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Autor	Seweryn Gajdek
Tytuł	Bitcoin as an example of cryptocurrency – current state and perspectives
Title
Słowa kluczowe	cryptocurrency, bitcoin, cryptography, digital currency
Key words
Abstrakt	The idea of anonymous digital money existing outside of traditional banking system lasts at least 40 years. It appeared as soon as technological solutions, which such a system requires, became available. The article analyses the genesis of the crypto-currencies and technological solutions implemented into the Bitcoin digital currency. The article shows current state of the Bitcoin market and changes in its price, market capitalisation and number of transactions during last decade of operations of the crypto-currency market. Although there are difficulties in using Bitcoins, which include technical background and resulting from the high volatility of prices of this currency, the continuing upward trend of the Bitcoin price and the average daily number of transactions shows that interest in this currency is growing. Bitcoin features that attract new users are a large dose of anonymity, security of funds guaranteed by the extremely high computing power of the Bitcoin network, the speed of transactions and their low cost associated with the exclusion of a financial intermediary. The features of this money and data from the market allow to expect that Bitcoin will gain more individual and institutional users.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Gajdek S.
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Pełny tekst	AMME_2018_n2_s47.pdf

Autor	Łukasz Grzęda
Tytuł	Determinants of the development of the Mazowieckie Province in 2007-2016
Title
Słowa kluczowe	region, regional economy, determinants of regional development
Key words
Abstrakt	The article presents the results of the analysis of factors influencing the development of the Mazowieckie Province (Masovia) in the years 2007–2016. Data for the study were collected from the Central Statistical Office and Statistical Yearbooks of the Mazowieckie Province. The results indicate that the level of development of Masovia is considerably higher than of other provinces in the country. At the end of the analyzed period, in Masovia the GDP per capita was almost twice as high as the national average. Masovia held the highest share in Poland’s GDP (22%). Important factors positively affecting the development of Masovia are: positive population growth and improving demographic situation, and broad access to telecommunications. Additional factors of the dynamic Masovia’s development are: extensive transportation infrastructure (104.3 km per 100 km2) and high number of students (236.5 thousand) and college graduates (60.8 thousand) who constitute the future substantive resources of the province’s economy.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Grzęda Ł.
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Pełny tekst	AMME_2018_n2_s65.pdf

Autor	Ana Kapaj, Iwona Pomianek
Tytuł	Demographic changes in rural and semi-urban areas in Poland (2003-2016)
Title
Słowa kluczowe	demographic potential, sustainable development, problem areas
Key words
Abstrakt	The demographic potential, especially in the peripheral and remote areas, Has been deteriorating. Negative natural increase, low or negative migration balances, unfavourable values of the feminisation index and growing relation of the number of people at post-working age to the number of people at working age have been threatening rural development. The aim of the research was to show spatial concentrations of municipalities (LAU 2 level) with a similar level of demographic potential. The study was carried out for 2169 municipalities (LAU 2 level), including rural and semi-urban (urban-rural, including small towns) ones. It was based on the data from the Statistics Poland. The municipalities were are ranked by the level of demographic potential (by 4 variables) and put into 5 groups by the potential level using the taxonomic development measure of Hellwig. The results were presented in maps using cartogram method. The most favourable and promising situation according to demographic potential is observed in central and southern Poland, especially in semi-urban and suburban areas of large cities. The worst demographic potential level and at the same time the least favourable demographic forecasts concern mostly the Eastern Poland, already known as problem area. The spiral of negative conditions accelerates, causing more disadvantages, making young people looking for new places to work and live, deepening current demographic problems and leading to socio-economic development pathologies.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kapaj A., Pomianek I.
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Pełny tekst	AMME_2018_n2_s89.pdf

Autor	Piotr Gradziuk, Barbara Gradziuk
Tytuł	EMPLOYMENT IMPACTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN UE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	renewable energy sources, employment, panel estimation
Key words
Abstrakt	In the world renewable energy sector, including large hydropower, employed 10.3 million people, directly and indirectly, in 2017. This represents an increase of 5.3% over the number reported the previous year. The aim of the executed research is to determine the influence of harvesting renewable energy on the labour market in EU. Eurostat databases provided a source of empirical data concerning the amount of produced energy. The following sectors were considered: solid biofuels, biogas, liquid biofuels, geothermal, hydropower, municipal waste, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal, wind power and heat pumps. The research concerned 28 Member States of the EU between 2009 and 2016. Panel estimation was used as means of empirical indication of relations between the variables. The obtained models are adjusted to the empirical data, the rectified coefficient of determination equalled, depending on the sector, 0.828 (liquid biofuels) to 0.981 (solid biofuels). The analysed models show that throughout the examined period, the solar and wind power sectors were the ones that consumed the larger amount of work. As it was indicated above, these sectors are considered the most innovative and technologically advanced ones and thus, the employment rates seem to decreased in the shorter time.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Gradziuk P., Gradziuk B.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s259.pdf

Autor	Aleksandra Matuszewska-Janica
Tytuł	WOMEN’S LABOUR MARKET ACTIVITY IN THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR IN POLAND AND EUROPEAN UNION IN 2016
Title
Słowa kluczowe	labour market, female employment, cluster analysis, k-mean method
Key words
Abstrakt	The European authorities pay particular attention to agriculture and employees in this sector. Women represent more than 33% of this group in the European Union. A significant number of actions are targeted at women from rural areas, having regard to the mentioned issues and specific situation of women in the labour market. Therefore, it requires in-depth analyses. The main aim of the presented study is to assess the diversity of the situation of women working in agriculture across the EU. The quantitative analysis allows to indicate similarities and differences among EU states in the current structure of women’s employment in this sector. In the analysis, the k-mean method is applied with the Labour Force Survey data from the year 2016. The study refers to 28 EU states and a group of women aged 20–64. The obtained results indicated that we have a large proportion of self-employees in agriculture. However, we observe a larger percentage of those who create jobs for others states that are better economically developed. This analysis confirms the findings that the Polish structure of female employment is closer to those in the Mediterranean countries. Poland is assigned to one cluster with Greece. This group is distinguished by several factors. Firstly, it contains a high proportion of people employed in agriculture with a relatively small share of part-timers. Secondly, it is a very high rate of self-employed with a very low proportion of those who create jobs for others.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Matuszewska-Janica A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s124.pdf

Autor	Zuzanna Szymaniuk
Tytuł	THE PHENOMENON OF LAND ABANDONMENT IN THE OPINIONS OF AGRICULTURAL ADVISERS (EXAMPLE OF PODLASKIE VOIVODESHIP)
Title
Słowa kluczowe	land abandonment, land use, agriculture, Podlaskie Voivodeship
Key words
Abstrakt	The phenomenon of abandoning agricultural land is the same as discontinuing the agricultural use of certain agricultural land, the causes of which should be sought in environmental, economic and social factors. In the Podlaskie Voivodeship, agriculture plays a key role in economic life due to the significant number of lands classified as agricultural and century-old tradition of agriculture. The research assessed the existence of threats that could cause the problem of abandonment of agricultural land in the region and indicated the complexity of the land abandonment phenomenon. The study is based on opinions of advisers from the regional Agricultural Extension Service Centre. The results indicated that the process of ceasing to use agricultural land is the result of many factors that mutually influence and strengthen each other.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Szymaniuk Z.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s95.pdf

Autor	Irina Glazkova, Dorota Kozioł-Kaczorek, Sergey Shmatko
Tytuł	Smart Contracts as a New Technology in the Digital Economy
Title	Smart Contracts as a New Technology in the Digital Economy
Słowa kluczowe	smart contract, cryptocurrency, blockchain
Key words	smart contract, cryptocurrency, blockchain
Abstrakt	Digital technologies have a number of advantages that contribute to the development of the economy and make it more transparent. Some of the main features of modern digital technologies are speeding up business processes, reducing costs, eliminating the possibility of fraud, ensuring the transparency of the system and the ability to check and analyze the system. Regardless of whether a commercial or government organization uses the technology, in any case, there is a wide range of possibilities of its application. One of these technologies is blockchain. A blockchain is a distributed database in which storage devices are not connected to a shared server. This database stores an ever-growing list of ordered records called blocks. Each block contains a timestamp and a link to the previous block. The article defines a smart contract, describes the main areas of its application and provides processes similar to smart contracts, but working outside the blockchain. We also consider some of the risks that arise when working with smart contracts.
Abstract	Digital technologies have a number of advantages that contribute to the development of the economy and make it more transparent. Some of the main features of modern digital technologies are speeding up business processes, reducing costs, eliminating the possibility of fraud, ensuring the transparency of the system and the ability to check and analyze the system. Regardless of whether a commercial or government organization uses the technology, in any case, there is a wide range of possibilities of its application. One of these technologies is blockchain. A blockchain is a distributed database in which storage devices are not connected to a shared server. This database stores an ever-growing list of ordered records called blocks. Each block contains a timestamp and a link to the previous block. The article defines a smart contract, describes the main areas of its application and provides processes similar to smart contracts, but working outside the blockchain. We also consider some of the risks that arise when working with smart contracts.
Cytowanie	Glazkova I., Kozioł-Kaczorek D., Shmatko S. (2018) Smart Contracts as a New Technology in the Digital Economy.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 4: 146-151
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n4_s146.pdf

Autor	Dariusz Strzębicki
Tytuł	Rola postów facebookowych w komunikacji marketingowej przedsiębiorstw przemysłu spożywczego
Title	THE ROLE OF FACEBOOK POSTS IN MARKETING COMMUNICATION OF FOOD INDUSTRY ENTERPRISES
Słowa kluczowe	portale społecznościowe, Facebook, posty, komunikacja marketingowa, spółdzielnie mleczarskie.
Key words	social networks, Facebook, posts, marketing communication, dairy cooperatives.
Abstrakt	Celem artykułu było określenie aktywności przedsiębiorstw przemysłu spożywczego w zakresie zamieszczania postów na stronach facebookowych. Analizie treści poddano pięć stron facebookowych polskich spółdzielni mleczarskich. Strony facebookowe różniły się od siebie pod względem częstości publikacji postów, ich zróżnicowania tematycznego oraz zaangażowania konsumentów w postaci liczby „polubień”, komentarzy i udostępnień. Główną funkcją publikowanych postów była reklama produktów oraz promocja określonych wzorców konsumpcji związanych z oferowanymi produktami. Spółdzielnie mleczarskie poprzez posty dzieliły się chętnie z konsumentami swą wiedzą ekspercką w zakresie przygotowywania posiłków.
Abstract	The purpose of the article was to determine the activity of food industry enterprises in the area of posting on Facebook pages. Five fanpages of Polish dairy cooperatives were analyzed. Fanpages differed from each other in terms of the frequency of posting, their thematic diversity and consumer engagement in the form of a number of "likes", comments and sharing. The main function of published posts was to advertise products and promote specific consumption patterns related to the products offered. In their posts, dairy co-operatives shared their expert knowledge with consumers in the field of meal preparation.
Cytowanie	Strzębicki D. (2018) Rola postów facebookowych w komunikacji marketingowej przedsiębiorstw przemysłu spożywczego.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 19(68): 262-271
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2018_n68_s262.pdf

Autor	Julita Szlachciuk
Tytuł	Znajomość praw przysługujących konsumentom dokonującym zakupu żywności przez Internet
Title	The familiarity with consumer’s rights purchase food on the Internet
Słowa kluczowe	Internet, zakup żywności, ochrona konsumentów, znajomość praw
Key words	Internet, grocery shopping, consumer protection, familiarity with the rights
Abstrakt	Celem artykułu jest ocena znajomości praw przysługujących konsumentom dokonującym zakupów żywności przez Internet. Badanie zrealizowano wśród 600 respondentów będących w wieku 25–44 lat, dokonujących zakupu żywności przez Internet. Uzyskane wyniki potwierdzają, że rodzaj informacji udostępnianych przez przedsiębiorców, sposób ich podawania (które są konsekwencją obowiązujących regulacji prawnych) mogą przyczyniać się do postrzegania zakupów w sieci jako dobrej alternatywy tradycyjnych form sprzedaży żywności (sklepy stacjonarne). Jednocześnie warto zwrócić uwagę, że część ankietowanych nie potrafiła jednoznacznie ustosunkować się do praw przysługujących konsumentom podczas zakupu żywności przez Internet, nie zawsze też jest świadoma zasad składania reklamacji, co wskazuje na konieczność dalszego prowadzenia działań edukacyjnych skierowanych do konsumentów w tym zakresie.
Abstract	The aim of the article is an assessment of the familiarity with the rights to which the consumers are entitled when they purchase food on the Internet. The study was carried out among 600 respondents aged 25–44 years who purchase food via the Internet. The results which were obtained confirm that the kind of information that is made available by the entrepreneurs, as well as the manner in which this information is provided (which results from legal regulations), might contribute to the fact that shopping online is perceived as a good alternative for traditional shops where food can be bought. Simultaneously, it is worth noticing that a number of respondents were not able to take an unequivocal stance with regard to purchasing food online. Moreover, they are not always aware of complaint making rules, which indicates that it is necessary to conduct further educational actions targeted at the consumers in this area.
Cytowanie	Szlachciuk J. (2018) Znajomość praw przysługujących konsumentom dokonującym zakupu żywności przez Internet.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 121: 105-114
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2018_n121_s105.pdf

Autor	Maryla Bieniek - Majka, Anna Matuszczak
Tytuł	HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION PROCESSES IN THE LIGHT OF THE PARADIGM OF INDUSTRIAL AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE – CASE STUDY OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PRODUCERS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	industrial agriculture, sustainable agriculture, fruit and vegetable producer groups and organisations
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of this article was to initiate a discussion on the possibility of implementing the paradigm of sustainable agriculture by integrated fruit and vegetable producers. On the basis of the literature review the concept of industrial and sustainable agriculture and the dual model combining the advantages of both ideas were presented. Research has shown that institutional solutions have inspired horticulturists to join producer groups/ /organisations, resulting in an increase in the number of products offered on the domestic and international market. The strength of the correlation analysed between the number of producer groups/organisations and the selected characteristics of the fruit and vegetable market showed that integrated producers have a greater impact on the vegetable market than fruit. This impact had the properties of industrial agriculture. The structure of Polish groups/organisations in terms of their number allows us to suppose that, as small, often family businesses, they have premises to implement the paradigm of sustainable agriculture using the dual model. However, such an idea requires further long-term institutional support.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Bieniek - Majka M., Matuszczak A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s21.pdf

Autor	Wojciech Józwiak, Zofia Mirkowska, Wojciech Ziętara
Tytuł	ROLE OF LARGER FARMS IN POLAND AND SELECTED EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES IN 2005 AND 2016
Title
Słowa kluczowe	farms, UAA, agricultural production
Key words
Abstrakt	The rates of increase in labour costs in non-agricultural sections and prices of means of production for agriculture, which are higher than selling prices of agricultural products in countries with a market economy have resulted in a decrease in unit profitability of agricultural production. Farmers wishing to obtain a satisfactory income must increase their production scale, mainly by increasing farm area. The study covers two intentionally selected groups of countries differing with regard to economic development specified by gross domestic product (GDP) value per capita. The reason for this selection is the dependence of the farms’ economic strength on the national economy level of analysed countries. The first group of countries with a high level of this indicator (GDP) includes: Denmark, Sweden, Ireland, the Netherlands, Austria, Germany, Belgium, Great Britain and France. The second group covers – Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. Analyses covered the changes in average farm area, share of farms with an area of 30 ha of UAA or more in the total number of farms, land use, employment and standard production in 2005 and 2016. In both groups, the following increased in the analysed period: the average farm area and share of larger farms in land use and production. In the majority of analysed countries, the share of farms with an area of 100 ha or more, when it comes to production, exceeded 50%.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Józwiak W., Mirkowska Z., Ziętara W.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s28.pdf

Autor	Marlena Piekut
Tytuł	CONSUMPTION PATTERNS AMONG ONE-PERSON HOUSEHOLDS OF NEVER MARRIED IN POLAND
Title
Słowa kluczowe	single-person households, consumption, goods, services
Key words
Abstrakt	The scientific objective of the study was to identify consumption patterns in one-person households of never- married women and men, living independently. Ward’s grouping method make possible to establish the number of households’ clusters. The final stage of household grouping procedure, regarding consumption expenditures was accomplished with k-means clustering method. It can be concluded that distinguishing the consumption patterns for one-person households of never married is possible on the basis of diversification both level and structure of incomes in these households as well as socio-demographic differences between them. Depending on economic and socio-demographic variables, disparate consumption patterns for these types of households can be observed. In addition, it’s worth stressing that household having different level of income (although coming from similar source) but similar demographic structure show greater similarity than households having similar financial situation.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Piekut M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s75.pdf

Autor	Pavlina Fugelo, Svitlana Savitska
Tytuł	ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF INVESTMENT ACTIVITY OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES IN THE UKRAINE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	investment, investment activity, agricultural enterprises
Key words
Abstrakt	The article specifies that intensive development of the economy can be achieved by attracting and effectively using investment resources. Based on the indicator of the level of investment sufficiency, it was established that, in the period under review, the level of investment adequacy in the country is less than the established ‘threshold’ value, which indicates a shortage of investment funds. The study analysed the dynamics of investment attraction in agriculture. It was found that the main source of financing for investment is own funds of enterprises and organizations. However, they are too insufficient to ensure the intensive development of the economy. An analysis of growth dynamics of the total volume of investment in agricultural enterprises per 100 ha of agricultural land and their financial provision was carried out. Research showed that the increase in the value of fixed assets is more intensive than the increase in the inflow of investment in fixed assets, which indicates additional sources of growth in the value of fixed assets. It was noted that the potential sources of investment resources should be the funds of foreign investors, which currently stand at an extremely low growth level. A number of negative factors influencing the process of attracting foreign direct investment were identified. The main current requirements of the Ukraine in the process of integration into the world economic space, is the formation of a mechanism of investment activity, an important component of which is the mechanism of investment provision.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Fugelo P., Savitska S.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s303.pdf

Autor	Łukasz Pietrych
Tytuł	IDENTIFICATION OF THE (DETERMINISTIC OR RANDOM) NATURE OF THE WHEAT PRICE VARIABILITY WITH THE APPLICATION OF RECURRENCE QUANTIFICATION ANALYSIS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	deterministic chaos, recurrence quantification analysis, wheat prices
Key words
Abstrakt	In this article performed was an analysis of the time series which presents the wheat price by means of recurrence quantification analysis. The main research problem was to ascertain whether the time series for this agricultural raw material may be considered as a system in which chaos has the deterministic nature, possibly with slight random disturbances. It was proved that it is justified to believe that the time series under analysis is characterized with the occurrence of deterministic chaos. The literature review led to believe that although this issue had been analysed in a large number of papers, most specialists confirm there is no conclusive evidence of chaos in economic or financial data.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Pietrych Ł.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s130.pdf

Autor	Sławomir Stec, Monika Szeląg
Tytuł	INNOVATION AND RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES IN PODKARPACKIE VOIVODESHIP IN THE YEARS 2005–2016
Title
Słowa kluczowe	entrepreneurship, innovation, innovative company, innovation management, innovation processes, service innovation, technological innovation
Key words
Abstrakt	The article describes the activities related to running innovative activities and presents the dynamics of changes in expenditure on research and development as well as innovation in Podkarpackie Voivodeship in the years 2005–2016. Following article consist short characteristic of activities connected with innovation issue. It was found that the number of entities conducting R&D activities increased four times, and thus the employment of people dealing with research and development would grow as well. Similarly, the expenditure of these entities on the implementation of innovations increased, which, however, depended to some extent on the availability of EU funds. Thereby, in the period of reduced access to EU programs supporting the conduct of R&D activity, the expenditure of entities on these activities also slightly decreased.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Stec S., Szeląg M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s243.pdf

Autor	Oleksandra Mandych, Arkadii Mykytas, Liliia Prokopchuk
Tytuł	THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SOLAR ENERGY PRODUCTION BY HOUSEHOLDS IN UKRAINE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	solar power, electricity, household electric energy, solar panels, bioeconomics
Key words
Abstrakt	In recent decades considerable attention has been paid to alternative and renewable energy. Among the alternative sources, the sun’s energy is most appealing. Therefore, the development of solar energy, in the long run, is one of the top priorities. In practice, there are numerous barriers to the growth of the solar energy market. First of all, economic: fairly high prices for solar systems and payback period; the absence of working capital from manufacturing enterprises, the absence of specific mechanisms for stimulating production in the form of subsidies, tax exemptions, preferential tariff policies, etc. Therefore, research into the development of solar energy, as a real tool for a comprehensive solution to economic and environmental problems, is becoming increasingly relevant. The paper considers the energy policy of the use of renewable energy sources in rural areas. The theoretically feasible and technically achievable potential of solar energy in the territory of Ukraine was characterized. It was noted that the sun is the most affordable supplier of energy on earth today. The use of solar radiation is expedient for the development of thermal and electric energy and is possible throughout the territory of Ukraine. The dynamics of the commissioning of solar power plants by private households was analysed. The attention is focused on the application of the ‘green’ tariff, which stimulates the increase in the number of solar projects implemented in households. A financial model of private households of choosing a solar power plant option was proposed. The problems were identified and the possibilities of using solar energy for ensuring energy independence of households and profit generation were assessed. The forecast for the development of solar energy of the period up to 2020 was made.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Mandych O., Mykytas A., Prokopchuk L.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s231.pdf

Autor	Alicja Baranowska, Stanisław Kondracki, Daniel Rogoznicki
Tytuł	COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY AS A DETERMINANT OF TRANSFORMATION IN POLISH AGRICULTURE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	rural areas, Common Agricultural Policy, direct payments
Key words
Abstrakt	The impact assessment of the Common Agricultural Policy on transformation process of Polish agriculture following Poland’s accession to European Union has been carried out. The analysis took into account the changes of the Common Agricultural Policy in terms of goals and the directions of its evolution. In the paper the alterations in land, labour and capital resources of Polish agriculture were also analysed. It has been established that funds coming from the Community budget allowed Polish agriculture to adjust to the requirement of new environment. Integration into the European Union has created good conditions to dynamic development of the agri-food sector as a whole. Acceleration of the modernization and restructuring processes of Polish farms has taken place. These developments have resulted in a reduction in the total number of farms (by 52%) at the simultaneous rise in their average area (by 78%). Union financial measures have also influenced on generational renewal amongst farms managers. The funds considerably enhanced farmers’ incomes, which increased by 156%, thus promoting expenditure on investments. As a result the improvement of technical utilities of farms has been achieved. Consequently, labour productivity growth in Polish agriculture has also been recorded. A wide range of measures within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy enables to overcome many obstacles of the rural areas in Poland. It also creates possibilities to take advantage of naturally occurring assets in order to effectively compete on the external market.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Baranowska A., Kondracki S., Rogoznicki D.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s168.pdf

Autor	Urszula Konarzewska, Grażyna Michalczuk
Tytuł	SOCIAL REPORTING AS A TOOL FOR ACHIEVING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	sustainable development, social reporting, GRI
Key words
Abstrakt	The concept of sustainable development is not only the subject of theoretical consideration but also an important field of actions taken by international institutions. The adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is one of the results of these activities A special role in this area is attributed to companies which are expected to incorporate the sustainable development principles into long-term business strategy. Social reporting is a tool for support this process. It provides an information on activities and results in social and envi ronmental fields. The aim of the article is to identify trends associated with the publishing information re lated to Sustainable Development Goals. The realization of the article’s purpose was based on descriptive method consists of analysis of the subject-related literature concerning social re porting and sustainable development. In addition, the method of desk research was applied. Results of the research lead to the conclusion that implementation of challenges related to Agenda 2030 had an impact on increase the number of companies published social reports which contain information concerning sustainable development. However, in order to further develop this type of reporting, it is essential to improve the involvement of governments and other regulatory institutions in the areas of educational activities as well as take the promotional initiatives such as encouraging the use of the GRI Reporting Framework which allows to increase the transparency and ensure comparability and credibility of social reports. The article constitutes a contribution to research on the practice of social reporting.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Konarzewska U., Michalczuk G.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s125.pdf

Autor	Michal Borychowski
Tytuł	LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN THE LIQUID BIOFUELS SECTOR IN SELECTED EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	biofuels, production, turnover, job creation, labour productivity in the liquid biofuel sector
Key words
Abstrakt	The development of the liquid biofuels sector has been dynamic for more than 10 years, but from the very beginning of this process has been accompanied by a number of controversies as the production and use of liquid biofuels have both positive and negative effects. These consequences primary concern socio-economic and environmental areas. The most important economic benefits are connected with production, turnover and employment in the biofuels industry and the development of agriculture through higher demand on agricultural commodities. The aim of the paper was to quantify labour productivity in the liquid biofuels sector in European Union countries. It is hypothesized that highly developed countries (measured by GDP per capita) have higher labour productivity in the liquid biofuels industry than poorer European Union countries. The second hypothesis states that countries with high liquid biofuel production have higher labour productivity than other countries. The period under research covered the years 2009–2015. The data are mainly from Eurostat, EurObserv’ER consortium and World Bank. This research provides the general conclusion that a high level of economic development is not accompanied by high labour productivity (two types) in the liquid biofuels sector (there is no significant positive correlation). The same applies to the relation between biofuel production volume and labour productivity. The research proves that a high level of GDP per capita or the big scale of biofuel production (and use) is not a determinant of high labour productivity in this sector.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Borychowski M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s116.pdf

Autor	Romana Głowicka-Wołoszyn, Agnieszka Kozera
Tytuł	IDENTIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL TYPES OF RURAL COMMUNES IN POLAND
Title
Słowa kluczowe	rural communes, functional types of rural communes, Ward’s method, k-means method
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of the research was to identify the functional structure of rural communes in Poland. The functional types were further characterized and spatially delimited. The research drew on 2015 data from the Central Statistical Office database, Local Data Bank and statistical yearbooks: ‘Voivodship, subregions, poviats and communes’. Identification of functional types of rural communes in Poland employed a structural approach that classifies an administrative unit according to its prevalent social and economic functions. The optimal number of typological classes was first determined from the dendrogram produced by the Ward’s method. Then, the k-means method was employed to perform the actual classification.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Głowicka-Wołoszyn R., Kozera A.
HTML	wersja html
Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s109.pdf