multistage sampling procedure. The results of the data analysis revealed that the farmers used improved rice varieties, intercropping, recommended rates of fertilizers and other chemicals as climate change adaptation practices among others. Education, climate change awareness, and extension contact significantly influenced the use of climate change adaptation practices among the farmers. Other determinants of use of climate change adaptation practices among the farmers were years of cooperative membership, affordability, farming experience, weather information and farm size. It was concluded that use of climate change adaptation practices was determined by socioeconomic, institutional and technological characteristics. It is recommended among others that government policy should be geared towards encouraging the farmers especially the younger ones to acquire more formal education, larger farmlands and more climate change awareness.
Cytowanie	Oladele O., Yakubu D. (2021) Determinants of Use of Climate Change Adaptation Practices by Rice Farmers in Kebbi State, North-West Nigeria.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 21(36), z. 1: 52-69
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2021_T21(36)_n1_s52.pdf

Autor	Altuğ Köktaş, Işıl Selçuk
Tytuł	Transport sector energy use and carbon emissions: a study on sectoral fiscal policies
Title	Zużycie energii i emisja dwutlenku węgla w sektorze transportu: badanie sektorowych polityki fiskalnej
Słowa kluczowe	transportation, fiscal policy, carbon tax
Key words	transport, polityka podatkowa, podatek węglowy
Abstrakt	As the energy sector worldwide is largely based on fossil fuel consumption, the amount of global-scale carbon emissions continues to increase over the years. One of the most important reasons for the increase in emissions, the transportation sector, continues to develop with globalization. The development of land, sea, and air transport together with international trade brings environmental problems in parallel with the increase in energy consumption. Accordingly, it is estimated that one fourth of total carbon emissions today originate from the transportation sector. In this context, in order to combat environmental problems such as global warming and climate change on an international scale, initiatives such as the Paris Climate Agreement are being implemented and environmental policies to reduce the amount of emissions are being recommended. The aim of this study is to examine environmental policies, which have been discussed extensively in the literature, in terms of fiscal policy. In this context, fiscal policy tools such as taxes, subsidies, incentives, and regulations specific to the transport sector were discussed. This study, in which the descriptive method is used, argues that fiscal policy practices can be an effective method in reducing the amount of carbon emissions.
Abstract	Sektor energetyczny na całym świecie w dużej mierze opiera się na paliwach kopalnych, co skutkuje ciągłym wzrostem emisji dwutlenku węgla na skalę światową. Jedną z najważniejszych przyczyn wzrostu emisji jest sektor transportu, którego rozwój jest powiązany z procesami globalizacji. Rozwój transportu lądowego, morskiego i lotniczego wraz z handlem międzynarodowym i zwiększonym zużyciem energii powoduje problemy środowiskowe. W związku z tym szacuje się, że jedna czwarta całkowitej emisji dwutlenku węgla pochodzi obecnie z sektora transportu. W tym kontekście, w celu zwalczania problemów środowiskowych, takich jak globalne ocieplenie i zmiany klimatyczne w skali międzynarodowej, wdrażane są takie inicjatywy, jak porozumienie klimatyczne z Paryża, a także zalecana jest polityka środowiskowa mająca na celu zmniejszenie ilości emisji. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest analiza polityki środowiskowej, która była szeroko omawiana w literaturze, pod kątem polityki fiskalnej. W tym kontekście omówiono narzędzia polityki fiskalnej, takie jak podatki, dotacje, zachęty i przepisy specyficzne dla sektora transportu. Niniejsze badanie, w którym zastosowano metodę opisową, dowodzi, że praktyki polityki fiskalnej mogą być skuteczną metodą zmniejszania ilości emisji dwutlenku węgla.
Cytowanie	Köktaş A., Selçuk I.
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Pełny tekst	EIOL_2020_T5_n3_s17.pdf

Autor	Vitalii Rybchak, Serhiy Sokolyuk, Olena Zharun
Tytuł	Problems of attracting investment to Ukraine
Title
Słowa kluczowe	investment, investment climate, investment attractiveness, index of investmentattractiveness
Key words
Abstrakt	The article analyzes the investment climate in Ukraine. The structure and dynamicsof investment income in the national economy are investigated. The main problems andfactors of attracting foreign investments, that are restricting the investment activity ofdomestic enterprises, are analyzed. It’s explored the place of Ukraine in the internationalranks towards doing business and the overall state of the investment climate. The influenceof macroeconomic factors on the investment activity of foreign investors is substantiated. It’soffered the directions of increasing the investment attractiveness of the Ukrainian economy inthe current conditions of development.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Rybchak V., Sokolyuk S., Zharun O.
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Pełny tekst	TIRR_2020_n14_s137.pdf

Autor	Jacek Jaśkiewicz, Maria Parlińska, Iwona Rackiewicz
Tytuł	Wyzwania dla rolnictwa związane ze strategią Europejski Zielony Ład w okresie pandemii
Title	Challenges for Agriculture under the European Green Deal Development Strategy during the Covid-19 Pandemic Period
Słowa kluczowe	Europejski Zielony Ład, gospodarka obiegu zamkniętego, rolnictwo, odpady i marnotrawstwo żywności
Key words	European Green Deal, circular economy, agriculture, waste and food waste
Abstrakt	Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie wyzwań związanych z realizacją strategii Europejski zielony ład w zakresie rolnictwa. Wyzwania te wpisują się w realizację koncepcji zrównoważonego rozwoju i związanego z tym zatrzymania zmian klimatu oraz transformacji w kierunku gospodarki obiegu zamkniętego. Warto już obecnie, w dobie pandemii, przygotować strategię jak wykorzystać szanse rozwoju rolnictwa, aby po jej zakończeniu maksymalnie wykorzystać sytuację opierając się na zasadach określonych w EZŁ. W artykule przedstawiono szereg możliwości w tym zakresie.
Abstract	The aim of the article is to present the challenges in the field of agriculture related to implementing the European Green Deal (EGD). These challenges arise from the implementation of sustainable development strategies and the related efforts to arrest climate change and create a more circular economy. During this time of a global Covid-19 pandemic, it is worth preparing an approach, based on the principles set out in the EGD, that will maximize opportunities for agricultural development and which can be put into place as soon as the pandemic begins to wane. The article presents a number of possibilities in this regard.
Cytowanie	Jaśkiewicz J., Parlińska M., Rackiewicz I. (2020) Wyzwania dla rolnictwa związane ze strategią Europejski Zielony Ład w okresie pandemii.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 20(35), z. 2: 22-36
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2020_T20(35)_n2_s22.pdf

Autor	Cezary Szydłowski
Tytuł	AUDIT OF INCOME FROM LOCAL FEES IN SELECTED COMMUNES OF THE POMERANIAN PROVINCE IN POLAND
Title	Audyt dochodów z tytułu opłaty miejscowej w wybranych gminach województwa pomorskiego w Polsce
Słowa kluczowe	audit, budget revenues, local tax, climate fee, public sector, local government.
Key words	audyt, dochody budżetowe, opłata miejscowa, opłata klimatyczna, sektor publiczny, samorząd terytorialny.
Abstrakt	The article presents the importance of auditing the assessment of a commune's budget revenues for tourist fees (local fee or spa fee) as a tool enabling its increase by the commune authorized to impose it. The purpose of this article is to present on the basis of selected coastal municipalities of the Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland, the role and significance of the audit of the assessment of income to the municipal budget in terms of local and spa fees. The article uses case study, analytical method, inference method and document examination method as the research methodology. The source materials for the analysis were documents made available on the pages of the Public Information Bulletin by the assessed local government units from the Pomeranian Voivodeship (reports on the implementation of the budget and Rb-27s reports containing information on revenue for the year). The local and spa fees constitute a small share in the total income of the budgets of the surveyed municipalities. The key factor improving the revenues of municipalities from local and spa fees is the improvement of their collection system. The risk of inefficient collection of fees by those who collect them from tourists is a threat to effective collection of the fees. Therefore, individual communes should improve the supervision system and control of toll collection by hotel service providers.
Abstract	Artykuł przedstawia znaczenie audytu oceny dochodów do budżetu gminy z tytułu opłat turystycznych (opłaty miejscowej lub opłaty uzdrowiskowej) jako narzędzia umożliwiającego zwiększanie jego poboru przez gminę uprawnioną do jej nakładania. Głównym celem artykułu było ustalenie jaki poziom dochodów budżetowych nadmorskich gmin województwa pomorskiego w Polsce stanowią wpływy z opłaty miejscowej i uzdrowiskowej. W artykule jako metodę badawczą wykorzystano studium przypadku, metodę analityczną, metodę wnioskowania oraz metodę badania dokumentów. Ocenie poddano wybrane nadmorskie samorządy miejskie oraz wiejskie województwa pomorskiego w Polsce. Materiał źródłowy do analizy stanowiły sprawozdania z realizacji budżetu oraz sprawozdania Rb-27s zawierające informacje o dochodach za dany rok. Przeprowadzone badania uwidoczniły, że dochody z opłaty miejscowej i uzdrowiskowej stanowią niewielki udział w budżecie poszczególnych gmin. Kluczowym czynnikiem wpływającym na poprawę dochodów gmin z tytułu opłat miejscowych i uzdrowiskowych jest usprawnienie systemu ich poboru.
Cytowanie	Szydłowski C. (2020) AUDIT OF INCOME FROM LOCAL FEES IN SELECTED COMMUNES OF THE POMERANIAN PROVINCE IN POLAND.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 23(72): 208-221
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2020_n72_s208.pdf

Autor	Krystyna Świetlik
Tytuł	TRENDS IN BEHAVIOUR OF MODERN FOOD CONSUMERS IN POLAND
Title	Tendencje w zachowaniach współczesnych konsumentów żywności
Słowa kluczowe	consumption behaviour, conditions for consumption, food, food consumption, household.
Key words	zachowania konsumpcyjne, uwarunkowania konsumpcji, żywność, konsumpcja żywności, gospodarstwo domowe.
Abstrakt	The aim of the paper is to present the changes in the level and structure of food consumption in Poland during 2013-2017 from a macro and micro-economic perspective, based on CSO (Central Statistical Office) data gathered from national accounts and household budgets. Analysis of the data showed that in an improved economic climate and significantly improved income situation households changed their preferences both in terms of the amount of food consumed as well as in the structure of consumption. Real expenditure on food increased despite reduced volume in consumption, with more eating out and less self-catering. The increase in the share of highly processed foods and more expensive products in the basket of foods contributed to the stabilisation of the share of expenditure on food as part of total household expenditure.
Abstract	Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zmian poziomu i struktury konsumpcji żywności w latach 2013–2017 z perspektywy makro- i mikroekonomii w oparciu o dane GUS zebrane z rachunków narodowych i budżetów gospodarstw domowych. Analiza danych wykazała, że w lepszej sytuacji gospodarczej i znacznie lepszej sytuacji dochodowej gospodarstwa domowe zmieniły swoje preferencje zarówno pod względem ilości spożywanej żywności, jak i struktury konsumpcji. Realne wydatki na żywność wzrosły pomimo zmniejszonej ilości konsumpcji, z większą ilością jedzenia i mniejszą wyżywieniem we własnym zakresie. Wzrost udziału wysoko przetworzonej żywności i droższych produktów w koszyku żywności przyczynił się do stabilizacji udziału wydatków na żywność w ramach całkowitych wydatków gospodarstw domowych. Realne wydatki na żywność wzrosły pomimo zmniejszonej ilości konsumpcji, z większą ilością jedzenia i mniejszą wyżywieniem we własnym zakresie. Wzrost udziału wysoko przetworzonej żywności i droższych produktów w koszyku żywności przyczynił się do stabilizacji udziału wydatków na żywność w ramach całkowitych wydatków gospodarstw domowych.
Cytowanie	Świetlik K. (2020) TRENDS IN BEHAVIOUR OF MODERN FOOD CONSUMERS IN POLAND.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 23(72): 191-207
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2020_n72_s191.pdf

Autor	Barbara Wieliczko
Tytuł	Planned Shape of the CAP 2021-2027 versus Globalisation and Integration Processes
Title	Planned Shape of the CAP 2021-2027 versus Globalisation and Integration Processes
Słowa kluczowe	common agricultural policy, globalisation, integration
Key words	common agricultural policy, globalisation, integration
Abstrakt	The planned CAP reform will determine the capacity of EU agriculture in facing challenges, especially those related to climate change and growing international competition. The aim of the paper is to assess the EC’s reform proposals in the context of globalisation and integration processes. The paper is based on the analysis of the EC’s proposals for the CAP 2021-2027. The results show that the proposed changes in the CAP are limited and they do not ensure significant support for the agricultural sector. They also are not adequately precise to evaluate them. Moreover, the proposed change in the CAP implementation model poses a serious risk of the CAP disintegration, which will not help the EU in its trade talks with other partners and thus can be detrimental to the future of the EU agri-food sector. It seems that the first step to make the CAP more effective is to strengthen its monitoring system.
Abstract	The planned CAP reform will determine the capacity of EU agriculture in facing challenges, especially those related to climate change and growing international competition. The aim of the paper is to assess the EC’s reform proposals in the context of globalisation and integration processes. The paper is based on the analysis of the EC’s proposals for the CAP 2021-2027. The results show that the proposed changes in the CAP are limited and they do not ensure significant support for the agricultural sector. They also are not adequately precise to evaluate them. Moreover, the proposed change in the CAP implementation model poses a serious risk of the CAP disintegration, which will not help the EU in its trade talks with other partners and thus can be detrimental to the future of the EU agri-food sector. It seems that the first step to make the CAP more effective is to strengthen its monitoring system.
Cytowanie	Wieliczko B. (2019) Planned Shape of the CAP 2021-2027 versus Globalisation and Integration Processes.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 2: 224-232
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n2_s224.pdf

Autor	Agnieszka Biernat-Jarka
Tytuł	ASSESSMENT OF GREENING IN THE CONTEXT OF PROVIDING ENVIRONMENTAL PUBLIC GOODS IN AGRICULTURE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	Common Agricultural Policy, public goods, greening, environmental protection, Poland, European Union
Key words
Abstrakt	The article discusses the concept of providing environmental public goods through agriculture. The theoretical goal of the discussion was to present the concept of greening under the EU's Common Agricultural Policy. This concept was developed on the basis of available literature and from EU and Polish documents. The concrete goal is to assess greening instruments in terms of their implementation and compliance by farmers. A review of the available literature on the subject allows the assumption that the greening instrument implemented under the CAP has contributed to an intensification of activities by farmers in the field of environmental protection. The article was prepared based on source materials, monographs and scientific articles as well as Eurostat data. The article also presents the results of Eurobarometer surveys that show the expectations of EU citizens towards the European Union's CAP in the field of environmental and climate protection. Results of surveys have shown that on the one hand, the European Union should be responsible for ensuring healthy and safe food products for consumers, while on the other hand the goal of the Common Agricultural Policy should be to ensure an appropriate standard of living for farmers.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Biernat-Jarka A. (2019) ASSESSMENT OF GREENING IN THE CONTEXT OF PROVIDING ENVIRONMENTAL PUBLIC GOODS IN AGRICULTURE.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 22(71): 18-27
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2019_n71_s18.pdf

Autor	Czesław Nowak
Tytuł	Dziedzictwo kulinarne i przyrodnicze w zarządzaniu rozwojem turystykiwiejskiej na przykładzie Norwegii
Title	Culinary and natural heritage in managing the development of rural tourism using Norway as an example
Słowa kluczowe	Norwegia, turystyka wiejska, dziedzictwo kulinarne, dziedzictwo przyrodnicze
Key words	Norway, rural tourism, culinary heritage, natural heritage
Abstrakt	Norwegia jest państwem o największym na świecie ekwiwalencie subwencji dla producentów rolnych – PSE w państwach OECD. Pomimo to od lat zmniejsza się tam zatrudnienie w rolnictwie i następuje wyludnianie obszarów wiejskich. Rozwój turystyki wiejskiej przyczynia się zarówno do spowolnienia tego procesu poprzez zwiększanie dochodów wiejskich gospodarstw domowych, jak i do zachowania tradycyjnego krajobrazu, wartości ekologicznych oraz dziedzictwa kulturowego, szczególnie kulinarnego. Za zarządzanie rozwojem turystyki na poziomie krajowym odpowiedzialne są głównie Ministerstwo ds. Klimatu i Środowiska, a szczególnie Departament Dziedzictwa Kulturowego i Środowiska Kulturowego i Departament Bioróżnorodności, a także Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Żywności1. Na poziomie lokalnym dzięki innowacyjnemu podejściu do zarządzania przedsiębiorstwa turystyczne, chcąc ograniczyć negatywne skutki dużej sezonowości w tym sektorze gospodarki, przygotowują zarówno oferty typowe dla sezonu zimowego, jak i letniego. Umożliwia to zarówno lepsze wykorzystanie takich zasobów jak baza hotelowa oraz restauracje, jak i utrzymanie poziomu zatrudnienia pracowników.
Abstract	Of the OECD countries Norway has the world’s largest Producer and Support Estimate (PSE). Despite this, employment in agriculture has been decreasing for years and the rural population is dwindling. The development of rural tourism contributes to the slowing down of this process by increasing the income of rural households, as well as preserving the traditional landscape, ecological values and cultural heritage, especially culinary heritage. The Ministry of Climate and Environment (Department of Cultural heritage and cultural environment) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Food are mainly responsible for managing the development of tourism at the national level. At the local level – thanks to an innovative approach to management – tourism enterprises, wanting to limit the negative impact of high seasonality in this sector of the economy, are engaged in the preparation of not only typical winter sport offers, such as skiing, but also of summer sports. This facilitates the better use of resources such as hotels and restaurants, and also helps to maintain employment levels.
Cytowanie	Nowak C.
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Pełny tekst	TIRR_2019_n11_s85.pdf

Autor	Tetiana Baklytska, Olena Bohdaniuk
Tytuł	Competitivness and prospects for development of berry production in Ukraine
Title
Słowa kluczowe	Ukraine, berries, prospects of development, competitiveness, export, organic production
Key words
Abstrakt	The demand for raspberries and blackberries has risen sharply in Europe and North America in recent years. Ukraine is almost one third of the world’s black earth, a favorable climate for growing vegetables, fruits and berries, as well as a good ratio of daytime and nighttime temperatures and optimal length of sunny day. Therefore, the authors consider that Ukraine could become a reliable supplier of berries in Europe and America. Berries will not give the same high gross production as cereals. But these products are perspective in terms of processing, value added and profitability for the manufacturer. Considering the strategic importance of growing berries in Ukraine the subject of the research is to study the competitiveness and prospects for production of berries in Ukraine. The conducted assessment of the status and prospects of growing berries shows that Ukraine has been steadily producing within the range of 130-135 thousand tons of berries in recent years. Due to the fact that the products of private households and horticultural societies are not actually taxed, they have significant competitive advantages over agricultural enterprises, which is one of the reasons for the curtailment of industrial horticulture in Ukraine. But, on the other hand, they are inferior to large enterprises because of not failing to implement sanitary, technical standards, certification etc. In order to ensure the competitiveness of domestic producers in the external market, berry producers need to be more actively involved in the process of improving product quality, since in Ukraine only five agribusinesses have a Global GAP certificate, which is a minimum condition for access to the EU market. According to the results of the study, the authors consider organic production of berries as another perspective direction for the development of domestic berries.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Baklytska T., Bohdaniuk O.
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Pełny tekst	TIRR_2019_n12_s15.pdf

Autor	Wojciech Florkowski, Anna Klepacka
Tytuł	The Wood Pellet Sector: Barriers to Growth and Opinions of Manufacturers in Poland
Title	The Wood Pellet Sector: Barriers to Growth and Opinions of Manufacturers in Poland
Słowa kluczowe	renewable energy, wood pellet stoves, raw material, imports, quality, rural household
Key words	renewable energy, wood pellet stoves, raw material, imports, quality, rural household
Abstrakt	Biomass is a major source of renewable energy in the EU and Poland, stimulating the growth of the wood pellet sector. Wood pellet demand is stimulated by a complex interaction of market forces and policies including EU climate, energy, and environmental regulations, Poland’s program to improve air quality, and subsidies for the replacement of inefficient stoves used by households. This article focuses on the growth of the wood pellet industry, imports and exports in Poland, and wood pellet quality and use by households. The main issues faced by the EU wood pellet sector between 2013 and 2016 are further considered in the context of opinions of Polish wood pellet manufacturers. Industry opinions were collected in response to an open-ended question that probed for the main issues faced by wood pellet producers during the survey implemented by the authors in 2019. Respondents identified difficulties in obtaining raw material for pellet production and poor pellet quality as major problems. Although the majority did not feel concerned about competition from imported wood pellets, a small number of respondents viewed such competition as a problem reflecting the reversal of decreasing imports in 2017. Overall, the domestic wood pellet industry can be expected to grow because of increasing pressure to expand the use of renewable energy and will be driven by the household sector switching to more efficient, wood burning stoves. Additionally, the expanding area of private Polish forests may become a source of much-needed raw material for wood pellet manufacturing.
Abstract	Biomass is a major source of renewable energy in the EU and Poland, stimulating the growth of the wood pellet sector. Wood pellet demand is stimulated by a complex interaction of market forces and policies including EU climate, energy, and environmental regulations, Poland’s program to improve air quality, and subsidies for the replacement of inefficient stoves used by households. This article focuses on the growth of the wood pellet industry, imports and exports in Poland, and wood pellet quality and use by households. The main issues faced by the EU wood pellet sector between 2013 and 2016 are further considered in the context of opinions of Polish wood pellet manufacturers. Industry opinions were collected in response to an open-ended question that probed for the main issues faced by wood pellet producers during the survey implemented by the authors in 2019. Respondents identified difficulties in obtaining raw material for pellet production and poor pellet quality as major problems. Although the majority did not feel concerned about competition from imported wood pellets, a small number of respondents viewed such competition as a problem reflecting the reversal of decreasing imports in 2017. Overall, the domestic wood pellet industry can be expected to grow because of increasing pressure to expand the use of renewable energy and will be driven by the household sector switching to more efficient, wood burning stoves. Additionally, the expanding area of private Polish forests may become a source of much-needed raw material for wood pellet manufacturing.
Cytowanie	Florkowski W., Klepacka A. (2019) The Wood Pellet Sector: Barriers to Growth and Opinions of Manufacturers in Poland.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 4: 9-18
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n4_s9.pdf

Autor	Mariusz Maciejczak
Tytuł	Korzyści zewnętrzne prowadzenia zrównoważonych winnic w Polsce w warunkach zmian klimatu
Title	THE EXTERNAL BENEFITS OF SUSTAINABLE VINEYARDS IN POLAND UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Słowa kluczowe	korzyści zewnętrzne, zrównoważona produkcja, winnice, zmiany klimatu
Key words	external benefits, sustainable production, vineyards, climate change
Abstrakt	Głównymi celami badań było określenie rodzajów korzyści zewnętrznych związanych z prowadzeniem winnicy zgodnie z zasadami zrównoważonej produkcji, a następnie, w oparciu o wnioski z oceny rozwoju upraw winiarskich w Polsce w warunkach zmian klimatu, zbadanie opinii konsumentów na temat ich warunkowej skłonności do zapłaty wyższej ceny za wino pochodzące z upraw generujących pozytywne efekty zewnętrzne. Stwierdzono, że uprawa winorośli odbywająca się w sposób zrównoważony cechuje się występowaniem korzyści zewnętrznych. Korzyści te wynikają z lokalnego charakteru dóbr publicznych, do których można zaliczyć przede wszystkim dany ekosystem, określany jako terroir i powiązane z nim sieciowo elementy takie jak bioróżnorodność czy krajobraz. Oddziałują one w sposób synergiczny na inne korzyści zewnętrzne o charakterze społecznym, takie jak atrakcyjność turystyczna czy dziedzictwo kulturowe. Wykazano, że uprawa winorośli z przeznaczeniem na wino i produkcja wina w Polsce dynamicznie wzrastają, a zmiany klimatu będą wpływały na dalsze potencjalne możliwości rozwoju tego sektora. Badani konsumenci wskazali, że ważne są dla nich takie atrybuty wina jak ekologiczny sposób produkcji czy praktyki odpowiadające na zmiany klimatu. W większości deklarowali oni gotowość zapłaty za nie więcej niż za cechy związane z innymi korzyściami zewnętrznymi, takimi jak bioróżnorodność czy krajobraz. Ukierunkowanie polskich winnic na produkcję generującą korzyści zewnętrzne, np. ekologiczną, pozwoli na skorzystanie z efektu sieciowego, co może przełożyć się na chęć konsumentów do zapłaty wyższej ceny za wino.
Abstract	The research aimed to determine the types of external benefits associated with running the vineyard in accordance to with the principles of sustainable production, and then, based on conclusions from the assessment of the development of vineyards growing in Poland under climate change conditions, to examine consumer opinions on their willingness to pay for wine originating from crops that generate positive externalities. It was found that the cultivation of grapes in a sustainable manner is characterized by the existence of external benefits. These benefits result from the local character of public goods, which include primarily the ecosystem described as terroir and related elements such as biodiversity and landscape. They interact in a synergistic way to other external social benefits, such as tourist attractiveness or cultural heritage. It has been shown that viticulture for wine and wine production in Poland is growing rapidly, and climate change will affect further potential development opportunities for this sector. The surveyed consumers pointed out that the wine attributes such as the organic way of production or practices responding to climate change are important for them. For the most part, they are willing to pay for it more than for features related to other external benefits, i.e. biodiversity or landscape. It is argued, that orientation of Polish vineyards to produce in a way that generates external benefits, ie. organically, will allow to take advantage of the network effect which may translate into the desire of consumers to pay a higher price for wine.
Cytowanie	Maciejczak M. (2019) Korzyści zewnętrzne prowadzenia zrównoważonych winnic w Polsce w warunkach zmian klimatu.Roczniki Naukowe Ekonomii Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich, t. 106, z. 1: 97-109
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Pełny tekst	RNR_2019_n1_s97.pdf

Autor	Ragif Huseynov
Tytuł	Multidimensional Determinants of National Food Security in Azerbaijan: an Application of the ARDL Approach
Title	Multidimensional Determinants of National Food Security in Azerbaijan: an Application of the ARDL Approach
Słowa kluczowe	food availability, food access, food stability, Azerbaijan
Key words	food availability, food access, food stability, Azerbaijan
Abstrakt	Food intake is a prerequisite for human beings to live a healthy life style. The attainment of food security is crucial and is a prime development priority for all developing countries. The inability to provide reliable evidence of national food security has remained a problem for both policymakers and researchers alike. The present study helps fill this gap by incorporating the multidimensional determinants of food security at the national level in Azerbaijan. The specific objectives of the study are to evaluate the short-term and long-term dynamics of these determinants on food security. The empirical analysis draws from nationally representative time series data over the period 1991 to 2018, taken from FAO and WDI. The ARDL model suggested that food import, exchange rate, inflation, climate change, and urban population growth harm national food security dynamics of Azerbaijan. On the other hand, trade to GDP ratio has a positive impact on food security. Overall results suggest that there is a pressing need to improve its institutional framework if the Azerbaijan government sincerely desires to have sustainable food security, as organizations control all other issues.
Abstract	Food intake is a prerequisite for human beings to live a healthy life style. The attainment of food security is crucial and is a prime development priority for all developing countries. The inability to provide reliable evidence of national food security has remained a problem for both policymakers and researchers alike. The present study helps fill this gap by incorporating the multidimensional determinants of food security at the national level in Azerbaijan. The specific objectives of the study are to evaluate the short-term and long-term dynamics of these determinants on food security. The empirical analysis draws from nationally representative time series data over the period 1991 to 2018, taken from FAO and WDI. The ARDL model suggested that food import, exchange rate, inflation, climate change, and urban population growth harm national food security dynamics of Azerbaijan. On the other hand, trade to GDP ratio has a positive impact on food security. Overall results suggest that there is a pressing need to improve its institutional framework if the Azerbaijan government sincerely desires to have sustainable food security, as organizations control all other issues.
Cytowanie	Huseynov R. (2019) Multidimensional Determinants of National Food Security in Azerbaijan: an Application of the ARDL Approach.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 4: 58-68
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n4_s58.pdf

Autor	Kaja Karwowska, Magdalena Skotnicka, Maria Śmiechowska
Tytuł	Tea Production and its Forecasts, and the Possibility of Tea Cultivation in the Context of Environmental Requirements in China
Title	Tea Production and its Forecasts, and the Possibility of Tea Cultivation in the Context of Environmental Requirements in China
Słowa kluczowe	tea, plantations, crop types, climate changes, local ecosystems
Key words	tea, plantations, crop types, climate changes, local ecosystems
Abstrakt	The present study demonstrates the reasons for the foundation of tea plantations and conditions of their cultivation. The limitations and negative consequences of cultivation of tea plants along with the ideas for their minimization are shown. Plantations were created to optimize the harvest. However, it has been found that they negatively influence local ecosystems. The global demand for tea leaves is constantly growing. Due to the specific climate requirements of tea plants and progressive climate changes, the arable land area suitable for their cultivation is constantly decreasing. New solutions should be implemented as soon as possible, ensuring a constant supply of raw material. Otherwise, in the next few years tea may become a luxury product. FAO has presented the activities that could reduce the losses. At the moment, the best solution might be to change crop types and diversify sources of raw material. It is also highlighted that there is a need to carry out research aiming at developing varieties of Camella sinensis with lower climate requirements.
Abstract	The present study demonstrates the reasons for the foundation of tea plantations and conditions of their cultivation. The limitations and negative consequences of cultivation of tea plants along with the ideas for their minimization are shown. Plantations were created to optimize the harvest. However, it has been found that they negatively influence local ecosystems. The global demand for tea leaves is constantly growing. Due to the specific climate requirements of tea plants and progressive climate changes, the arable land area suitable for their cultivation is constantly decreasing. New solutions should be implemented as soon as possible, ensuring a constant supply of raw material. Otherwise, in the next few years tea may become a luxury product. FAO has presented the activities that could reduce the losses. At the moment, the best solution might be to change crop types and diversify sources of raw material. It is also highlighted that there is a need to carry out research aiming at developing varieties of Camella sinensis with lower climate requirements.
Cytowanie	Karwowska K., Skotnicka M., Śmiechowska M. (2019) Tea Production and its Forecasts, and the Possibility of Tea Cultivation in the Context of Environmental Requirements in China.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 1: 180-191
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n1_s180.pdf

Autor	Antoni Faber, Zuzanna Jarosz, Aleksandra Król
Tytuł	Wpływ zmian klimatu na efektywność wykorzystywania azotu oraz jego straty
Title	The Impact of Climate Change on the Efficiency of Nitrogen Use and its Losses
Słowa kluczowe	zmiany klimatu, plony, efektywność, azot, straty
Key words	climate change, yield, NUE, nitrogen, losses
Abstrakt	Celem badań było określenie przewidywanych plonów, efektywności wykorzystania N (NUE), wymywania N, emisji N2O i NH3 w zależności od zmian klimatu do 2050 r. Badania wykonano, z zastosowaniem modelu DNDC, dla okresów lat 1991-2010, 2011-2030 i 2031-2050 oraz 10 lokalizacji w Polsce. W symulacjach uwzględniono zmianowanie roślin: kukurydza na ziarno – jęczmień jary – rzepak ozimy – pszenica ozima, które uprawiano na glebach lekkich, średnich i ciężkich, przy nawożeniu wynoszącym odpowiednio: 140, 90, 160 i 120 kg N ha-1. Stwierdzono, że zmiany klimatu przyczynić się mogą do wzrostów plonów kukurydzy na ziarno (6-43%) i rzepaku ozimego (2-8%), spadków plonów pszenicy ozimej (od -18 do -5%) oraz nieistotnych zmian w plonach jęczmienia jarego. NUE wzrośnie w uprawie kukurydzy (2-17%), zmaleje w uprawach pszenicy ozimej (3-22%) i jęczmienia jarego (3-17%) oraz nie ulegnie zmianie w przypadku rzepaku ozimego. Zmiany NUE oraz straty N nie wpływały na konieczność zmniejszenia dawek azotu w przyszłej uprawie badanych roślin.
Abstract	The aim of the study was to determine the expected yields, the efficiency of N (NUE) use, N leaching, N2O and NH3 emissions depending on climate change until 2050. The research was carried out using the DNDC model for the years 1991-2010, 2011-2030 and 2031-2050 as well as 10 locations in Poland. In the simulations, the crop rotation were considered: maize for grain - spring barley - winter rape - winter wheat, which was grown on light, medium and heavy soils, with fertilization of, respectively: 140, 90, 160 and 120 kg N ha-1. It was found that climate change can contribute to increase in the yield of maize (6-43%) and winter rape (2-8%), decreases in winter wheat yield (from -18 to -5%) and negligible changes in yields of spring barley. NUE will increase in the cultivation of maize (2-17%), it will decrease in winter wheat (3-22%) and spring barley (3-17%) crops and will not change in the case of winter oilseed rape. NUE changes and N losses did not affect the need to reduce nitrogen doses in the future cultivation of the studied plants.
Cytowanie	Faber A., Jarosz Z., Król A. (2019) Wpływ zmian klimatu na efektywność wykorzystywania azotu oraz jego straty.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 1: 37-46
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n1_s37.pdf

Autor	Antoni Faber, Zuzanna Jarosz
Tytuł	Modelowanie bilansu węgla organicznego w glebie oraz emisji gazów cieplarnianych w skali regionalnej oraz w Polsce
Title	Modeling of Soil Organic Carbon Balance and Greenhouse Gas Emissions on a Regional Scale and in Poland
Słowa kluczowe	gleba, węgiel organiczny, sekwestracja, gazy cieplarniane
Key words	soil, organic carbon, sequestration, greenhouse gases
Abstrakt	Celem pracy były symulacje uproszczonego bilansu węgla oraz pochłaniania i emisji gazów cieplarnianych (CO2, CH4, N2O) dla scharakteryzowania potencjału mitygacji zmian klimatu w rolniczym użytkowaniu gruntów ornych. Symulacje wykonywano przy użyciu modelu DNDC dla województw i Polski z użyciem dwudziestoletnich serii danych meteorologicznych. Stwierdzono, że system uprawy płużnej ze zbiorem resztek pożniwnych (a) powodować będzie w Polsce emisję netto tych gazów wynoszącą 0,203 t CO2 ekw. ∙ ha-1 ∙ r-1. Natomiast system uprawy uproszczonej z pozostawieniem na polu resztek pożniwnych (b) oraz system uprawy płużnej z regularnym stosowaniem obornika i zbiorem resztek pożniwnych (c) pochłaniać będą CO2 w ilościach wynoszących odpowiednio: 1,225 i 0,172 t CO2 ekw. ∙ ha-1 ∙ r-1. Uzyskane wyniki sugerują, że w perspektywie średnioterminowej (20 lat), badane systemy uprawy mogą być uznane za praktyki mitygujące zmiany klimatu. Zastosowanie systemów uprawy w pożądanej proporcji w stosunku do areału gruntów ornych w Polsce mogłoby pozwolić na średnie pochłanianie gazów cieplarnianych rzędu 0,556 t CO2 ekw.∙ha 1∙r-1.
Abstract	The aim of the work was simulations of soil organic carbon balances as well as absorption and emission of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O) to characterize the mitigation potential of climate change in agricultural use of arable land. Simulations were performed using the DNDC model for voivodships and Poland using a twenty-year series of meteorological data. It was found that the plow cultivation system with the harvest residue (a) will cause in Poland a net emission of these gases amounting to 0.203 t CO2 eq∙ha-1∙y-1. On the other hand, the reduced tillage system leaving crop residues on the field (b) and the tillage system with the regular application of manure and harvest residues (c) will absorb CO2 in amounts: 1.225 and 0.172 t CO2 eq∙ha-1∙y-1 respectively. The obtained results suggest that in the medium-term (20 years) the studied cultivation systems may be recognized as practices mitigating climate change. The use of cultivation systems in the desired proportion in relation to the area of arable land in Poland could give an average greenhouse gas absorption of 0.556 t CO2 eq∙ha 1∙y 1.
Cytowanie	Faber A., Jarosz Z. (2018) Modelowanie bilansu węgla organicznego w glebie oraz emisji gazów cieplarnianych w skali regionalnej oraz w Polsce.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 3: 102-112
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n3_s102.pdf

Autor	Jerzy Bieńkowski, Radosław Dąbrowicz, Małgorzata Holka, Janusz Jankowiak
Tytuł	Carbon Footprint of Beef Cattle in a Conventional Production System: a Case Study of a Large-Area Farming Enterprise in the Wielkopolska Region
Title	Carbon Footprint of Beef Cattle in a Conventional Production System: a Case Study of a Large-Area Farming Enterprise in the Wielkopolska Region
Słowa kluczowe	carbon footprint, beef production, emission of greenhouse gases, life cycle assessment, agriculture
Key words	carbon footprint, beef production, emission of greenhouse gases, life cycle assessment, agriculture
Abstrakt	Animal production is a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. One of the major challenges in sustainable management is to mitigate the effects of climate change by reducing GHG emissions. The diversity of animal production systems and accompanying diversification of technological processes, mean that specific production effects can be obtained at different levels of GHG emissions. The aim of the study was to determine the carbon footprint (CF) of beef cattle grown in a conventional system (i.e. indoor confinement). The research was carried out on the beef cattle farm belonging to a large-area enterprise, Długie Stare Ltd. The beef cattle production system consisted of the following subsystems: a basic breeding herd (consisting of suckler cows, replacement heifers and calves up to 6.5 months), breeding heifers, breeding bulls and fattening bulls. The method of life cycle analysis (LCA) in the stages from "cradle-to-farmgate" was used to assess the GHG emissions associated with the production of beef cattle. The average CF in the entire beef cattle production system was 25.43 kg of CO2 kg-1 of live weight of marketed cattle, while in the individual subsystems of basic breeding herd, breeding heifers, breeding bulls and fattening bulls, the CF (after GHG allocation) was: 11.0 kg CO2 eq., 34.30 kg CO2 eq., 27.32 and 25.40 kg CO2 eq., respectively. GHG emissions associated with young calves staying in the cow-calf pairs until weaning (in the period from 0-6.5 months), had a decisive influence on the final CF in each of the subsystems of beef cattle production. The second important factor directly affecting the CF was GHG emissions related to methane (CH4) enteric fermentation and manure management. Knowledge of factors affecting the CF structure allows better identification of critical areas in production processes with high GHG emission potential. Information on the CF of beef cattle and beef meat responds to a wider societal demand for the ecological characteristics of market products, which ultimately contributes to improving their market competitiveness.
Abstract	Animal production is a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. One of the major challenges in sustainable management is to mitigate the effects of climate change by reducing GHG emissions. The diversity of animal production systems and accompanying diversification of technological processes, mean that specific production effects can be obtained at different levels of GHG emissions. The aim of the study was to determine the carbon footprint (CF) of beef cattle grown in a conventional system (i.e. indoor confinement). The research was carried out on the beef cattle farm belonging to a large-area enterprise, Długie Stare Ltd. The beef cattle production system consisted of the following subsystems: a basic breeding herd (consisting of suckler cows, replacement heifers and calves up to 6.5 months), breeding heifers, breeding bulls and fattening bulls. The method of life cycle analysis (LCA) in the stages from "cradle-to-farmgate" was used to assess the GHG emissions associated with the production of beef cattle. The average CF in the entire beef cattle production system was 25.43 kg of CO2 kg-1 of live weight of marketed cattle, while in the individual subsystems of basic breeding herd, breeding heifers, breeding bulls and fattening bulls, the CF (after GHG allocation) was: 11.0 kg CO2 eq., 34.30 kg CO2 eq., 27.32 and 25.40 kg CO2 eq., respectively. GHG emissions associated with young calves staying in the cow-calf pairs until weaning (in the period from 0-6.5 months), had a decisive influence on the final CF in each of the subsystems of beef cattle production. The second important factor directly affecting the CF was GHG emissions related to methane (CH4) enteric fermentation and manure management. Knowledge of factors affecting the CF structure allows better identification of critical areas in production processes with high GHG emission potential. Information on the CF of beef cattle and beef meat responds to a wider societal demand for the ecological characteristics of market products, which ultimately contributes to improving their market competitiveness.
Cytowanie	Bieńkowski J., Dąbrowicz R., Holka M., Jankowiak J. (2018) Carbon Footprint of Beef Cattle in a Conventional Production System: a Case Study of a Large-Area Farming Enterprise in the Wielkopolska Region.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 3: 23-35
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n3_s23.pdf

Autor	Norbert Szalaty, Monika Wojcieszak, Weronika Wyduba
Tytuł	Wsparcie rolnictwa zrównoważonego w Polsce w ramach PROW 2014-2020 na przykładzie działania rolno-środowiskowo-klimatycznego
Title	Support for Sustainable Agriculture in Poland under RDP 2014-2020 on the Example of Agri-Environmental-Climate Action
Słowa kluczowe	rolnictwo zrównoważone, PROW 2014-2020, ARiMR, producenci
Key words	sustainable agriculture, RDP 2014-2020, ARMA (Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture), producers
Abstrakt	Producenci rolni chcąc sprostać oczekiwaniom rynku coraz chętniej korzystają z pomocy jaką oferuje Unia Europejka. W artykule podjęto próbę charakterystyki działania rolno-środowiskowo-klimatycznego oraz przedstawiono stan wykorzystania środków unijnych w zakresie działania rolno-środowiskowo-klimatycznego. Jak wynika z przeprowadzonych analiz zauważono, iż analizowane działanie jest ważnym projektem służącym ochronie i zachowaniu naturalnych ekosystemów. Rolnicy chętnie uczestniczą w tym projekcie, gdyż otrzymują płatności w zakresie dwunastu pakietów, które służą ochronie wód, gleb, cennych siedlisk przyrodniczych, klimatu, zagrożonych gatunków ptaków, zwierząt gospodarskich, jak również ochronie różnorodności krajobrazu.
Abstract	Agricultural producers, wishing to meet the expectations of the market, are increasingly eager to take advantage of the assistance offered by the European Union. The article attempts to characterize the agro-environmental and climatic activity and presents the state of use of the EU funds in the scope of the agro-environmental and climatic activity. As the analyses show, the measure under analysis is an important project aimed at protection and preservation of natural ecosystems. Farmers are keen to participate in this project as they receive payments for twelve packages that protect water, soil, valuable natural habitats, climate, endangered bird species, farm animals and landscape diversity.
Cytowanie	Szalaty N., Wojcieszak M., Wyduba W. (2018) Wsparcie rolnictwa zrównoważonego w Polsce w ramach PROW 2014-2020 na przykładzie działania rolno-środowiskowo-klimatycznego.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 3: 332-341
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n3_s332.pdf

Autor	Filip Kłobukowski, Magdalena Skotnicka, Maria Śmiechowska
Tytuł	Możliwości wykorzystania karobu (Ceratonia siliqua) w sektorze żywnościowym i żywieniowym
Title	Possibilities of Utilizing Carob (Ceratonia Siliqua) in Food Industry and Nutrition
Słowa kluczowe	karob, kakao, zastosowanie, wartość odżywcza, guma karobowa
Key words	carob, cocoa, application, nutritional value, carob gum
Abstrakt	Proszek pozyskiwany z nasion karobowych, zwany inaczej mączką chleba świętojańskiego, ma szerokie zastosowanie przemysłowe. Spełnia funkcję zagęstnika, stabilizatora, w odpowiednich warunkach substancji żelującej oraz nośnika. Wielu konsumentów ocenia karob jako produkt, który ze względu na swój smak i aromat może niejednokrotnie stanowić substytut kakao. W klimacie śródziemnomorskim, gdzie występuje karob, mączka chleba świętojańskiego stanowi główny surowiec do produkcji słodyczy. Celem tej pracy było wskazanie możliwości wykorzystania karobu jako dodatku o działaniu prozdrowotnym i tym samym potencjalnym składniku funkcjonalnym w żywności (o znaczeniu innym niż technologiczne bądź sensoryczne).
Abstract	Carob flour is produced from carob seeds and can be widely utilized in the food industry. It is mainly used as a thickener or stabilizer, and in certain conditions can have gel-forming abilities and is used as a medium (mainly for flavour). Many consumers consider carob flour as a cocoa substitute thanks to its flavour and aroma. In Mediterranean climates, which is the carob’s natural growth environment, carob flour is utilized in sweets production. The aim of this study was to point out possibilities of utilizing carob as a product that is beneficial to health, which should therefore be considered as a valuable resource in producing functional food.
Cytowanie	Kłobukowski F., Skotnicka M., Śmiechowska M. (2018) Możliwości wykorzystania karobu (Ceratonia siliqua) w sektorze żywnościowym i żywieniowym.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 2: 140-148
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n2_s140.pdf