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Autor	Marian Podstawka
Tytuł	Inflacja a koszty produkcji wybranych produktów rolniczych w 2022 roku
Title	INFLATION AND PRODUCTION COSTS OF SELECTED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN POLAND IN 2022
Słowa kluczowe	produkcja rolna, inflacja, cena, prognoza
Key words	agricultural production, inflation, price, forecast
Abstrakt	Celem opracowania było przedstawienie działań podejmowanych, w ostatnich latach, przez państwowe władze publiczne wpływających na inflację w Polsce. Na tym tle dokonano oceny wzrostu cen na rolnicze kupowane środki produkcji, które skorelowano ze strukturą kosztów i na tej podstawie oszacowany został wzrost kosztów produkcji podstawowych produktów rolniczych w 2022 roku. Następnie ten prognozowany wzrost kosztów produkcji odniesiono do szacowanych przychodów. Pozwoliło to ustalić ich wzrost, który umożliwiałby utrzymanie dotychczasowego poziomu dochodów rolniczych. Działania ratunkowe rządu wywołane przez COVID-19 miały trzy główne źródła finansowania:• wydatki budżetu państwa i budżetu środków europejskich – 23,2 mld zł,• Fundusz Przeciwdziałania COVID-19 – 92,7 mld zł,• tarcze finansowe Polskiego Funduszu Rozwoju – 63,5 mld zł,O ile działania interwencyjne rządu, w warunkach kryzysu, należy ocenić pozytywnie, to ich sposoby realizacji krytycznie. Wsparcie finansowe w ramach tarcz otrzymały firmy, które wykazywały spadek obrotów spowodowany pandemią koronawirusa. W efekcie wspierano te firmy, które być może celowo tworzyły warunki do otrzymania wsparcia. Firmy dobrze prosperujące w warunkach COVID-19 takiego wsparcia były natomiast pozbawione.We wszystkich analizowanych rodzajach działalności produkcji rolniczej roślinnej w 2022 roku nastąpi wzrost kosztów ich wytwarzania o około 50-60% Wyjątkiem będzie produkcja żyta, gdzie wzrost kosztów będzie jeszcze wyższy.
Abstract	The aim of the paper is to present measures taken in recent years by state public authoritiesthat affect inflation in Poland. An assessment was made of the growth in prices for purchasedagricultural inputs, which was correlated with cost structures, and on this basis an increase in theproduction costs of basic agricultural products in 2022 was estimated. This projected increase inproduction costs was then related to estimated income. This made it possible to determine theirgrowth, which would allow the current level of agricultural income to be maintained. Thegovernment rescue measures triggered by COVID-19 had three main sources of funding:expenditure of the state budget and the budget of European funds - PLN 23.2 billion, COVID-19Counteracting Fund - PLN 92.7 billion, and financial shields of the Polish Development Fund -PLN 63.5 billion,While the government's intervention activities, under the conditions of the crisis, should beassessed positively, their methods of implementation should be assessed critically. Financialsupport under the shields was given to companies that showed a decline in turnover caused by thecoronavirus pandemic. As a result, those companies that may have deliberately created theconditions to receive support were supported. In all analyzed types of agricultural crop productionactivities in 2022, there will be an increase in the cost of their production by about 50-60%. Theexception will be the production of rye, where the cost increase will be even higher.
Cytowanie	Podstawka M. (2022) Inflacja a koszty produkcji wybranych produktów rolniczych w 2022 roku.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 27(76): 89-98
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2022_n76_s89.pdf

Autor	Bozhidar Ivanov, Vassil Stoychev
Tytuł	COMPARISON OF COMPETITIVENESS BETWEEN BULGARIA, EU, USA, AND NEW ZEALAND DAIRY SECTORS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	dairy, index of competitiveness
Key words
Abstrakt	Defining the state of competitiveness for a particular agricultural sector is of great importance. By retaining a competitive market position sustainable economic development of the specific agricultural production is supported. Continuation of its multiple economic functions like providing raw materials for the processing industry, securing rural employment, and utilization of scarce agricultural resources is the focus of competi_x0002_tiveness goals. In the economic theory, there is no unified definition for competitiveness, while there are a va_x0002_riety of approaches to measure it, which is reflected in different applied theoretical frameworks. The research aims to compare the competitiveness of the Bulgarian dairy sector versus the EU, the USA, and New Zealand dairy sectors on the world market for the period after the accession of Bulgaria in the EU. Therefore, a con_x0002_ceptual framework has been chosen developed by Canada’s Task Force for Competitiveness. The framework is based on the ability to gain and sustainably maintain market share. For the chosen period the results show a trend of decline in the competitiveness of the Bulgarian dairy sector and improvement in the competitive_x0002_ness of the EU dairy sector. For the EU comparison, indexes of competitiveness have been calculated for the USA and New Zealand. The USA’s index slightly decreased at the end of the explored period reflecting the increased competition on the world markets while New Zealand’s high index values reveal its position as a leading dairy products exporter.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Ivanov B., Stoychev V.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2021_n5_s70.pdf

Autor	Stefaniia Belinska, Ondrej Beňuš, Peter Bielik, Miriam Buliková
Tytuł	EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF TAX POLICY ON THE ASSETS OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	agricultural enterprise, tax, tax burden, tax implications, tax policy
Key words
Abstrakt	Every taxpayer is obliged to pay tax on their profits, but if taxpayers feel that the government is opaque and ineffective with their taxes, their willingness to pay taxes is reduced. At the same time, the higher the tax rate for tax subjects, the lower their interest in paying taxes. The optimal tax burden should be a burden that encourages people to work and stimulate businesses to create value. Each state seeks to maximize tax revenues as part of its tax policy, while at the same time ensuring that the tax system does not interfere with the economy or negatively affect the business environment. The state strives to maintain the most optimal state tax system and to support the market economy and competitiveness. Therefore, the state must have a tax administration that can collect taxes efficiently, and consequently, the tax system in the state should be such that the redistribution of collected taxes will be as efficient and fair as possible. The main goal of the article is to examine the dependence of tax policy on the agricultural business economy and find an effective variant of enterprise income taxation, which should have a positive impact on the business activity and competitiveness of companies in the selected sector of the economy and such taxation still would be beneficial for the state. The article will also set out some hypotheses based on the gained theoretical knowledge, as well as on the set research question.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Belinska S., Beňuš O., Bielik P., Buliková M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2021_n5_s22.pdf

Autor	Aldona Zawojska
Tytuł	Zwycięzcy i przegrani pandemii Covid-19: perspektywa globalna z uwzględnieniem gospodarki rolno-żywnościowej
Title	Winners and Losers from Covid-19 Pandemic: A Global Perspective Considering the Agri-Food Economy
Słowa kluczowe	kryzys Covid-19, biznes międzynarodowy, sektory gospodarki, epidemie chorób, globalizacja, gospodarka żywnościowa, siła robocza w sektorze rolno-spożywczym, dystrybucja kosztów i korzyści
Key words	Covid-19 crisis, international business, economic sectors, disease epidemics, globalization, food economy, agri-food labour force, cost-benefit distribution
Abstrakt	Światowa literatura na temat społeczno-ekonomicznych konsekwencji Covid-19 jest bogata i odnosi się do poszczególnych przedsiębiorstw i rynków, sektorów lub gałęzi gospodarki oraz gospodarek narodowych i globalnej. Niniejsze studium jest unikatowe, gdyż zawiera wszechstronne zestawienie informacji dotyczących podmiotów i sektorów gospodarki o znaczeniu globalnym lub międzynarodowym oraz grup społecznych z punktu widzenia tego, co nazywam „grą pandemiczną”, z jej określonymi implikacjami dla sektora rolno-żywnościowego. Ma ono na celu identyfikację rzeczywistych bądź potencjalnych zwycięzców i przegranych pandemii. Kategoria zwycięzców obejmuje aktorów, m.in. sektory gospodarki, w tym rolno-żywnościowy lub grupy ludzi, którzy wyjątkowo skorzystali bądź skorzystają na pandemii, wyraźnie poprawiając wyniki finansowe lub inne. Przegranymi są podmioty lub osoby, które poniosły nadzwyczajne koszty lub straty, pogorszyły wyniki lub prawdopodobnie w przyszłości staną przed takimi skutkami pandemii. Uwzględnione są również niektóre idee ekonomiczne. Artykuł powstał na podstawie przeglądu literatury naukowej i popularnej, raportów, doniesień prasowych oraz publicznie dostępnych danych, wspierających badania. Wykorzystano dedukcyjne metody wyjaśniania. Wyniki wskazują, że branża biofarmaceutyczna, wiodące korporacje technologiczne, udziałowcy międzynarodowych sieci detalicznych, globalne holdingi finansowe, podmioty dostarczające żywność i najbogatsi na świecie należą do wyjątkowo dobrze prosperujących w nowych warunkach życia i prowadzenia działalności, a tym samym można uznać ich za zwycięzców obecnego kryzysu. W odróżnieniu, ofiary zdrowotne Covid-19, sektor energetyki i transportu lotniczego oraz zatrudnieni w przetwórstwie spożywczym, fatalnie dotknięci pandemią, są egzemplifikacją przegranych. Przedstawieni zwycięzcy i pokrzywdzeni przez Covid-19 reprezentują różne sfery życia gospodarczego, jednak w mniejszym lub większym stopniu są powiązani z rolnictwem i przetwórstwem spożywczym. Badanie potwierdza, że funkcjonowanie i kondycja tych ostatnich zależą od sytuacji innych sektorów i różnych rynków oraz od zakłóceń międzynarodowych rozprzestrzenianych w warunkach otwartej gospodarki. Artykuł może zainteresować tak społeczność naukową, jak i decydentów w różnych obszarach polityki gospodarczej i społecznej.
Abstract	The worldwide literature on the socio-economic impacts of the Covid-19 is extensive, covering individual enterprises and markets, economic sectors or branches, or the national and global economy. The current study is unique as it is a comprehensive compilation of the relevant evidence regarding economic entities and sectors of global or international significance and the societal groups from an angle of so-called "pandemic game" with some implications for the agri-food economy. Its main aim is to identify the actual and potential winners and losers of the pandemic. The winners’ notion covers actors, e.g. economic sectors or people groups those extraordinarily benefited or will benefit from a pandemic, extremely upgrading their financial or other performance. In turn, the losers include individuals or entities that incurred unusual costs or losses, worsened their results, or probably will face such pandemic consequences in the future. Some economic ideas also are considered. The article is based on the scientific, popular and grey literature as well as publicly available data to support research. The research uses deductive explanation methods. Results show that the biopharmaceutical industry, leading digital companies, shareholders in international retail chains, global financial holdings, food delivery companies, and the World’s richest people are among those who thrived exceptionally well in the new living and doing business conditions and can therefore be admitted as the current crisis’ winners. Adversely, the coronavirus victims, energy and air transport sectors, and food processing labour, all of them being harmfully affected by the pandemic, are examples of losers. Albeit the presented winners and losers represent various spheres of economic life, they are more or less related to the agriculture and food processing industry. The study confirms that the functioning and condition of the latter depend on the situation of other economic sectors, agents, and markets, and international disturbances spreading within an open economy. The paper can be of interest both to the research community, and decision-makers in different economic and social policy areas.
Cytowanie	Zawojska A. (2021) Zwycięzcy i przegrani pandemii Covid-19: perspektywa globalna z uwzględnieniem gospodarki rolno-żywnościowej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 21(36), z. 4: 54-75
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2021_T21(36)_n4_s54.pdf

Autor	S.H. Pushpa Malkanthi
Tytuł	Outlook of Present Organic Agriculture Policies and Future Needs in Sri Lanka
Title	Outlook of Present Organic Agriculture Policies and Future Needs in Sri Lanka
Słowa kluczowe	conventional agriculture, organic agriculture, organic farming policies, Sri Lanka
Key words	conventional agriculture, organic agriculture, organic farming policies, Sri Lanka
Abstrakt	Many countries are formulating organic agriculture or organic farming policies aimed at sustainable agricultural development. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: to understand the present situation of organic agriculture policies in Sri Lanka and also in other countries where successful organic agriculture is operating; identify problems in the organic agriculture sector; and suggest potential policy measures to be implemented in Sri Lanka in future. The research was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, a thorough literature review was conducted to study the suitable policies available in other countries and also in Sri Lanka at present. In the second stage, two field surveys were carried out using pre-tested questionnaires, from December 2019 to May 2020, in order to gather farmers’ and extension officers’ information related to organic farming policy suggestions. According to the findings of the literature review, organic systems in some countries are more integrated with national strategic plans and visions. Those governments are more involved in new initiatives and farmers are encouraged to go organic through reliable and feasible policies. Although Sri Lanka has a high potential for organic agriculture, at present it is at an initial stage. While most organic products in Sri Lanka go to the export market, a small portion is kept at local markets. Demand for organic products in export as well as domestic markets is increasing. Even though there are seven international food certification agencies operating in the country as external inspection and certification bodies, a limited number of accredited certifications exist for products on the domestic market. Results of the farmers’ survey showed that even if farmers have a significant level of knowledge, few of them practice organic farming due to several existing problems. Moreover, extension officers have also identified similar types of problems that are faced by the farmers related to organic farming. Evaluation of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) related to organic agriculture in the country helped to identify key problems facing policy-makers when balancing the supply and demand sides of organic products. Also, in developing organic agriculture, an effective linkage and coordination among government and private participants is crucial. Therefore, in Sri Lanka in this context, strategic focus on policy support for organic agriculture is needed. Current organic farming programs need to be revised in order to formulate policies covering all areas related to production, handling, processing, certification, labeling and marketing, in order to bring the benefits of organic agriculture to farmers, marketers and consumers in a fair manner.
Abstract	Many countries are formulating organic agriculture or organic farming policies aimed at sustainable agricultural development. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: to understand the present situation of organic agriculture policies in Sri Lanka and also in other countries where successful organic agriculture is operating; identify problems in the organic agriculture sector; and suggest potential policy measures to be implemented in Sri Lanka in future. The research was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, a thorough literature review was conducted to study the suitable policies available in other countries and also in Sri Lanka at present. In the second stage, two field surveys were carried out using pre-tested questionnaires, from December 2019 to May 2020, in order to gather farmers’ and extension officers’ information related to organic farming policy suggestions. According to the findings of the literature review, organic systems in some countries are more integrated with national strategic plans and visions. Those governments are more involved in new initiatives and farmers are encouraged to go organic through reliable and feasible policies. Although Sri Lanka has a high potential for organic agriculture, at present it is at an initial stage. While most organic products in Sri Lanka go to the export market, a small portion is kept at local markets. Demand for organic products in export as well as domestic markets is increasing. Even though there are seven international food certification agencies operating in the country as external inspection and certification bodies, a limited number of accredited certifications exist for products on the domestic market. Results of the farmers’ survey showed that even if farmers have a significant level of knowledge, few of them practice organic farming due to several existing problems. Moreover, extension officers have also identified similar types of problems that are faced by the farmers related to organic farming. Evaluation of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) related to organic agriculture in the country helped to identify key problems facing policy-makers when balancing the supply and demand sides of organic products. Also, in developing organic agriculture, an effective linkage and coordination among government and private participants is crucial. Therefore, in Sri Lanka in this context, strategic focus on policy support for organic agriculture is needed. Current organic farming programs need to be revised in order to formulate policies covering all areas related to production, handling, processing, certification, labeling and marketing, in order to bring the benefits of organic agriculture to farmers, marketers and consumers in a fair manner.
Cytowanie	Malkanthi S. (2021) Outlook of Present Organic Agriculture Policies and Future Needs in Sri Lanka.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 21(36), z. 3: 55-72
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2021_T21(36)_n3_s55.pdf

Autor	Dorota Pasińska
Tytuł	Handel zagraniczny produktami mięsnymi Polski z Japonią w latach 2004-2019
Title	Foreign Trade in Meat Products between Poland and Japan in 2004-2019
Słowa kluczowe	eksport, import, Japonia, bariery pozataryfowe, produkty mięsne
Key words	export, import, Japan, non-tariff barriers, meat products
Abstrakt	Głównym celem artykułu jest charakterystyka zmian w handlu zagranicznym produktami mięsnymi Polski z Japonią w latach 2004-2019. Zastosowano następujące metody: analiza porównawcza w czasie eksportu produktów mięsnych oraz wchodzących w jej skład głównych grup produktowych, analiza struktury towarowej tego eksportu. Otrzymane wyniki mogą być wykorzystane przez różnych uczestników łańcucha dostaw (np. przetwórców czy handel), mogą stanowić wsparcie nie tylko dla polityki gospodarczej państwa w zakresie kształtowania relacji handlowych, ale także dla przedsiębiorstw eksportujących, które są zainteresowane określeniem swojej pozycji konkurencyjnej na rynku (np. mogą oszacować swój udział w eksporcie do Japonii określonych grup asortymentowych) czy rozważyć ewentualne uplasowanie swoich produktów na tym rynku. W badaniach wykorzystano dane OECD, ITC Trade Map i niepublikowane dane roczne dotyczące eksportu i importu Ministerstwa Finansów z lat 2004-2019.
Abstract	The main purpose of the article is to describe the changes in foreign trade in meat products between Poland and Japan in the years 2004-2019. The following methods were used: comparative analysis over time of the export of meat products and its main product groups, analysis of the commodity structure of these exports. The obtained results can be implemented by various participants in the supply chain (e.g. processors or trade), they may support not only the economic policy of the state in terms of shaping trade relations, but also exporting enterprises interested in determining their competitive position market (e.g. they can estimate their share in exports to Japan of certain product groups) or consider the possible placement of their products on this market. The research used OECD, ITC Trade Map data and unpublished annual data on exports and imports of the Ministry of Finance from 2004 to 2019.
Cytowanie	Pasińska D. (2021) Handel zagraniczny produktami mięsnymi Polski z Japonią w latach 2004-2019.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 21(36), z. 1: 16-32
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2021_T21(36)_n1_s16.pdf

Autor	Nazli Ceylan
Tytuł	Policy Assessment of Wheat Production in Turkey
Title	Policy Assessment of Wheat Production in Turkey
Słowa kluczowe	policy analysis matrix, wheat production, Turkey
Key words	policy analysis matrix, wheat production, Turkey
Abstrakt	Turkey plays a significant role in global wheat trade, importing wheat grain and exporting processed wheat products such as pasta, flour and biscuits. Wheat growing areas in Turkey have shown a decrease of about 10% over the last decade. Although an increase in yields keeps the production amount in balance, policies toward the wheat sector have reached a more critical point due to an increasing population and growing demand on the wheat flour sector. In this study, the profitability and sustainability of the sector were analyzed by using the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) approach, and by examining the effects of the policies that have been applied on the wheat market recently. According to the PAM results, domestic wheat prices are higher than world prices due to existing policies and the wheat sector is not competitive without support.
Abstract	Turkey plays a significant role in global wheat trade, importing wheat grain and exporting processed wheat products such as pasta, flour and biscuits. Wheat growing areas in Turkey have shown a decrease of about 10% over the last decade. Although an increase in yields keeps the production amount in balance, policies toward the wheat sector have reached a more critical point due to an increasing population and growing demand on the wheat flour sector. In this study, the profitability and sustainability of the sector were analyzed by using the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) approach, and by examining the effects of the policies that have been applied on the wheat market recently. According to the PAM results, domestic wheat prices are higher than world prices due to existing policies and the wheat sector is not competitive without support.
Cytowanie	Ceylan N. (2020) Policy Assessment of Wheat Production in Turkey.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 20(35), z. 2: 4-11
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2020_T20(35)_n2_s4.pdf

Autor	Veronika Butorina, Oleg Kucher, Zoia Pustova, Natalia Pustova, Oleh Tkach
Tytuł	THE ROLE OF BIOMASS IN THE BIOECONOMIC POLICY OF UKRAINE AND ITS LEGAL REGULATION
Title
Słowa kluczowe	bioeconomy, biotechnologies, innovations, agricultural biomass
Key words
Abstrakt	The article examines the need and possibility of introducing bioeconomy in the management system of the national economy, in the context of the focus on sustainable development through the use of the most modern techniques and technologies for the use of biomass. It is determined that the key role in the development of a new direction of the country's economy is played by the agricultural sector, as the bioeconomy of agricultural systems is based on agricultural biomass and biotechnology. Optimization of agricultural biomass flows is one of the components of bioeconomy development. It is noted that, given the significant natural and economic, raw material research and production potential and state support, Ukraine has great opportunities for bioeconomy development based on the production of environmentally friendly bioenergy products through the efficient use of agricultural biomass. The legal bases of the state management of the bioeconomic development of Ukraine are stated.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Butorina V., Kucher O., Pustova Z., Pustova N., Tkach O.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2020_n4_s84.pdf

Autor	Pavel Kotyza, Luboš Smutka
Tytuł	DRIVING FORCE OF ORGANIC FARMING IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC – MARKET DEMAND OR FINANCIAL SUPPORT?
Title
Słowa kluczowe	correlation, Czech Republic, organic agriculture, financial support, organic market
Key words
Abstrakt	In the Czech Republic, and possibly in many other eastern European countries, organic production still has potential for further growth. Over the past three decades, organic farming has become an essential alternative to farming practices. An increase was observed among acreage, the number of farms, and also consumer spending on organic production. After the EU accession, organic farming became part of the agricultural policy related to other than production function and therefore supported by EU finance. The contribution aimed to derive which of the two factors was more important for organic farming expansion - the pull factor (market demand) or the push factor (financial support). Using Pearson's correlation coefficient stronger relationship was observed for financial aid, which was a driving force for the organic agriculture spread in the Czech Republic.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kotyza P., Smutka L.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2020_n4_s70.pdf

Autor	Tetiana Balanovska, Olga Gogulya, Volodymyr Kharchenko, Hanna Kharchenko
Tytuł	COGNITIVE MODELLING OF AN EFFECTIVE SYSTEM OF INFORMATION SUPPORT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	information support, cognitive approach, modelling, forecasting, poorly structured system, cognitive modelling of efficiency of functioning of the information system of agricultural entrepreneurship
Key words
Abstrakt	This article encompasses the methodology of cognitive modelling of complex poorly structured systems. Based on the expert method and with the help of this modelling methodology, the main factors that influence the effectiveness of information support of agricultural entrepreneurship were identified and the direction of their action was determined. There has been developed a cognitive map that reflects the cumulative impact of various factors on each other, as well as on the effectiveness of the information system for agricultural entrepreneurship. Hidden patterns between factors influencing the effectiveness of information support of agricultural entrepreneurship are revealed based on the cognitive map. The scenario approach is simulated based on different trends that reflect the current situation. This model allows us to further evaluate the performance of the system of information support of agricultural entrepreneurship under the influence of the environment, to predict its development, as well as to develop optimal strategic decisions that are aimed at ensuring sustainable development.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Balanovska T., Gogulya O., Kharchenko V., Kharchenko H.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2020_n4_s55.pdf

Autor	Maryla Bieniek-Majka
Tytuł	QUO VADIS ORGANIZATION OF THE FRUIT AND VEGETABLES MARKET IN POLAND? STATE OF ORGANIZATION OF THE POLISH FRUIT AND VEGETABLES MARKET
Title
Słowa kluczowe	fruit and vegetable market, integration, competitiveness
Key words
Abstrakt	The article aimed to present the state of the organization of the fruit and vegetable market in Poland in 2020. Based on a library query and available registers, changes in the number of producer groups and organiza tions, their members, and the selected organizational form and category of products offered in Poland in 2004-2020 were presented. After the introduction of legislative changes in 2012, limiting the co-financing of the market organization process, a chronic decrease in both the number of existing fruit and vegetable producer organizations and their members is noticeable. Such a long-term trend may lead to a decline in the market organization and bargaining power of domestic producers. To prevent further disintegration of pro ducer groups and organizations, it is suggested that they should be provided with institutional support that would be long-lasting and stable.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Bieniek-Majka M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2020_n4_s22.pdf

Autor	Aleksandra Pisarska
Tytuł	SOURCES OF FINANCING TASKS FOR PUBLIC HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS: FINDINGS IN LIGHT OF THEIR REPORTING
Title	Źródła finansowania zadań publicznych szkół wyższych: ustalenia w świetle ich sprawozdawczości
Słowa kluczowe	sources of financing, university tasks, report, public higher education institutions.
Key words	źródła finansowania, zadania uczelni, sprawozdania finansowe, uczelnie publiczne
Abstrakt	The purpose of this study is to recognize the share of self-generated sources of financing for activities of public higher education institutions as part of their general stream of financing. Therefore, the key question that will be answered in this study is: how is the structure of financing sources of a studied institution of higher education formed? In the theoretical section, findings were based on the results of literature research. In turn, in the empirical part, findings were based on the results of a case study supported by observation in a multi-field participating university. The entity's financial statements were also used. On the basis of the research results, the structure of financing sources for the studied public institution of higher education was determined, indicating the possibility of using the entity's financial reporting for this purpose. It was noticed, based on the classification of the sources of financial supply indicated in the literature, that they are heterogeneous – drawn from both the public and private sectors. An increase in the share of funds supplied from the private sector was also revealed. In turn, private sources mainly came from fees related to the teaching process. Private sources also included those from commercialization of research results. The research presented in the study has provided new knowledge about the structure of the financing sources of a public education of higher institution in the context of current conditions for its functioning. In particular, the research helps supplement the existing scarcity of knowledge about the share of self-generated financing for a public higher education institution in the general financing stream of its activities.
Abstract	Celem opracowania jest rozpoznanie udziału źródeł własnych finansowania działalności publicznej uczelni wyższej w ogólnym strumieniu finansowania jej działalności. W związku z tym kluczowe pytanie, na jakie zostanie udzielona odpowiedź w tym opracowaniu dotyczy tego, jak ukształtowana jest struktura źródeł finansowania badanej uczelni? W części teoretycznej ustalenia oparto na wynikach badań literatury. Z kolei w części empirycznej ustalenia te oparto na wynikach studium przypadku wspartych obserwacją uczestniczącą w uniwersytecie wielodziedzinowym. Wykorzystano także sprawozdania finansowe tego podmiotu. Na podstawie wyników przeglądu literatury oraz badań empirycznych ustalono ukształtowanie struktury źródeł finansowania poddanej badaniu uczelni publicznej, wskazując na możliwość wykorzystania w tym celu sprawozdawczości finansowej podmiotu. Zauważono, kierując się klasyfikacją źródeł zasilania finansowego wskazywaną w literaturze, że są one heterogeniczne. W części są one ulokowane w sektorze publicznym, a w części w sektorze prywatnym. Odsłonięto także wzrost udziału zasilania badanej uczelni środkami z sektora prywatnego. Z kolei źródła prywatne pochodzą głównie z opłat związanych z procesem dydaktycznym. Źródłami prywatnymi są także te z komercjalizacji wyników badań naukowych. Przedstawione w opracowaniu badania dostarczyły nowej wiedzy o strukturze źródeł finansowania uczelni publicznej w kontekście aktualnych uwarunkować jej funkcjonowania. W szczególności przyczyniły się do uzupełnienia istniejącego niedostatku wiedzy o udziale źródeł własnych finansowania działalności publicznej uczelni wyższej w ogólnym strumieniu finansowania jej działalności.
Cytowanie	Pisarska A. (2020) SOURCES OF FINANCING TASKS FOR PUBLIC HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS: FINDINGS IN LIGHT OF THEIR REPORTING.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 24(73): 155-176
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2020_n73_s155.pdf

Autor	Kamil Mazurkiewicz
Tytuł	CORE & MORE – THE CONCEPT OF INTELLIGENT REPORTING FOR CORPORATE INFORMATION
Title	Core & More - koncepcja inteligentnej sprawozdawczości informacji korporacyjnych
Słowa kluczowe	corporate reporting, stakeholders, Core & More
Key words	raportowanie korporacyjne, interesariusze, Core & More
Abstrakt	This article deals with the problem of a new way of reporting corporate information – the Core & More concept. Its aim is to evaluate the Core & More concept as it relates to the increasing transparency of corporate reporting as well as to the transparency of information provided to stakeholders. On the basis of a critical review of the subject literature, reports of sector institutions and interviews with representatives of business practices, the research hypothesis was verified positively. Corporate reports that conform to the standards of the Core & More concept are more transparent and the information given to stakeholders is structured. The Core & More concept allows to derogate from the silo approach of reporting. It structures information, makes it more readable and more logical to understand. The implementation of this concept, however, requires reporting persons to use abstract thinking. Additionally, while creating reports, one should have both IT skills and IT support because this concept involves, to a large extent, the use of IT tools.
Abstract	W niniejszym artykule poruszono problematykę nowego sposobu sprawozdawczości informacji korporacyjnej – koncepcji Core & More. Celem artykułu jest ocena koncepcji Core & More pod kątem zwiększenia transparentności raportu korporacyjnego oraz przejrzystości przekazywanej interesariuszom informacji. Na podstawie krytycznej analizy literatury przedmiotu, raportów instytucji branżowych oraz wywiadów z przedstawicielami praktyki gospodarczej pozytywnie zweryfikowano hipotezę badawczą. Raport korporacyjny sporządzone zgodnie z koncepcją Core & More jest bardziej transparentny a informacja przekazywana interesariuszom ustrukturyzowana. Koncepcja Core & More pozwala odejść od silosowego podejścia do sprawozdawczości. Strukturyzuje informacje, sprawia, że jest ona czytelniejsza w odbiorze i bardziej logiczna. Jednak wdrożenie tej koncepcji wymusza na raportujących abstrakcyjnego myślenia. Dodatkowo tworząc raport zgodnie z Core & More konieczne jest posiadanie umiejętności i zaplecza informatycznego, ponieważ koncepcja ta zakłada w dużej mierze wykorzystanie narzędzi informatycznych.
Cytowanie	Mazurkiewicz K. (2020) CORE & MORE – THE CONCEPT OF INTELLIGENT REPORTING FOR CORPORATE INFORMATION .Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 24(73): 104-113
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2020_n73_s104.pdf

Autor	Paweł Buchowski
Tytuł	Ocena racjonalności działań inwestycyjnych w powiecie suwalskim w ramach wsparcia młodych rolników
Title	Evaluation of Machinery Investment Decisions Undertaken by Young Farmers in Poland’s Suwalki County
Słowa kluczowe	młodzi rolnicy, inwestycje, racjonalność
Key words	young farmers, investment, reasonableness
Abstrakt	Celem badań była ocena racjonalności doboru maszyn w ramach działań inwestycyjnych podejmowanych przez młodych rolników. Analizie poddano wyposażenie techniczne 54 losowo wybranych gospodarstw, których właściciele uzyskali wsparcie w ramach działań „Ułatwianie startu młodym rolnikom” lub „Premie dla młodych rolników”. Z przeprowadzonych rozważań wynika, że prawie połowa zakupów wozów asenizacyjnych była nieracjonalna pod względem ekonomicznym. Bardziej racjonalne pod względem organizacyjnym i technologicznym były inwestycje w ciągniki rolnicze i kosiarki dyskowe.
Abstract	The aim of the research was to evaluate the rationality of machinery selection within the framework of investment operations undertaken by young farmers. Technical equipment of 54 randomly selected farms, whose owners received support under the measures "Facilitating start-ups of young farmers" or "Bonuses for young farmers", was analysed. The conducted analyses show that almost half of the purchases of slurry tankers was economically unreasonable. Investments in agricultural tractors and disc mowers were more rational in terms of organisation and technology.
Cytowanie	Buchowski P. (2020) Ocena racjonalności działań inwestycyjnych w powiecie suwalskim w ramach wsparcia młodych rolników.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 20(35), z. 3: 16-25
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2020_T20(35)_n3_s16.pdf

Autor	Vicky Katsoni, Tilemachos Koliopoulos
Tytuł	Innovative Airport Designs’ Infrastructures to supportan Integrated Sustainable Tourism Policy for SustainableDevelopment and Public Health Protection
Title
Słowa kluczowe	Sustainable tourism, ICTs – Technological innovation in airports, public healthprotection, sustainable designs in tourism, tourism marketing management, renewableresources
Key words
Abstrakt	In this paper are investigated actions for public health protection in airports’tourism facilities and actions that promote innovation at Airports’ sustainable constructioninfrastructures to minimize associated pollution threats. An integrated framework ispresented based on a comprehensive and analysis of the community airport tourism centersand sustainable design facilities in sustainable construction infrastructures in transportationrelated to waste management facilities and energy recovery from landfill emissions thatare produced at nearby places at airports. Research in Sustainable Airport Designs andInfrastructures is necessary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate usefulinformation technologies, and to introduce innovations into the airport tourism industry. Thestudy reveals sustainability dimensions that are lagging or require much greater attention,such as sustainable designs, environmental management, monitoring, safety and public healthprotection of tourists at airport facilities. In this study are presented useful solutions forsustainable airport designs that promote sustainability supporting an Integrated SustainableTourism Policy for Public Health Protection and Sustainable Development within associatedinfrastructures and airport facilities. Useful conclusions are made for the airport tourismindustry, sustainable infrastructures, environmental technologies, renewable resources,sanitary facilities and associative infrastructures developing innovative near-term solutions tomeet demands placed on it.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Katsoni V., Koliopoulos T.
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Pełny tekst	TIRR_2020_n13_s43.pdf

Autor	Yuriy Hubeni, Oksana Krupa, Volodymyr Krupa, Nataliia Raiter
Tytuł	Globalization and Local Determinants of HORECA Customers Market Behavior in the Wholesale Food Market
Title	Globalization and Local Determinants of HORECA Customers Market Behavior in the Wholesale Food Market
Słowa kluczowe	globalization, HoReCa, wholesale trade, wholesale market of agricultural production, wholesale purchase, customers’ market behavior
Key words	globalization, HoReCa, wholesale trade, wholesale market of agricultural production, wholesale purchase, customers’ market behavior
Abstrakt	The article is devoted to the research of local determinants of HoReCa sphere subject economic behavior in the wholesale markets of agricultural production under hospitality sphere globalization in Ukraine. The authors generalized the key provisions of consumer market behavior theories and its formation factors in HoReCa sphere. The peculiarities of agricultural wholesale market functioning are defined and the competitive surrounding of wholesale food market in western region of Ukraine is characterized. Main principles of business organization in HoReCa sphere are studied; the impact of globalization and foreign economic activity vectors on this sphere internationalization is outlined. The results of research project made by the authors are given, which was aimed at examining motives and peculiarities of HoReCa customers market behavior when wholesale purchasing agricultural production for their own business. The research was conducted on the basis of “Shuvar” market of agricultural production Ltd. - the largest in Western Ukraine wholesale agricultural market. It consists of several specialized food halls, including HoReCa centre. The structure of HoReCa establishments, that are “Shuvar” wholesale market clients, is analyzed. The factors influencing their managers’ decisions, concerning purchase assortment, its frequency, the most convenient time of goods delivery, are investigated. The evaluation of significance degree of certain products purchase, including price, products homogeneity, their constant availability, exclusiveness, is received. HoReCa sphere subjects’ wishes were studied, concerning purchase information support in the wholesale market, for service quality improvement.
Abstract	The article is devoted to the research of local determinants of HoReCa sphere subject economic behavior in the wholesale markets of agricultural production under hospitality sphere globalization in Ukraine. The authors generalized the key provisions of consumer market behavior theories and its formation factors in HoReCa sphere. The peculiarities of agricultural wholesale market functioning are defined and the competitive surrounding of wholesale food market in western region of Ukraine is characterized. Main principles of business organization in HoReCa sphere are studied; the impact of globalization and foreign economic activity vectors on this sphere internationalization is outlined. The results of research project made by the authors are given, which was aimed at examining motives and peculiarities of HoReCa customers market behavior when wholesale purchasing agricultural production for their own business. The research was conducted on the basis of “Shuvar” market of agricultural production Ltd. - the largest in Western Ukraine wholesale agricultural market. It consists of several specialized food halls, including HoReCa centre. The structure of HoReCa establishments, that are “Shuvar” wholesale market clients, is analyzed. The factors influencing their managers’ decisions, concerning purchase assortment, its frequency, the most convenient time of goods delivery, are investigated. The evaluation of significance degree of certain products purchase, including price, products homogeneity, their constant availability, exclusiveness, is received. HoReCa sphere subjects’ wishes were studied, concerning purchase information support in the wholesale market, for service quality improvement.
Cytowanie	Hubeni Y., Krupa O., Krupa V., Raiter N. (2020) Globalization and Local Determinants of HORECA Customers Market Behavior in the Wholesale Food Market.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 20(35), z. 1: 25-39
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2020_T20(35)_n1_s25.pdf

Autor	Anatolii Dibrova, Larysa Dibrova, Maksym Dibrova, Yaroslav Krylov
Tytuł	PERSPECTIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GRAIN MARKET AND ITS REGULATION MECHANISM IN UKRAINE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	grain market, grain production, mechanism, state regulation, logistics, export potential
Key words
Abstrakt	The article gives an economic assessment of the current state of the grain industry development, determinesthe main factors influencing the formation of demand and supply on the grain market. The lack of efficiencyof the mechanism of regulation of the grain market in Ukraine is substantiated on the basis of the obtainedvalues of “market price support” indicators per 1 t of grain and “nominal coefficient of protection of producers”used in the countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Theforecasts of gross collections of cereals and legumes, as well as their volumes of domestic consumption inUkraine for the period up to 2025 are estimated. The state of transport and logistics infrastructure of the grainmarket of Ukraine is estimated. Based on the analysis carried out, strategic guidelines for the development ofthe grain market and its regulation mechanism are proposed.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Dibrova A., Dibrova L., Dibrova M., Krylov Y.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2019_n3_s67.pdf

Autor	Anna Owczarczyk
Tytuł	IMPACT OF PENSION SYSTEM REFORMS ON PUBLIC FINANCE EXPENDITURES IN POLAND
Title
Słowa kluczowe	social security system, reform, public finance, Poland
Key words	System zabezpieczenia społecznego, Reforma, Finanse publiczne
Abstrakt	The social security system in each country, if it exists, plays a crucial role in supporting citizens and specific expenditures of the public finance system. Its importance in public spending depends on many factors; in particular, on its source and on its form of financing benefits or pensions. The social security system in Poland is composed of a social insurance and welfare system, a health insurance system, unemployment and family benefits, from which are enumerated an old-age pension, invalidity pension, sickness and maternity insurance, insurance against accidents at work and occupational diseases, and health insurance. The Polish social security system often changes due to implementation of improvements or limits on public spending. The most famous reform took place in 1999 and introduced the largest number of changes in the sphere of pension security. Because the scale of public funds that are passed on to the social security system is very large, pension reforms should are crucial for improving the state of public finances. The aim of the paper is to present changes that took place in the Polish pension system between 1999 and 2017 and how those changes influenced the amount of public expenditures. The study reviews the research hypothesis: frequent changes in the pension system have a negative impact on the state of Polish public finance. The study covers the years 1999-2017, as well as the previous four years before the implementation of the pension reform. Basic research materials used to conduct the research analysis were reports on implementation of the state budget, data prepared by the Social Insurance Institution and the Agricultural Social Insurance Fund as well as statistical data obtained from the Central Statistical Office.
Abstract	System zabezpieczenia społecznego w każdym kraju, jeśli istnieje, odgrywa kluczową rolę we wspieraniu obywateli, jednocześnie stanowi duże obciążenie finansowe dla wydatków budżetowych państwa. W Polsce składa się on z systemu ubezpieczeń społecznych i opieki społecznej, systemu ubezpieczeń zdrowotnych, zasiłków dla bezrobotnych i świadczeń rodzinnych, z których wyliczono emeryturę, rentę inwalidzką, ubezpieczenie chorobowe i macierzyńskie, ubezpieczenie od wypadków przy pracy i choroby zawodowe i ubezpieczenie zdrowotne. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zmian, jakie zaszły w polskim systemie emerytalnym w latach 1999–2017 oraz wpływu tych zmian na wysokość wydatków publicznych. W badaniu dokonano weryfikacji hipotezy badawczej: często występujące zmiany w systemie emerytalnym mają negatywny wpływ na stan polskich finansów publicznych. Badaniem objęto lata 1999–2017. Podstawowymi materiałami badawczymi wykorzystanymi do przeprowadzenia analizy badań były sprawozdania z realizacji budżetu państwa, dane przygotowane przez Zakład Ubezpieczeń Społecznych oraz dane statystyczne uzyskane z Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego.
Cytowanie	Owczarczyk A. (2019) IMPACT OF PENSION SYSTEM REFORMS ON PUBLIC FINANCE EXPENDITURES IN POLAND.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 22(71): 145-155
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2019_n71_s145.pdf

Autor	Adrian Sadłowski
Tytuł	Skutki stosowania płatności redystrybucyjnej w zależności od wariantu wdrożeniowego na przykładzie Polski
Title	THE CONSEQUENCES OF USING DIFFERENT VARIANTS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF REDISTRIBUTIVE PAYMENT – A CASE STUDY OF POLAND
Słowa kluczowe	Wspólna Polityka Rolna, płatności bezpośrednie, płatność redystrybucyjna, Polska
Key words	Common Agricultural Policy, direct payments, redistributive payment, Poland
Abstrakt	W niniejszym opracowaniu, w ramach badań diagnostycznych, dokonano pomiaru aktualnego stopnia koncentracji pomocy dystrybuowanej w ramach systemu wsparcia bezpośredniego dla rolników w Polsce oraz przedstawiono jego zróżnicowanie regionalne. Z kolei w ramach badań symulacyjnych dokonano kwantyfikacji skutków redystrybucyjnych stosowania – w różnych wariantach – instrumentu wyrównującego przyznawane kwoty wsparcia między gospodarstwami. Może to stanowić podstawę oceny ex ante alternatywnych opcji wdrożeniowych płatności redystrybucyjnej. Badania doprowadziły m.in. do wyznaczenia przedziałów obszarowych gospodarstw korzystających na stosowaniu płatności redystrybucyjnej – w obecnym kształcie oraz w przykładowych wariantach alternatywnych. W części końcowej artykułu sformułowano kilka rekomendacji w zakresie projektowania płatności redystrybucyjnej na poziomie krajowym w zależności od celów, które mają być osiągane za pomocą tego instrumentu.
Abstract	The article describes a diagnostic study measuring the degree of concentration of the aid which is currently distributed under the direct support system for farmers in Poland; it also presents the regional differentiation in aid concentration. The author conducted a simulation test quantifying the redistributive effects of applying various variants of an instrument equalising the amounts of support granted to farms. This can make the basis for an ex-ante assessment of alternative options of the implementation of redistributive payment. The research enabled the identification of ranges of the areas of farms which benefit from the current shape of redistributive payment and which may benefit from alternative variants given as examples. The final part of the article contains several recommendations on how to design redistributive payment at a national level, depending on the goals to be achieved with this instrument.
Cytowanie	Sadłowski A. (2019) Skutki stosowania płatności redystrybucyjnej w zależności od wariantu wdrożeniowego na przykładzie Polski.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 22(71): 170-183
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2019_n71_s170.pdf

Autor	Cezary Szydłowski
Tytuł	Rola audytu wewnętrznego w ocenie wydatków samorządów miejskich
Title	THE ROLE OF INTERNAL AUDIT IN THE EVALUATION OF URBAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES
Słowa kluczowe	finanse publiczne, audyt wewnętrzny, samorząd terytorialny
Key words	internal audit, expenses, public sector, local government units, Poland
Abstrakt	Artykuł przedstawia rolę oraz zadania audytu wewnętrznego w ocenie wydatków publicznych w wybranym obszarze na przykładzie samorządów miejskich w Łodzi, Piotrkowie Trybunalskim oraz Skierniewicach. W toku badań ustalono m.in., że audyt wewnętrzny poprzez swoje zadania przyczynia się do racjonalniejszego wydatkowania środków finansowych z budżetu miasta na działania administracji publicznej. Ponadto wykazano również, że audyt wewnętrzny jest pomocnym narzędziem w dbaniu o ponoszenie uzasadnionych wydatków przez jednostki sektora finansów publicznych. Ocena oraz monitorowanie wydatków jest powinnością władzy publicznej w celu zapewnienia racjonalnej gospodarki finansowej danej jednostki samorządu terytorialnego. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie audytu wewnętrznego jako istotnego narzędzia wsparcia organów miasta w ocenie wydatków gmin miejskich w wybranym obszarze. Na potrzeby niniejszej publikacji jako przykład do analizy wybrano jednostki samorządu terytorialnego z województwa łódzkiego tj. miasta na prawach powiatu. W niniejszym artykule jako metody badawcze wykorzystano studium przypadku, metodę analityczną, metodę wnioskowania oraz metodę badania dokumentów. Do przeprowadzenia niezbędnych analiz wykorzystano materiały udostępniane przez badane podmioty oraz dane dostępne w rejestrach publicznych, gromadzonych przez uprawnione do tego instytucje.
Abstract	The article presents the role and tasks of internal audit in the assessment of public expenditures in a selected area for municipal governments in Łódź, Piotrków Trybunalski and Skierniewice in Poland. The research found, among other things, that internal audits contribute to a more rational spending of funds from the city budget on public administration activities. In addition, it has also been shown that internal audit is a helpful tool in ensuring reasonable expenses for public finance sector entities. The assessment and monitoring of expenses is the responsibility of public authorities, to ensure rational financial management of a given local government unit. The aim of the article is to present internal audit as an important tool to support city authorities in assessing the expenditure of municipalities in a selected area. For the purposes of this publication, local government units from the Łódź Voivodeship, i.e. a city with district status, were selected as an example for analysis. In this article, case study, analytical method, inference method and document examination method were used as research methods. To make the necessary analyses, materials made available by the surveyed entities and data available in public registers collected by authorized institutions were used.
Cytowanie	Szydłowski C. (2019) Rola audytu wewnętrznego w ocenie wydatków samorządów miejskich.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 22(71): 210-222
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2019_n71_s210.pdf