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Autor	Łukasz Kryszak
Tytuł	Profit Efficiency in EU FADN Farms under Different Types of Agriculture
Title	Profit Efficiency in EU FADN Farms under Different Types of Agriculture
Słowa kluczowe	efficiency analysis, DEA, FADN, farm income, models of agriculture
Key words	efficiency analysis, DEA, FADN, farm income, models of agriculture
Abstrakt	The aim of the paper was to assess the profit efficiency in representative farms in FADN regions operating in various types of agriculture. For this purpose, clusters of FADN regions with relatively similar dominant types of agriculture were selected on the basis of their partial productivity indicators. Then, efficiency indicators were calculated for each region, using various types of DEA models. The data were adapted from FADN and covered the 2004 and 2015 period. On the basis of analysis conducted in the article, it was found that the farms located in Mediterranean regions were the most efficient. At the same time, in the cluster covering the regions with the most modern agriculture, the efficiency was at a very low level. Farms in most regions operated under the conditions of decreasing economies of scale, although the efficiency of scale itself improved. Moreover, in contrast to 2004, an increase in efficiency in relation to the best practice frontier was observed in 2015.
Abstract	The aim of the paper was to assess the profit efficiency in representative farms in FADN regions operating in various types of agriculture. For this purpose, clusters of FADN regions with relatively similar dominant types of agriculture were selected on the basis of their partial productivity indicators. Then, efficiency indicators were calculated for each region, using various types of DEA models. The data were adapted from FADN and covered the 2004 and 2015 period. On the basis of analysis conducted in the article, it was found that the farms located in Mediterranean regions were the most efficient. At the same time, in the cluster covering the regions with the most modern agriculture, the efficiency was at a very low level. Farms in most regions operated under the conditions of decreasing economies of scale, although the efficiency of scale itself improved. Moreover, in contrast to 2004, an increase in efficiency in relation to the best practice frontier was observed in 2015.
Cytowanie	Kryszak Ł. (2018) Profit Efficiency in EU FADN Farms under Different Types of Agriculture.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 3: 196-207
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n3_s196.pdf

Autor	Jerzy Bieńkowski, Radosław Dąbrowicz, Małgorzata Holka, Janusz Jankowiak
Tytuł	Carbon Footprint of Beef Cattle in a Conventional Production System: a Case Study of a Large-Area Farming Enterprise in the Wielkopolska Region
Title	Carbon Footprint of Beef Cattle in a Conventional Production System: a Case Study of a Large-Area Farming Enterprise in the Wielkopolska Region
Słowa kluczowe	carbon footprint, beef production, emission of greenhouse gases, life cycle assessment, agriculture
Key words	carbon footprint, beef production, emission of greenhouse gases, life cycle assessment, agriculture
Abstrakt	Animal production is a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. One of the major challenges in sustainable management is to mitigate the effects of climate change by reducing GHG emissions. The diversity of animal production systems and accompanying diversification of technological processes, mean that specific production effects can be obtained at different levels of GHG emissions. The aim of the study was to determine the carbon footprint (CF) of beef cattle grown in a conventional system (i.e. indoor confinement). The research was carried out on the beef cattle farm belonging to a large-area enterprise, Długie Stare Ltd. The beef cattle production system consisted of the following subsystems: a basic breeding herd (consisting of suckler cows, replacement heifers and calves up to 6.5 months), breeding heifers, breeding bulls and fattening bulls. The method of life cycle analysis (LCA) in the stages from "cradle-to-farmgate" was used to assess the GHG emissions associated with the production of beef cattle. The average CF in the entire beef cattle production system was 25.43 kg of CO2 kg-1 of live weight of marketed cattle, while in the individual subsystems of basic breeding herd, breeding heifers, breeding bulls and fattening bulls, the CF (after GHG allocation) was: 11.0 kg CO2 eq., 34.30 kg CO2 eq., 27.32 and 25.40 kg CO2 eq., respectively. GHG emissions associated with young calves staying in the cow-calf pairs until weaning (in the period from 0-6.5 months), had a decisive influence on the final CF in each of the subsystems of beef cattle production. The second important factor directly affecting the CF was GHG emissions related to methane (CH4) enteric fermentation and manure management. Knowledge of factors affecting the CF structure allows better identification of critical areas in production processes with high GHG emission potential. Information on the CF of beef cattle and beef meat responds to a wider societal demand for the ecological characteristics of market products, which ultimately contributes to improving their market competitiveness.
Abstract	Animal production is a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. One of the major challenges in sustainable management is to mitigate the effects of climate change by reducing GHG emissions. The diversity of animal production systems and accompanying diversification of technological processes, mean that specific production effects can be obtained at different levels of GHG emissions. The aim of the study was to determine the carbon footprint (CF) of beef cattle grown in a conventional system (i.e. indoor confinement). The research was carried out on the beef cattle farm belonging to a large-area enterprise, Długie Stare Ltd. The beef cattle production system consisted of the following subsystems: a basic breeding herd (consisting of suckler cows, replacement heifers and calves up to 6.5 months), breeding heifers, breeding bulls and fattening bulls. The method of life cycle analysis (LCA) in the stages from "cradle-to-farmgate" was used to assess the GHG emissions associated with the production of beef cattle. The average CF in the entire beef cattle production system was 25.43 kg of CO2 kg-1 of live weight of marketed cattle, while in the individual subsystems of basic breeding herd, breeding heifers, breeding bulls and fattening bulls, the CF (after GHG allocation) was: 11.0 kg CO2 eq., 34.30 kg CO2 eq., 27.32 and 25.40 kg CO2 eq., respectively. GHG emissions associated with young calves staying in the cow-calf pairs until weaning (in the period from 0-6.5 months), had a decisive influence on the final CF in each of the subsystems of beef cattle production. The second important factor directly affecting the CF was GHG emissions related to methane (CH4) enteric fermentation and manure management. Knowledge of factors affecting the CF structure allows better identification of critical areas in production processes with high GHG emission potential. Information on the CF of beef cattle and beef meat responds to a wider societal demand for the ecological characteristics of market products, which ultimately contributes to improving their market competitiveness.
Cytowanie	Bieńkowski J., Dąbrowicz R., Holka M., Jankowiak J. (2018) Carbon Footprint of Beef Cattle in a Conventional Production System: a Case Study of a Large-Area Farming Enterprise in the Wielkopolska Region.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 3: 23-35
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n3_s23.pdf

Autor	Joanna Wyrobek
Tytuł	Analiza porównawcza sytuacji finansowej farm wiatrowych w wybranych krajach Unii Europejskiej w latach 2009-2017
Title	Comparative Analysis of Wind Farms Financial Situation in Selected Countries of the European Union in years 2009-2017
Słowa kluczowe	farmy wiatrowe, źródła odnawialne energii, finanse przedsiębiorstw energetycznych
Key words	wind farms, renewable resources, corporate finance
Abstrakt	Celem publikacji była jest analiza porównawcza wybranych wskaźników sytuacji finansowej przedsiębiorstw, których główną działalnością jest generowanie energii wiatrowej i jej sprzedaż do sieci energetycznej. W publikacji porównano wybrane średnie wartości wskaźników finansowych dla następujących krajów Unii Europejskiej: Austria, Belgia, Bułgaria, Chorwacja, Czechy, Dania, Estonia, Finlandia, Francja, Grecja, Hiszpania, Holandia, Irlandia, Litwa, Łotwa, Niemcy, Polska, Portugalia, Rumunia, Słowacja, Słowenia, Szwecja, Węgry, Wielka Brytania, Włochy. Wnioskiem z badań jest wysoka rentowność farm wiatrowych w Austrii, Belgii, Portugalii i Wielkiej Brytanii, co pokrywa się z wysokimi cenami energii elektrycznej w tych krajach. Kraje z niższymi cenami energii odnotowały zwykle gorsze wyniki finansowe farm wiatrowych. Są jednak od tej reguły wyjątki (farmy wiatrowe w Niemczech mimo wysokich cen energii elektrycznej nie uzyskiwały bardzo dobrych wyników finansowych).
Abstract	The aim of the publication was a comparative analysis of selected indicators of the financial situation of enterprises whose main activity is the generation of wind energy and its sale to the power grid. The publication compared selected average values of financial ratios for the following European Union countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Greece, Spain, the Netherlands, Ireland, Lithuania, Latvia, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Hungary, Great Britain, Italy. The conclusion from the research is the authors observed high profitability of wind farms in Austria, Belgium, Portugal and the United Kingdom, which coincides with the high electricity prices in these countries. Countries with lower energy prices usually recorded worse financial results of wind farms. There are, however, exceptions to this rule (wind farms in Germany, despite high electricity prices, did not achieve very good financial results).
Cytowanie	Wyrobek J. (2018) Analiza porównawcza sytuacji finansowej farm wiatrowych w wybranych krajach Unii Europejskiej w latach 2009-2017.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 4: 504-514
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n4_s504.pdf

Autor	Paweł Boczar
Tytuł	Białko roślinne – źródła, koszty produkcji i jakość
Title	Plant Protein – Sources, Production Costs and Quality
Słowa kluczowe	białko, koszty produkcji, wartość odżywcza białka
Key words	protein, production costs, protein quality
Abstrakt	Białko należy do podstawowych składników odżywczych niezbędnych do utrzymania życia. Światowe prognozy pokazują, że będzie to podstawowy makroskładnik limitujący światowe bezpieczeństwo żywnościowe. W światowej strukturze spożycia dominuje białko pochodzenia roślinnego, a podstawowym źródłem białka roślinnego są zboża - wśród nich pszenica. W artykule założono, że głównym źródłem dla rosnącego popytu na białko pozostaną dotychczasowe jego źródła, ponieważ czynnikami decydującymi o wykorzystaniu danego surowca jest jego dostępność, koszt i jakość. Z tego powodu w artykule podjęto próbę charakterystyki głównych źródeł białka roślinnego pod względem wielkości produkcji białka z jednostki powierzchni, kosztów produkcji 1 kg białka i jego jakości. Analizę kosztów produkcji poszczególnych źródeł białka wykonano na podstawie danych z gospodarstw z krajów (lub grupy krajów) głównych jego producentów lub eksporterów. Jakość białka roślinnego scharakteryzowano przy użyciu wskaźnika aminokwasu ograniczającego oraz wskaźnika aminokwasu ograniczającego skorygowanego o strawność rzeczywistą białka. Spośród analizowanych źródeł białka największy plon z jednostki powierzchni oraz najmniejsze bezpośrednie koszty produkcji posiada białko z soi. Białko to również charakteryzuje się największą wartością biologiczną uwzględniając wartość wskaźnika aminokwasu ograniczającego skorygowanego o strawność rzeczywistą białka.
Abstract	Protein is one of the basic nutrients necessary to maintain life. Global forecasts show that protein will be the basic macro component limiting global food security. Vegetable protein dominates the global structure of protein consumption. The primary source of vegetable protein are cereals, and among them, wheat. The article assumes that the main source for the growing protein demand will remain its current sources, because the factors determining the use of a given raw material are its availability, cost and quality. Therefore, the article attempts to characterize the main sources of vegetable protein in terms of protein production per unit area, production costs of 1 kg protein and their quality. The analysis of production costs of individual protein sources was made on the basis of data from farms belonging to the countries (or groups of countries) of its main producers or exporters. The quality of the analyzed proteins was characterized using: Chemical Score (SC) and Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS). From among the protein sources which were analyzed, the highest yield per unit area and the lowest direct production costs are found in soy protein. This protein is also characterized by the highest biological value considering the value of PDCAAS.
Cytowanie	Boczar P. (2018) Białko roślinne – źródła, koszty produkcji i jakość.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 4: 122-132
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n4_s122.pdf

Autor	Aneta Suchoń
Tytuł	Spółdzielczość rolnicza we Francji i Niemczech – wybrane zagadnienia prawne i ekonomiczne
Title	Agricultural Cooperatives in France and Germany – Selected Legal and Economic Issues
Słowa kluczowe	spółdzielnie rolnicze, rolnictwo, gospodarstwo rolne, spółdzielnie we Francji i Niemczech
Key words	agricultural cooperatives, agriculture, agricultural holding, cooperatives in France and Germany
Abstrakt	Francja i Niemcy są przykładami państw, w których rolnictwo jest istotnym działem gospodarki, występuje duża liczba gospodarstw rolnych, a ruch spółdzielczy jest bardzo popularny. W Unii Europejskiej funkcjonuje ponad 22 tys. spółdzielni rolniczych. W ramach rozważań zaprezentowano dane statystyczne i regulacje prawne dotyczące spółdzielni rolniczych we Francji i Niemczech, w szczególności francuski Code Rural oraz niemiecką ustawa Genossenschaftsgesetz. W podsumowaniu autorka stwierdziła, że polski prawodawca, tworząc nowy prawny model spółdzielczości, powinien bezsprzecznie skorzystać z doświadczeń i niektórych rozwiązań prawnych występujących w Niemczech i Francji, m.in. w zakresie wprowadzenia szerokiej definicji spółdzielni rolniczych, uproszczeń w zakresie zakładania i funkcjonowania tych podmiotów, instrumentów finansowych, w tym podatkowych, łączenia spółdzielni z innymi podmiotami spółdzielczymi czy spółkami kapitałowymi.
Abstract	France and Germany are examples of countries where agriculture is an important part of the economy, there is a large number of farms and the cooperative movement is very popular. In the European Union there are over 22 thousand agricultural cooperatives. The article presents statistical data and legal regulations concerning agricultural cooperatives in France and Germany, in particular, the French Code Rural and the German Genossenschaftsgesetz. In conclusion the author states that the Polish legislature, creating a new model of cooperative law, should unquestionably draw on the experience and some legal solutions implemented in Germany and France, and in particular introduce a broad definition of agricultural cooperatives, a simplified procedure of their formation and functioning, financial instruments, including tax, and rules on merging cooperatives with other cooperative entities or companies.
Cytowanie	Suchoń A. (2018) Spółdzielczość rolnicza we Francji i Niemczech – wybrane zagadnienia prawne i ekonomiczne .Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 4: 451-462
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n4_s451.pdf

Autor	Tomasz Tekień
Tytuł	Implementacja procedury analitycznej hierarchizacji (AHP) do określenia rankingu pilności scaleń gruntów rolnych na przykładzie gminy Jasionówka
Title	IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP) FOR DEFINING THE RANKING OF URGENCY OF LAND CONSOLIDATION BASED ON THE JASIONÓWKA COMMUNE
Słowa kluczowe	scalenie gruntów, rolnictwo, AHP
Key words	land consolidation, agriculture, AHP
Abstrakt	Artykuł podejmuje problem merytorycznego wsparcia w procesie zapobieżenia powstawaniu wadliwej struktury obszarowej gospodarstw rolnych. Zachodzące w ciągu dziesięcioleci zmiany struktury obszarowej i własnościowej gruntów użytkowanych rolniczo, spowodowały ich nadmierne rozdrobnienie, które utrudnia prawidłowe i wydajne gospodarowanie. Na przykładzie gminy Jasionówka (woj. podlaskie, powiat moniecki), zaproponowano wykorzystanie procedury analitycznej hierarchizacji (AHP) jako możliwości ustalenia kolejności przeprowadzenia scaleń w poszczególnych obrębach ewidencyjnych badanej gminy. Pozwala to na racjonalne wykorzystanie ograniczonych środków finansowych przy realizacji kosztownych prac scalenia i wymiany gruntów.
Abstract	The paper examines the issue of scientific support to prevent the faulty structures of farms under the consolidation process. Taking place over decades, changes in the structure and ownership of land utilized for agricultural purposes, resulted in excessive disaggregation, which obstructs proper and efficient management. The author, using an example of the Jasionówka commune (province Podlaskie, district Monki), proposes the use of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) as an opportunity to determine the proper order to carry out consolidation in the respective cadastral district. This allows for a rational use of limited financial resources when carrying out costly consolidation and an exchange of agricultural plots. The analysis was performed taking into account the relevant factors characterizing the area.
Cytowanie	Tekień T. (2018) Implementacja procedury analitycznej hierarchizacji (AHP) do określenia rankingu pilności scaleń gruntów rolnych na przykładzie gminy Jasionówka .Roczniki Naukowe Ekonomii Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich, t. 105, z. 1: 68-80
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Pełny tekst	RNR_2018_n1_s68.pdf

Autor	Agata Marcysiak, Adam Marcysiak
Tytuł	Efektywność wykorzystania zasobów w różnych typach gospodarstwach
Title	EFFECTIVENESS OF RESOURCE USE IN VARIOUS TYPES OF FARMS
Słowa kluczowe	typ rolniczy, produktywność, dochodowość.
Key words	agricultural type, productivity, profitability.
Abstrakt	Typ rolniczy stanowi jedno z kryteriów używanych dla charakteryzowania gospodarstwa rolnego w UE. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest próba ukazania zakresu efektywności wykorzystania zasobów produkcyjnych w różnych typach gospodarstw. Do oceny efektywności gospodarowania w poszczególnych typach gospodarstw posłużono się produktywnością i dochodowością ziemi, pracy i kapitału. Poszczególne wielkości ukazano w przeliczeniu na jedno gospodarstwo w zł. Skalę zróżnicowania przedstawiono w ujęciu procentowym. Przeprowadzona analiza wykazała, iż intensywna produkcja prowadzona w gospodarstwach drobiarskich i ogrodniczych sprawiała, że to właśnie one osiągnęły w 2016 roku najwyższą produktywność i dochodowość ziemi i kapitału.
Abstract	The agricultural type is one of the criteria used to characterize a farm in the EU. The purpose of this study is to show the range of the effectiveness of the use of production resources in various types of farms. The productivity and profitability of land, labor and capital were used to assess the effectiveness of management in particular types of farms. Individual sizes are shown per one household in PLN. The scale of diversification is presented in percentage terms. The analysis carried out showed that intensive production carried out on poultry and horticultural farms made them the most productive and profitable land and capital in 2016.
Cytowanie	Marcysiak A., Marcysiak A. (2018) Efektywność wykorzystania zasobów w różnych typach gospodarstwach .Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 19(68): 122-131
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2018_n68_s122.pdf

Autor	Andrzej Jędruchniewicz, Jacek Maśniak
Tytuł	Przemiany własnościowe ziemi rolnej w Polsce
Title	Changes in agricultural land ownership in Poland
Słowa kluczowe	rolnictwo, własność, prywatyzacja ziemi rolnej, gospodarstwo rodzinne
Key words	agriculture, property, agricultural land privatization, family household
Abstrakt	Celem opracowania jest przedstawienie i ocena procesu przekształceń własnościowych ziemi rolnej w Polsce z uwzględnieniem roli, jaką odegrała polityka kształtowania polskiego modelu rolnictwa opartego na gospodarstwach rodzinnych. Zadaniem obecnie prowadzonej polityki kształtowania ustroju rolnego jest ochrona i rozwój gospodarstw rodzinnych. Od 2003 roku występują ułatwienia w dostępie do ziemi dla tych gospodarstw. W latach 1992–2016 Agencja Nieruchomości Rolnych sprzedała łącznie ponad 2,6 mln ha gruntów rolnych. Osoby fizyczne zakupiły 80,8% sprywatyzowanych gruntów rolnych, a 19,2% tego typu gruntów nabyły osoby prawne. W 2016 roku w gospodarstwach prywatnych znajdowało się 91,4% użytków rolnych ogółem, a własność publiczna stanowiła 8,6%. Struktura własnościowa ziemi rolnej w Polsce jest zróżnicowana przestrzennie. Udział prywatnej własności jest największy w województwach mazowieckim i świętokrzyskim, a najmniejszy w województwie zachodniopomorskim.
Abstract	The aim of the article was to present the process of agricultural land privatization in Poland, taking into account the role that this policy has played in terms of shaping the Polish agricultural model, based on family households. The purpose of the current agrarian system shaping policy is the protection and development of family households. Since 2003 there have been facilitated access to land for family households. Between 1992 and 2016, the total of over 2.6 million ha of agricultural land were sold. Natural persons acquired the total of 81% of privatized agricultural land, with the 19% being acquired by legal entities. In 2016 private farms accounted for 91.4% of total agricultural land, while public ownership accounted for 8.6%. The ownership structure of agricultural land in Poland is spatially diversified. The share of private ownership is the largest in the Mazowieckie and Świętokrzyskie Voivodships, and the smallest in the Zachodniopomorskie Voivodship.
Cytowanie	Jędruchniewicz A., Maśniak J. (2018) Przemiany własnościowe ziemi rolnej w Polsce.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 121: 25-39
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2018_n121_s25.pdf

Autor	Wojciech Józwiak, Zofia Mirkowska, Wojciech Ziętara
Tytuł	ROLE OF LARGER FARMS IN POLAND AND SELECTED EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES IN 2005 AND 2016
Title
Słowa kluczowe	farms, UAA, agricultural production
Key words
Abstrakt	The rates of increase in labour costs in non-agricultural sections and prices of means of production for agriculture, which are higher than selling prices of agricultural products in countries with a market economy have resulted in a decrease in unit profitability of agricultural production. Farmers wishing to obtain a satisfactory income must increase their production scale, mainly by increasing farm area. The study covers two intentionally selected groups of countries differing with regard to economic development specified by gross domestic product (GDP) value per capita. The reason for this selection is the dependence of the farms’ economic strength on the national economy level of analysed countries. The first group of countries with a high level of this indicator (GDP) includes: Denmark, Sweden, Ireland, the Netherlands, Austria, Germany, Belgium, Great Britain and France. The second group covers – Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. Analyses covered the changes in average farm area, share of farms with an area of 30 ha of UAA or more in the total number of farms, land use, employment and standard production in 2005 and 2016. In both groups, the following increased in the analysed period: the average farm area and share of larger farms in land use and production. In the majority of analysed countries, the share of farms with an area of 100 ha or more, when it comes to production, exceeded 50%.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Józwiak W., Mirkowska Z., Ziętara W.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s28.pdf

Autor	Bazyli Czyżewski, Anna Matuszczak, Andrea Muntean
Tytuł	ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN AGRICULTURE: DIFFERENT WAYS OF QUANTIFICATION
Title
Słowa kluczowe	environmental burden, eco-efficiency, eco-effectiveness, sustainable development, agriculture, EU regions
Key words
Abstrakt	The main goal of the article is to compare three approaches to measuring environmental sustainability in agriculture: (1) environmental burden index, (2) sustainable value of eco-efficient production and (3) sustainable value of eco-effective farm, applied by the authors to the sample of 125 EUFADN regions in 2015. The study indicate a fundamental problem: the notion of environmental sustainability in agriculture differs depending on the criterion we apply. The authors recognized a principle trade-off in CAP which consist of compensating strain on the natural environment with production or with public goods provision. The choice between these two effects is crucial to draw a consistent development path for the Common Agricultural Policy.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Czyżewski B., Matuszczak A., Muntean A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s40.pdf

Autor	Anna Kłoczko-Gajewska, Piotr Sulewski
Tytuł	ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS OF POLISH FARMERS PARTICIPATING IN FADN
Title
Słowa kluczowe	sustainable development, farmers, environmental awareness
Key words
Abstrakt	A prerequisite to manage farms in line with the sustainability concept is to be aware of the potential impact of farming practices on environmental and social issues. In this paper we tried to describe and assess environmental awareness of Polish farmers. Basing on the representative sample of 600 farms participating in the FADN we have carried out interviews concerning the farmers’ awareness of environmental problems and potential influence of farming practices on the natural environment, as well as the concept of sustainable agriculture. The results show that the farmers have a relatively high environmental awareness (at least in declarations). Farmers with higher economic potential and participating in agri-environmental schemes are more likely to know the concept of sustainable farming, than the remaining ones.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kłoczko-Gajewska A., Sulewski P.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s68.pdf

Autor	Bazyli Czyżewski, Dawid Dobrowolski, Anna Matuszczak, Pawel Smidoda, Tomasz Szwon
Tytuł	SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY IN AGRICULTURAL FARMS WITH DIFFERING ECONOMIC SIZE IN THE EU COUNTRIES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	social sustainability, agricultural farms, economic size, the EU countries
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of the paper was to identify different levels of social sustainability in farms of various economic sizes (6 sizes) in the EU countries. The study is based on the Sustainable Value (SV) method, which is valueoriented, measured as the sustainability of agriculture at the micro-economic level (e.g. agricultural farm). To be able to compare farms among themselves, an RTC was calculated. The FADN database for the years 2004–2015 was used in the article, analysing very small (I) and very large (VI) farms more closely. It identifies countries, where farms made a positive contribution to social sustainability and those, compared to the EU average, which need mainly institutional support in order to bridge the gap with the best.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Czyżewski B., Dobrowolski D., Matuszczak A., Smidoda P., Szwon T.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s75.pdf

Autor	Konrad Turkowski
Tytuł	TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE IN POLAND
Title
Słowa kluczowe	aquaculture, adaptation, sustainability
Key words
Abstrakt	In the late 1980s, inland aquaculture in Poland produced about 20 and 4 thousand tonnes of carp and trout, respectively. In 2016, the total volume of the sector’s production increased to over 35 thousand tonnes, including 18 and 16 thousand tonnes of the two species and above 1 thousand tonnes of another fish. This constitutes 94% of total catches of inland fish and about 15% including sea fishing. Globally, roughly 50% of seafood supply is produced by aquaculture, and farmed fish production exceeds that of farmed beef. The EU’s Blue Growth Strategy identifies aquaculture as a sector which could boost economic growth across Europe. The key challenges in the Polish aquaculture sector is significant production growth to 49 thousand tonnes by 2020 and increasing its competitiveness by using resources more effectively, supporting the market by building distribution chains, improving the quality of products and marketing, as well as increasing contribution to environmental protection.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Turkowski K.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s92.pdf

Autor	Andrzej Czyżewski, Sebastian Stępień
Tytuł	DISCOVERING ECONOMICS IN THE EU’S COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE NEW PERIOD 2021–2026
Title
Słowa kluczowe	common agricultural policy, economics, paradigm, recommendations
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of the publication is to assess the functioning of common agricultural policy (CAP) in the context of its relationship with the paradigm of industrial and sustained development of the food economy. The idea is to find a relationship between specific instruments of the EU’s agricultural policy and the assumptions of the adopted paradigms, and thus formulate certain general application premises and solutions in three areas: justification for the support of the agricultural sector, the problem of income deprivation of agricultural producers, and the change of the industrial-technological development model, predominant in agriculture, into sustained development. In light of the presented discussion, the occurrence of the following three economic CAP premises was confirmed: the need for financial support for the agricultural sector, the drainage of agricultural producers in the food supply chain, and the superiority of sustainably developed agriculture over industrial agriculture. As a result, recommendations concerning common agricultural policy after 2020 were given. The most important ones include: maintaining as high a level of support for agriculture as possible at an EU level, maintaining the system of direct subsidies as the most important instrument of equalising agricultural income, limiting unequal distribution of payments among small and large farms, enhancing the position of the farmer in the food chain, implementating a mandatory risk management instrument, and establishing an ‘environmental budget’ financing public goods.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Czyżewski A., Stępień S.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s154.pdf

Autor	Alicja Baranowska, Stanisław Kondracki, Daniel Rogoznicki
Tytuł	COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY AS A DETERMINANT OF TRANSFORMATION IN POLISH AGRICULTURE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	rural areas, Common Agricultural Policy, direct payments
Key words
Abstrakt	The impact assessment of the Common Agricultural Policy on transformation process of Polish agriculture following Poland’s accession to European Union has been carried out. The analysis took into account the changes of the Common Agricultural Policy in terms of goals and the directions of its evolution. In the paper the alterations in land, labour and capital resources of Polish agriculture were also analysed. It has been established that funds coming from the Community budget allowed Polish agriculture to adjust to the requirement of new environment. Integration into the European Union has created good conditions to dynamic development of the agri-food sector as a whole. Acceleration of the modernization and restructuring processes of Polish farms has taken place. These developments have resulted in a reduction in the total number of farms (by 52%) at the simultaneous rise in their average area (by 78%). Union financial measures have also influenced on generational renewal amongst farms managers. The funds considerably enhanced farmers’ incomes, which increased by 156%, thus promoting expenditure on investments. As a result the improvement of technical utilities of farms has been achieved. Consequently, labour productivity growth in Polish agriculture has also been recorded. A wide range of measures within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy enables to overcome many obstacles of the rural areas in Poland. It also creates possibilities to take advantage of naturally occurring assets in order to effectively compete on the external market.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Baranowska A., Kondracki S., Rogoznicki D.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s168.pdf

Autor	Tomasz Siudek, Aldona Zawojska
Tytuł	THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM’S EXIT FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION ON THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY
Title
Słowa kluczowe	Brexit, European Union, Common Agricultural Policy
Key words
Abstrakt	The two-year Brexit process, formally initiated on March 2017, is coming to an end, intensifying public discussions and concerns about the future of the EU, including the community budget and policies. This paper articulates the likely implications of the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the EU on the Common Agricultural Policy using a political economy approach. It focuses on the budgetary and agricultural trade consequences of the Brexit for the EU remaining member states. The European Commission’s proposed reduction by 5% of the CAP budget for 2021–2027 is one of the first Brexit consequences that potentially can result in a decline in EU farm incomes. The leaving the single market and customs union by the UK, traditionally taking a liberal market position, will probably affect not only the CAP, but also agricultural policies amongst WTO and G20 member countries. With lack of some kind of free trade agreement between the UK and the EU, agri-food net exports from the EU27 to the UK will decrease.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Siudek T., Zawojska A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s201.pdf

Autor	Xesus Pereira Lopez, Magdalena Śmiglak-Krajewska, Manuel Veiga Carballido, Malgorzata Węgrzyńska
Tytuł	ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARMS IN POLAND AND SPAIN IN THE YEARS 2011–2016 BASED ON FADN STATISTICS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	common agricultural policy, economic measures, agriculture in Spain, agriculture in Poland
Key words
Abstrakt	The paper presents a comparison of the economic status of farms in two selected EU countries, Poland and Spain, in the period of 2011–2016. Both these countries were selected based on comparable qualitative and quantitative parameters characteristic of agriculture. An additional determinant for the selection of these countries was connected with the similar economic situation before and after their accession to the European Union. The economic status of these two countries was compared using the statistical data of the European Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN), the Macroeconomic Data Bank (Poland) and the Instituto Nacional de Estadistica (Spain). In turn, the economic situation of farms in Poland and Spain was assessed on the basis of selected economic measures: Gross Farm Income, Farm Net Value Added, Farm Net Value Added/AWU, Family Farm Income/FWU, Total output of crops and crop production, total crops output (ha), total output of livestock and livestock products, total livestock output (LU), Total assets, total fixes assets, Total labour input and unpaid labour input. The study was summarised with the conclusions.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Pereira Lopez X., Śmiglak-Krajewska M., Veiga Carballido M., Węgrzyńska M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s221.pdf

Autor	Rafal Balina, Piotr Chrzanowski, Slawomir Juszczyk
Tytuł	THE IMPORTANCE OF CREDITS FOR AGRICULTURE IN GENERATING NET PROFIT OF COOPERATIVE BANKS IN 2015–2017
Title
Słowa kluczowe	credits granted to individual farmers, preferential credits for agriculture, net profit, cooperative banks
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of the research was to determine whether and to what extent credits for agriculture, that is credits granted to individual farmers and preferential credit for agriculture, affected the level of net profit of cooperative banks in Poland in 2015–2017. Among others, it was established that credits granted to individual farmers are important for generating net profit for both small, medium and large cooperative banks. However, the values of the regression coefficient for this variable were low, with a slight increasing tendency. The variable, however, defining preferential credits for agriculture appeared only in two out of nine models constructed and with a negative sign. This concerned small and medium-sized cooperative banks. For large cooperative banks, preferential credit for agriculture were not of key importance in generating net profit. One can conclude that preferential credit does not bring financial benefits to cooperative banks. It is necessary to make financial revenues reliable, taking into account the costs of servicing preferential credits.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Balina R., Chrzanowski P., Juszczyk S.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s297.pdf

Autor	Agnieszka Kozera, Aldona Standar, Joanna Średzinska
Tytuł	LEVEL AND EVOLUTION OF FARM TAXATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION IN 2007–2015
Title
Słowa kluczowe	taxes, farms, European Union, FADN, TOPSIS
Key words
Abstrakt	The purpose of this paper is to assess the level of and changes in taxes imposed on farms in European Union countries. The empirical study was based on FADN data. Because of the complex nature of aspects under consideration, the TOPSIS method was used to develop a synthetic indicator of farm taxation. The study was carried out in 2007–2009 and 2013–2015. For these periods, average values of simple characteristics were calculated which reflect the levels of farm taxation and are the basis for the synthetic indicator. Afterwards, the synthetic indicator was used to linearly arrange the countries by farm taxation levels in the EU in the periods considered.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kozera A., Standar A., Średzinska J.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s327.pdf

Autor	Arleta Kedra, Lyubov Klapkiv
Tytuł	RELATION BETWEEN SELECTED WEATHER FACTORS AND INSURANCE INDEMNITY IN UKRAINIAN AGRICULTURE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	insurance indemnity, weather variables, agriculture
Key words
Abstrakt	The present paper is devoted to examining if weather variables have a significant impact on the level of indemnity in examined agriculture insurances, i.e. insurance of winter crops. The authors will determine whether indicators as excessive rainfall and extreme temperatures (especially frost) contribute to crucial increase of insurance indemnity. According to currently existing theories, weather changes have vital consequences both for farmers and for insurers as they take over the risk. The goal of the present paper is to analyse strength and direction of correlation between weather variables and insurance indemnity in case of winter plants to state whether these influence amounts of money paid to farmers for their crops’ losses.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kedra A., Klapkiv L.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s358.pdf