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Autor	Anna Kłoczko-Gajewska, Piotr Sulewski
Tytuł	Postawy rolników wobec ryzyka oraz sposoby jego ograniczania
Title	Farmers attitudes towards risk and ways of its limitation
Słowa kluczowe	ryzyko w rolnictwie, metody ograniczania, percepcja ryzyka
Key words	risk in agriculture, methods of risk reduction, risk perception
Abstrakt	Rolnicy w swojej pracy spotykają się z wieloma rodzajami ryzyka, takimi jak ryzyko biznesowe (ceny, warunki pogodowe, klęski żywiołowe, choroby zwierząt, itp.) lub finansowe. Większość ankietowanych rolników doświadczyła nieoczekiwanych strat w produkcji, najczęściej będących skutkiem suszy lub choroby zwierząt. Często również występowały znaczne wahania cen głównego produktu gospodarstwa. Mimo tego rolnicy stosują głównie pasywne formy ochrony przed ryzykiem, takie jak utrzymywanie rezerw finansowych lub unikanie kredytów. Jedynymi powszechnie używanymi metodami aktywnego zmniejszania ryzyka są różnicowanie działalności i ubezpieczenia majątkowe.
Abstract	Agricultural producers face several types of risk in their activities, such as business risks (prices, weather conditions, natural disasters, animal illnesses, etc.) or financial risks. Most of interviewed farmers have faced unexpected losses in production, mostly due to droughts and animal illnesses. They have also experienced significant fluctuations of prices for their main products. Nevertheless, farmers use mostly passive forms of risk protection, such as keeping financial reserves or avoiding taking credits. The only popular forms of active protection came out to be product diversification and wealth insurance.
Cytowanie	Kłoczko-Gajewska A., Sulewski P. (2009) Postawy rolników wobec ryzyka oraz sposoby jego ograniczania.Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych, Seria G, t. 96, z. 1: 141-148
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Pełny tekst	RNR_2009_n1_s141.pdf

Autor	Monika Gębska, Jacek Łojek, Michał Romanowski
Tytuł	Efekty ekonomiczne prowadzenia stajni koni wyścigowych w Austrii przez polski podmiot gospodarczy
Title	Economic effects of running of a racehorse stable in Austria by a polish economic subject
Słowa kluczowe	konie pełnej krwi angielskiej, tory wyścigowe, stajnia wyścigowa, koszty
Key words	English thoroughbred (horses), horse racing, racehorse stable, costs
Abstrakt	W opracowaniu zaprezentowano wyniki ekonomiczne oddziału stajni wyścigowej Polskiej Korporacji Inwestycyjnej S.A., który prowadził działalność w Ebreichsdorfie (Austria) od kwietnia 2004 do października 2005 roku. W analizowanym okresie liczba trenowanych koni wynosiła średnio 16 sztuk, miesięczne przychody osią- gane z nagród stanowiły równowartość 1151,95 zł w przeliczeniu na jednego konia, zaś koszty całkowite 3331,75 zł, a zatem działalność ta przynosiła co miesiąc stratę 2180,75 zł na konia. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na trwały brak rentowności prowadzenia stajni wyścigowej na torze w Ebreichsdorfie, co wynikało z niskich przychodów z wygranych, jak i wysokich kosztów działalności, w szczególności kosztów wynagrodzeń pracowników, dzierżawy i utrzymania infrastruktury stajni.
Abstract	The paper presents the results of researches executed in a racehorse stable in Ebreichsdorf, Austria which belongs to the Polish Investment Corporation (Polska Korporacja Inwestycyjna S.A.). Branch in Ebersdorf conducted its activity from April 2004 to October 2005. The number of trained horses amounted to the average of 16. The calculated for one horse incom from awards amounted to 1151.95 PLN per month and total costs amounted to 3331.75 PLN per month. Thus the activity reports a monthly loss of 2180.75 PLN per horse. The results indicate that the incomes from racing awards could cover the costs of horse selection and appraisal only in 41, 8%. What contributed to this result was lower incomes from won competitions and high costs of activity, in particular the costs of remunerations of employees constituting 47% of costs connected to running of a racing stable and costs of the lease and maintaining of the stable infrastructure (19% of total costs). The situation may be expected to improve if horses are trained better. Horses that win more often in most important races, e.g. Derby, Oaks and St. Leger, where awards are much higher. Remedy activities may be sought also at the side of costs. Costs of remuneration may not be limited because of high professional skills requirements for employees of racing stables and no possibility of mechanization of work in such stables.
Cytowanie	Gębska M., Łojek J., Romanowski M. (2008) Efekty ekonomiczne prowadzenia stajni koni wyścigowych w Austrii przez polski podmiot gospodarczy.Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych, Seria G, t. 95, z. 2: 39-47
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Pełny tekst	RNR_2008_n2_s39.pdf

Autor	Marta Domagalska-Grędys
Tytuł	Sytuacja na rynku owoców dwa lata po przystąpieniu Polski do UE w kontekście planowanej reformy na lata 2008-2013
Title	Situation in the fruit market two years after Poland’s accession to the EU in the context of the reform planned for 2008-2013
Słowa kluczowe	projekt reformy rynku owoców i warzyw na lata 2008-2013, trend zbiorów, cen i spożycia owoców w Polsce, stopień organizacji sadowników
Key words	plan of the fruit and vegetable market reform for 2008-2013, crop trends, prices and consumption of fruit in Poland, the level of organization of fruit farmers
Abstrakt	Sytuacja na rynku owoców w 2007 roku wydaje się szczególnie trudna, biorąc pod uwagędwa zdarzenia, które mają miejsce niemal równocześnie. Pierwsze dotyczy planowanej przez KomisjęEuropejską reformy rynku owoców na lata 2008-2013, drugie związane z szacunkiem strat ikonsekwencji wiosennych przymrozków, które spustoszyły polskie sady. W artykule przeprowadzonoanalizę wieloletnią głównych charakterystyk rynku owoców: zbiorów, cen i spożycia oraz kluczowezałożenia reformy rynku owoców z uwzględnieniem polskiego stanowiska i postulatów zmian. Mimopotencjału w produkcji owoców, tradycji upraw i szans z tego wypływających sytuacja na polskimrynku jest podwójnie złożona, biorąc pod uwagę siłę czynników zewnętrznych (straty wiosennychprzymrozków) i propozycję reformy, stawiającą Polskę w pozycji krajów drugiej kategorii wdostępności do środków Wspólnoty. Trudna sytuacja stanowi wyzwanie nie tylko dla polskichproducentów owoców. Dotkniętymi niskim stopniem organizacji rynku będą również inni nowiczłonkowie UE. Niezadowoleni z propozycji reformy są też przedstawiciele państw dawnej Unii iprzetwórcy. Reforma będzie więc wielkim wyzwaniem negocjacyjnym.
Abstract	The situation on the fruit market seemed particularly difficult in 2007 considering twoevents which took place almost at the same time. First concerns the reform of the fruit market plannedby the European Commission for 2008-2013, second involves the estimation of losses andconsequence of spring ground frost which damaged Polish orchards. A multiannual analysis of maincharacteristics of the fruit market was presented in the article. It covered crops, prices and theconsumption and the crucial principles of the fruit market reform regarding the Polish attitude andpostulates of changes. The situation in the Polish market is difficult and greatly complicated in spite ofthe potential for fruit production, the tradition of cultivation and chances it provides. Losses due toexternal factors, such as spring ground frost (2007) and proposed fruit reform (2008-2013) puttingPoland in the second-class position of countries in the accessibility to the EU funds.The difficult situation poses a challenge not only for Polish fruit producers but also for the new EUmembers (with the low degree of the market organization). Also representatives of some ‘old’ EUmember states and food processors are dissatisfied with the proposal of the reform, therefore thereform will be a great negotiating challenge
Cytowanie	Domagalska-Grędys M. (2007) Sytuacja na rynku owoców dwa lata po przystąpieniu Polski do UE w kontekście planowanej reformy na lata 2008-2013.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 2(17), z. 2: 173-183
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2007_T2(17)_n2_s173.pdf

Autor	Marta Rusinkiewicz, Mirosław Wasilewski
Tytuł	Prawo bilansowe i MSR/MSSF w kształtowaniu sytuacji finansowej przedsiębiorstwa
Title	Impact of balance law and IAS/IFRS on ? nancial situation of an enterprise
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Abstract	The paper presents differences between Polish balance law and the IAS/ /IFRS as well as their consequences for the financial situation evaluation of the Provimi-Rolimpex Capital Group. Several divergences between Polish balance law and the IAS/IFRS were found, especially in the fixed and current assets, the profit and loss statement as well as in the ratio analysis. These differences were caused by dissimilar valuation or obligation of reclassifying some assets’ positions to different categories or as a result of decrease or increase of some assets, capital or results. The fixed material assets had the greatest impact on the balance, which amounted 77% of the assets’ changes. The fixed material assets, by change the valuation into the fair value, caused increase of equity value by 75.528 thousand PLN. Employment of the IAS/IFRS resulted in implementation of new biology and fixed assets’ positions. The financial result calculated within the Accounting Act was lower by 1.222 thousand PLN than within the IAS/IFRS. Transformation of the financial declaration within the IAS/IFRS, initially made within the Accounting Act rules, resulted in increase of the sale profitability ratio, decrease of total indebtness and equity indebtness ratios. However, assets and equity profitability as well as the liquidity level decreases. There happened no essential changes regarding management effectiveness ratios
Cytowanie	Rusinkiewicz M., Wasilewski M. (2006) Prawo bilansowe i MSR/MSSF w kształtowaniu sytuacji finansowej przedsiębiorstwa.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 61: 39-54
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2006_n61_s39.pdf

Autor	Mirosław Wasilewski
Tytuł	Kapitał własny a wyniki ekonomiczne przedsiębiorstw rolniczych
Title	Equity versus economic results of agricultural enterprises
Słowa kluczowe	kapitał własny w przedsiębiorstwach rolniczych, płynność finansowa, rentowność i relacje w majątku, dźwignia finansowa, ekonomiczna wydajność pracy
Key words	equity in agricultural enterprises, financial liquidity, profitability and relations in assets, leverage, economic labour effectiveness
Abstrakt	Przedstawiono analizę rentowności majątku i zyskowności ziemi, dźwigni finansowej, ekonomicznej wydajności pracy, płynności finansowej oraz relacji między aktywami obrotowymi i trwałymi w zależności od udziału kapitału własnego w źródłach finansowania przedsiębiorstw rolniczych.
Abstract	The paper presents an analysis of correlation between equity share in agricultural enterprises. financing and their economic situation. Enterprises of the highest equity’s share were usually characterised by the highest land and assets. profitability as well as economic labour effectiveness. One of reasons of such a correlation was appropriate relations kept between rotary and fixed assets. However, the greatest share of equity in financial resources did not always allow to gain the highest capital and land effectiveness, which could be connected with not taking profits from the leverage effect. The assets profitability and the leverage were low in the enterprises, although their growing tendency ought to be evaluated as a positive one. Enterprises of negative equity vale were threatened by loss of quick financial liquidity and they were usually characterised by ineffective use of production resources.
Cytowanie	Wasilewski M. (2006) Kapitał własny a wyniki ekonomiczne przedsiębiorstw rolniczych .Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych, Seria G, t. 92, z. 2: 52-61
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Pełny tekst	RNR_2006_n2_s52.pdf

Autor	Liudmila Zmitrevich
Tytuł	The main directions of improving the economic effectiveness in meat industry in Grodno region
Title	The main directions of improving the economic effectiveness in meat industry in Grodno region
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Key words	meat processing industry, production profitability, Byelorussia
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Abstract	A comparative study of the meat processing firms in the Republic of Belarus is performed.. Those situated in Volkovysk region are most profitable and most labour efficient. The difference between the most efficient and the least efficient (they work at a loss) groups of firms is 7.1 percent points in profit margin.
Cytowanie	Zmitrevich L. (2006) .Scientific Journal Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW - Problems of World Agriculture, t. 14, z. : 97-107
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2006_T14_n_s97.pdf

Autor	Mirosław Wasilewski
Tytuł	Sytuacja finansowa przedsiębiorstw rolniczych w zależności od relacji kapitału obrotowego do zysku netto
Title	Financial standing of agricultural enterprises Depending on the relationship between Working Capital and Net Profit
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Abstract	In the paper the analysis of the dependence between an amount of working capital (WC) for the unit of net profit (NP) and financial standing of agricultural enterprises is presented. The lowest level of this relationship did not guarantee a stable level of profitability of property, own capital and land use. Too high level of that relationship contributed to the increase of efficiency in this scope, but on the level lower than in enterprises with average relationship WC/NP. Only in enterprises with the highest relationship WC/NP maintenance of quick and current liquidity ratio was stated. Enterprises of the lowest relationship WC/NP were endangered with loss of financial liquidity and were characterized with the highest debt. The vindication of dues was the most efficient in enterprises with the highest relationship WC/NP. The working capital is fundamental source of the current activity financing, while too high level of it could be inefficient. Therefore it is a necessity of search its optimum in relationship to the profit, what transfers to the efficiency of use of land, labour and capital.
Cytowanie	Wasilewski M. (2006) Sytuacja finansowa przedsiębiorstw rolniczych w zależności od relacji kapitału obrotowego do zysku netto.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 61: 103-115
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2006_n61_s103.pdf

Autor	Ewa Krawczyk
Tytuł	Zastosowanie modelu ryzyka Value at Risk (VaR) opartego na metodzie Monte Carlo do rynku nieruchomości
Title	Using Value at Risk (VaR) Model Based on Monte Carlo Method on Property Market
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Abstract	Value at Risk – the method emerged several years ago that measures potential loss at a given confidence level. The method is undergoing continous improvment, finding new use in financial institutions. Investment briefcase management is inseparably connected with risk mamagement – process succured today with risk models. Presented attempt of enforcing specialized tool for measuring defined risk for separeted risk on property market analysis gives following remarks: 1. In the situation of considerable growth of investition on property market, which is financed mainly from bank infestations, there is need to make out risk models which describes market segment behaviour and let to limit possible loss. The loss caused by overoptimistic predictions and wrong costeffectiveness calculation. 2. Well-known and used at financial market risk models are great tools to connect both segments of market – financial and objective – and for empiric verification including investment projects. 3. VaR model may be used for the needs of defined risk of separeted investment project, which is characterized by indicator of profitability (NP), but obtained results should be treatened with limited confidence
Cytowanie	Krawczyk E. (2006) Zastosowanie modelu ryzyka Value at Risk (VaR) opartego na metodzie Monte Carlo do rynku nieruchomości.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 58: 117-133
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Autor	Ewa Krawczyk
Tytuł	Zastosowanie metody kowariancji do określenia ryzyka na rynku nieruchomości komercyjnych
Title	Application of Covariance Method for Risk Assessing on the Commercial Real Estate Market
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Abstract	The Value at Risk model allows answering the base question asked by investor. How much money could be lost with given financial resources involved into given project, in fixed time and fixed risk preference The covariance method used to estimate VaR is static model, but analytic manner of computing allows, after essential analysis, to determine value at risk relatively clearly and quickly. Presented attempt of initiating tool to analyzing quantified risk of investment on real estate market, specialized for capital market, gives observations: a) in the situation of significant growth of investments on real estate market, financed mainly by banking institutions, there is necessity to work out risk models for this market segment, allowing to limit excessive losses caused by too optimistic prices and inappropriate calculations of the effectiveness of the investment, b) well known and used risk models for capital market are basics for connection the both market segments - capital and real - and empirical verification, including investing projects, c) VaR model can be used for determining quantified risk of an investing project, characterized by profitability ratio Net Present Value, but received results should be treated with limited confidence.
Cytowanie	Krawczyk E. (2005) Zastosowanie metody kowariancji do określenia ryzyka na rynku nieruchomości komercyjnych.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 55: 127-148
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2005_n55_s127.pdf

Autor	Artur Kowalczyk, Mirosław Wasilewski
Tytuł	Ocena konkurencyjności spółdzielni mleczarskich
Title	The evaluation of Dairy Cooperatives' Competitiveness
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Abstract	The study presents the comparative analysis of competitiveness' level of dairy cooperatives, which exports their products to the UE market and cooperatives from Świętokrzyskie province, which are not entitled to the export to the UE market. Cooperatives exporting their products to the UE market (group A) in the years 1998-2001 showed the increase of milk processing while in cooperatives from Świętokrzyskie province the decrease ensued. The cooperatives from group A were also characterized by three times higher level of average delivery of milk as well as the share in the purchase of extra class milk. In 2001 cooperatives Świętokrzyskie province incurred loss while group A cooperatives achieved increasing significant profit. The competitive strength of milk · deliverers is larger in a group of cooperatives in Świętokrzyskie province because those cooperatives do not achieve the cost advantage for the sake of the low concentration of the production. The biggest threat to dairy cooperatives is in the buyers' strong influence on the volume of sale and in buyers' possibility to change a cooperative delivering them dairy products. The level of competition's intensity in the scope of products offered by cooperatives was similar, highest in the case of milk, cheese, sour and sour cream and lowest in case of powder milk and butter. The necessity of covering large capital needs as well as difficulties in access to distribution channels were described as largest barriers to entry and considerable small barrier is the competitive activity of already existing enterprises. In the opinion of cooperatives' managers the possibility of appearing new substitutes of dairy products, except for butter, is low.
Cytowanie	Kowalczyk A., Wasilewski M. (2004) Ocena konkurencyjności spółdzielni mleczarskich.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 52: 47-62
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2004_n52_s47.pdf

Autor	Mirosław Wasilewski
Tytuł	Wyniki i organizacja produkcji w gospodarstwach rolniczych o różnych formach organizacyjno-prawnych
Title	The Outputs and the Production Organization in Different Organizational and Property Forms of Agricultural Farms
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Abstract	In the paper the comparative analysis of !he organization and the productivity per unit of the plant and animal production in different organizational and property forms of agricultural farms is presented. The share of agricultural land in total area was similar in all of the farms' groups, the area of agricultural land in private farms increased insignificantly while in another farms it decreased. Those farms were characterized by the lowest area. Companies were characterized by the lowest level of labour force reserves while in private farms those reserves were the highest. In all of the farms' groups cereals dominated in the structure of sown, the most in private farms, and the least in companies owned to A WRSP. The differences between farms as regards fertilizing with mineral fertilizers were not large, and the highest crops of cereals occurred in A WRSP companies. The highest number of livestock occurred in private farms and the lowest in A WRSP companies. In the structure of the herd of animals swine predominated in private farms and in the rest of farms' groups cattle predominated. Private farms were characterized by the highest effectiveness of reserves of resources to the production usage while companies incurred losses.
Cytowanie	Wasilewski M. (2004) Wyniki i organizacja produkcji w gospodarstwach rolniczych o różnych formach organizacyjno-prawnych.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 53: 127-142
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2004_n53_s127.pdf