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Autor	Jamiu Hussayn, Ogheneruemu Obi-Egbedi, Isaac Oluwatayo
Tytuł	Trade Liberalization Policy and Competitiveness of Cocoa Beans Exports in Nigeria (1961-2017)
Title	Trade Liberalization Policy and Competitiveness of Cocoa Beans Exports in Nigeria (1961-2017)
Słowa kluczowe	cocoa, competitiveness, market share, trade liberalization policy and vector error correction model
Key words	cocoa, competitiveness, market share, trade liberalization policy and vector error correction model
Abstrakt	The cocoa sector in Nigeria has experienced decline in production, yield, exports coupled with its inability to attain global standards and targets and, gradual loss of competitiveness at the world market. Trade liberalization was government’s panacea to the sector’s problem although, cocoa competitiveness remains an issue since liberalization. Therefore, the relationship between trade liberalization policy and competitiveness of Nigeria’s cocoa exports was examined in this study using data for the period 1961-2017. Cocoa market share was used to measure competitiveness while analytical tools employed were: ADF test, Johansen co-integration test and the vector error correction model (VECM). Market share, quantity of cocoa export and inflation rate were stationary at original level while others, at first difference. The co-integration test showed seven co-integrating equations. Trade liberalization policy was found to be an important driver of competitiveness. In addition, area harvested, production quantity and export quantity positively influenced competitiveness while world price of cocoa, interest rate on agricultural loans, exchange rate and trade liberalization influenced negatively. Therefore, appropriate trade policy formulation and implementation is recommended while, specific attention should be paid to monetary policies and cocoa production by the government.
Abstract	The cocoa sector in Nigeria has experienced decline in production, yield, exports coupled with its inability to attain global standards and targets and, gradual loss of competitiveness at the world market. Trade liberalization was government’s panacea to the sector’s problem although, cocoa competitiveness remains an issue since liberalization. Therefore, the relationship between trade liberalization policy and competitiveness of Nigeria’s cocoa exports was examined in this study using data for the period 1961-2017. Cocoa market share was used to measure competitiveness while analytical tools employed were: ADF test, Johansen co-integration test and the vector error correction model (VECM). Market share, quantity of cocoa export and inflation rate were stationary at original level while others, at first difference. The co-integration test showed seven co-integrating equations. Trade liberalization policy was found to be an important driver of competitiveness. In addition, area harvested, production quantity and export quantity positively influenced competitiveness while world price of cocoa, interest rate on agricultural loans, exchange rate and trade liberalization influenced negatively. Therefore, appropriate trade policy formulation and implementation is recommended while, specific attention should be paid to monetary policies and cocoa production by the government.
Cytowanie	Hussayn J., Obi-Egbedi O., Oluwatayo I. (2021) Trade Liberalization Policy and Competitiveness of Cocoa Beans Exports in Nigeria (1961-2017).Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 21(36), z. 1: 4-15
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2021_T21(36)_n1_s4.pdf

Autor	Dorota Pasińska
Tytuł	Handel zagraniczny produktami mięsnymi Polski z Japonią w latach 2004-2019
Title	Foreign Trade in Meat Products between Poland and Japan in 2004-2019
Słowa kluczowe	eksport, import, Japonia, bariery pozataryfowe, produkty mięsne
Key words	export, import, Japan, non-tariff barriers, meat products
Abstrakt	Głównym celem artykułu jest charakterystyka zmian w handlu zagranicznym produktami mięsnymi Polski z Japonią w latach 2004-2019. Zastosowano następujące metody: analiza porównawcza w czasie eksportu produktów mięsnych oraz wchodzących w jej skład głównych grup produktowych, analiza struktury towarowej tego eksportu. Otrzymane wyniki mogą być wykorzystane przez różnych uczestników łańcucha dostaw (np. przetwórców czy handel), mogą stanowić wsparcie nie tylko dla polityki gospodarczej państwa w zakresie kształtowania relacji handlowych, ale także dla przedsiębiorstw eksportujących, które są zainteresowane określeniem swojej pozycji konkurencyjnej na rynku (np. mogą oszacować swój udział w eksporcie do Japonii określonych grup asortymentowych) czy rozważyć ewentualne uplasowanie swoich produktów na tym rynku. W badaniach wykorzystano dane OECD, ITC Trade Map i niepublikowane dane roczne dotyczące eksportu i importu Ministerstwa Finansów z lat 2004-2019.
Abstract	The main purpose of the article is to describe the changes in foreign trade in meat products between Poland and Japan in the years 2004-2019. The following methods were used: comparative analysis over time of the export of meat products and its main product groups, analysis of the commodity structure of these exports. The obtained results can be implemented by various participants in the supply chain (e.g. processors or trade), they may support not only the economic policy of the state in terms of shaping trade relations, but also exporting enterprises interested in determining their competitive position market (e.g. they can estimate their share in exports to Japan of certain product groups) or consider the possible placement of their products on this market. The research used OECD, ITC Trade Map data and unpublished annual data on exports and imports of the Ministry of Finance from 2004 to 2019.
Cytowanie	Pasińska D. (2021) Handel zagraniczny produktami mięsnymi Polski z Japonią w latach 2004-2019.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 21(36), z. 1: 16-32
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2021_T21(36)_n1_s16.pdf

Autor	Aneta Mikuła, Stanisław Stańko
Tytuł	Zmiany w produkcji, handlu zagranicznym i zużyciu krajowym ziemniaków w Polsce w latach 2001-2019
Title	Changes in the Production, Foreign Trade and Domestic Consumption of Potatoes in Poland in 2001-2019
Słowa kluczowe	ziemniak, produkcja, import, eksport
Key words	potato, production, imports export
Abstrakt	Przedmiotem analizy była produkcja ziemniaków, zużycie krajowe i obroty handlu zagranicznego (eksport i import) w Polsce w latach 2001-2019. W oparciu o wyniki analiz określono średniookresową projekcję (na 2025 r.) obejmującą produkcję, kierunki wykorzystania w kraju i obroty handlu zagranicznego ziemniakami i ich przetworami. Analizowane dane pochodziły z GUS oraz IERiGŻ-PIB. Produkcja ziemniaków w Polsce w latach 2001-2019 charakteryzowała się tendencją spadkową. Wolniejszy spadek zbiorów niż powierzchni wynikał z poprawy plonowania. W zużyciu krajowym występowały różnokierunkowe tendencje: spadkowa w spożyciu ziemniaków ogółem, w eksporcie ziemniaków nieprzetworzonych, w przetwórstwie w gorzelnictwie i w stratach w przechowalnictwie oraz wzrostowa w przetwórstwie spożywczym i pozostałym przemysłowym. W handlu zagranicznym zaobserwowano poprawę dodatniego salda handlu przetworami z ziemniaków oraz pogłębianie się ujemnego salda handlu ziemniakami. Z projekcji rozwoju na 2025 r. wynika, że produkcja ziemniaków w Polsce może wynosić 7250- 7540 tys. t, a zapotrzebowanie - 7430-7570 tys. t. Import niezbędny ziemniaków świeżych może wynosić rocznie 30-180 tys. t.
Abstract	The subject of the analysis was potato production, domestic consumption and foreign trade turnover (export and import) in Poland in 2001-2019. Based on the results of the analyzes, a medium-term projection (for 2025) was defined, covering production, directions of domestic use and foreign trade turnover of potatoes and their products. The analyzed data came from the Central Statistical Office and Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics- National Research Institute. Potato production in Poland in 2001-2019 was characterized by a downward trend. The slower drop in the harvest than in the area was due to the improvement in yield. There were various trends in domestic consumption: a decrease in total potato consumption, in the export of unprocessed potatoes, in processing in distilling and losses in storage, and an increase in food processing and other industrial processing. In foreign trade, an improvement in the positive balance of trade in potato products and a deepening of the negative trade balance in potatoes was observed. The development projection for 2025 shows that the production of potatoes in Poland may amount to 7,250,000- 7,540,000 thousand tonnes, and the demand – 7430 7570 thousand tonnes. The necessary import of fresh potatoes can amount to 30-180 thousand tonnes annually.
Cytowanie	Mikuła A., Stańko S. (2021) Zmiany w produkcji, handlu zagranicznym i zużyciu krajowym ziemniaków w Polsce w latach 2001-2019.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 21(36), z. 1: 33-51
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2021_T21(36)_n1_s33.pdf

Autor	S.H. Pushpa Malkanthi, S.D. Dilini Rathnachandra
Tytuł	Female Farmers’ Agricultural Information Needs and Food Production: A Case Study of Imbulpe ds Division in Sri Lanka
Title	Female Farmers’ Agricultural Information Needs and Food Production: A Case Study of Imbulpe ds Division in Sri Lanka
Słowa kluczowe	agricultural information, Imbulpe, information needs, Sri Lanka, women farmers
Key words	agricultural information, Imbulpe, information needs, Sri Lanka, women farmers
Abstrakt	The study was conducted to find out female farmers’ agricultural information needs and their impact on food production, in the Imbulpe DS Division in Sri Lanka. Of the female farmers in the area, 238 were taken as the sample for the study from seven selected Grama Niladhari (GN) divisions in the area. Female farmers were selected by using a simple random sampling method from these purposively selected GN divisions. A pre-tested, interviewer-administered questionnaire survey was used as the primary data collection method from March to July 2019. Data analysis was done by using descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis. The result revealed that the majority (62.6%) of respondents were middle aged (40-59 years), married, and belonged to families with 4-5 members. Most respondents (64.3 %) had studied up to junior secondary education level. Their average farm land size is 0.84 acres and they have farming experience of about 15 years. Most of the respondents mentioned that they had obtained higher levels of information needs about improved crop varieties. In addition, female farmers reported that they moderately need information on application of agrochemicals, improved market systems and modern farming technologies. Extension agents and other female farmers act as their major sources of agricultural information and ICT equipment acts as the least important agricultural information source in this area. Moreover, there is a significant positive association between the agricultural information needs and food production. Therefore, providing necessary agricultural information and enhanced utilization of ICT tools for agricultural information sources, and encouraging female farmers to participate in farming societies will lead to enhanced food production in this area.
Abstract	The study was conducted to find out female farmers’ agricultural information needs and their impact on food production, in the Imbulpe DS Division in Sri Lanka. Of the female farmers in the area, 238 were taken as the sample for the study from seven selected Grama Niladhari (GN) divisions in the area. Female farmers were selected by using a simple random sampling method from these purposively selected GN divisions. A pre-tested, interviewer-administered questionnaire survey was used as the primary data collection method from March to July 2019. Data analysis was done by using descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis. The result revealed that the majority (62.6%) of respondents were middle aged (40-59 years), married, and belonged to families with 4-5 members. Most respondents (64.3 %) had studied up to junior secondary education level. Their average farm land size is 0.84 acres and they have farming experience of about 15 years. Most of the respondents mentioned that they had obtained higher levels of information needs about improved crop varieties. In addition, female farmers reported that they moderately need information on application of agrochemicals, improved market systems and modern farming technologies. Extension agents and other female farmers act as their major sources of agricultural information and ICT equipment acts as the least important agricultural information source in this area. Moreover, there is a significant positive association between the agricultural information needs and food production. Therefore, providing necessary agricultural information and enhanced utilization of ICT tools for agricultural information sources, and encouraging female farmers to participate in farming societies will lead to enhanced food production in this area.
Cytowanie	Malkanthi S., Rathnachandra S. (2021) Female Farmers’ Agricultural Information Needs and Food Production: A Case Study of Imbulpe ds Division in Sri Lanka.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 21(36), z. 2: 22-32
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2021_T21(36)_n2_s22.pdf

Autor	Andrii Doronin, Olena Polishchuk, Vitalii Rybchak
Tytuł	Potential of renewable sources in Ukraine
Title
Słowa kluczowe	bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, energy safety, energy consumption, renewable energy sources, production potential, alternative kinds of fuel
Key words
Abstrakt	Bearing in mind a serious dependence of Ukraine on the import of oil products, it is of great significance for Ukraine to develop own manufacture and to increase the share of oil product substitution with biofuel. It is not possible to develop biofuel market without solving a number of economic and organizational problems, which is why it is expedient to introduce financial-economic stimuli for biofuel producers and to build a stable demand for alternative kinds of fuel. In Ukraine the manufacture of alternative fuels almost terminated, however the solution of the problem of biofuel manufacture will depend on the coordination of joint actions of the state, participants of market relations and the development of the system of measures aimed at the creation of pre-conditions to enhance a competitive biofuel market in Ukraine, taking into consideration foreign experience and current tendencies of the manufacture and use of the alternative energy sources.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Doronin A., Polishchuk O., Rybchak V.
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Pełny tekst	TIRR_2021_n15_s25.pdf

Autor	Irena Achonen, Greta Gruodė, Jolita Variakojiene
Tytuł	Pandemic Impact on Lithuania‘s tour operators
Title
Słowa kluczowe	tour operators, COVID-19, pandemic, tourism, Lithuania
Key words
Abstrakt	Lithuania tourism market was one of the fastest growing in Europe in 2019. All around the globe 2019 was a year of records for travelling, but 2020 changed everything. At the moment COVID-19 pandemic is one of the most important and relevant factor for influencing Tourism sector. It changed the way we‘re working, travelling, communicating, it had a huge negative effect on specific sectors there people meet, spend time together. Tour operators are one of the most affected in the business world because of economic and political reasons: for most of the year countries have travelling restrictions, borders closed, obligation for testing before and after travelling and in general consumer behaviour is changed due to the safety reasons. This paper aims to analyze the impact of pandemic to Lithuania‘s Tour operators as well as present the overview of previous year numbers of tourism. Qantative research – a survey was conducted with the most active Lithuania‘s tour operators, working with inbound, outbound and domestic tourism in order to find out their opinion of previous year and currently happening change. Results are presented in a paper. Topic is extreemly relevant these days and the paper reveal the current situation in Lithuania‘s travel market.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Achonen I., Gruodė G., Variakojiene J.
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Pełny tekst	TIRR_2021_n15_s59.pdf

Autor	Nataliia Blenda, Vitaliy Rybchak
Tytuł	Features of food market formation in Ukraine
Title
Słowa kluczowe	food market, food products, self-sufficiency, export, import
Key words
Abstrakt	The article examines the peculiarities of the formation of the food market of Ukraine and trends in its development. The actual capacity of the domestic market for certain products has been determined, taking into account the decrease in the average per capita consumption of certain food products by the population and the reduction in the population of Ukraine. It is established that the growth of gross output of agricultural products has improved the level of self-sufficiency in food in Ukraine. Meeting the needs of the population in food, within its purchasing power, is almost entirely provided by domestic products, except fruits, berries, and grapes. The level and dynamics of import dependence of the food market as a whole and in the context of individual product groups are determined.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Blenda N., Rybchak V.
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Pełny tekst	TIRR_2021_n16_s5.pdf

Autor	Joanna Pietrzak-Zawadka, Jan Zawadka
Tytuł	The importance and use of forest areas in local development
Title
Słowa kluczowe	forest, forest areas, local development, sustainable development
Key words
Abstrakt	Forest areas and related resources are significant determinants of local development. Especially in regions characterized by considerable forest cover, the forest may constitute the basis and determine the pace and direction of socio-economic development. The study presents local development issues and discusses the diverse role and potential impact of the presence of forest areas on this development. The analysis of the scientific literature in this field allows us to conclude that this impact is highly significant, complex, and multifaceted and that conscious and responsible forest use planning can be the basis for the sustainable development of many territorial units.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Pietrzak-Zawadka J., Zawadka J.
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Pełny tekst	TIRR_2021_n16_s89.pdf

Autor	S.H. Pushpa Malkanthi, S.D. Dilini Rathnachandra, W.A. Ruwani N. Weerasinghe
Tytuł	Consumers’ Awareness on Organic Food: Case of Urban Sri Lanka
Title	Consumers’ Awareness on Organic Food: Case of Urban Sri Lanka
Słowa kluczowe	consumers’ awareness, organic food, regression analysis, urban consumer, Sri Lanka
Key words	consumers’ awareness, organic food, regression analysis, urban consumer, Sri Lanka
Abstrakt	The organic food market is rapidly expanding all over the world with the recent rise of concern in food safety and environmental protection. Thus, examining information about consumers’ awareness on organic food is one of the inspiring areas for producers and marketers to capture a greater market share successfully. Therefore, this study aimed at analyzing the consumer awareness towards organic food products while addressing socio-demographic factors affecting consumer awareness on organic food, knowledge of consumers about organic food, and their purchasing pattern. A sample of 600 consumers was selected from the main cities of six urban districts in Sri Lanka for the study. Data were collected via a consumer survey using a pre-tested questionnaire, from November 2018 to May 2019. The data analysis was carried out using frequencies, percentages, and multiple linear regression analysis. According to the results, the majority of the respondents were married females. The results revealed that Sri Lankan consumers have a better awareness on organic food. The results of the regression analysis highlighted that the consumers’ awareness is significantly affected by factors such as gender, marital status, education, and monthly income. Although most respondents have a good level of awareness on organic food, their buying trend is at a lower level. The findings of the study play an important role in promoting the organic food market and are essential for food marketing planners, researchers, and policymakers to enhance the organic food industry in the country in the future.
Abstract	The organic food market is rapidly expanding all over the world with the recent rise of concern in food safety and environmental protection. Thus, examining information about consumers’ awareness on organic food is one of the inspiring areas for producers and marketers to capture a greater market share successfully. Therefore, this study aimed at analyzing the consumer awareness towards organic food products while addressing socio-demographic factors affecting consumer awareness on organic food, knowledge of consumers about organic food, and their purchasing pattern. A sample of 600 consumers was selected from the main cities of six urban districts in Sri Lanka for the study. Data were collected via a consumer survey using a pre-tested questionnaire, from November 2018 to May 2019. The data analysis was carried out using frequencies, percentages, and multiple linear regression analysis. According to the results, the majority of the respondents were married females. The results revealed that Sri Lankan consumers have a better awareness on organic food. The results of the regression analysis highlighted that the consumers’ awareness is significantly affected by factors such as gender, marital status, education, and monthly income. Although most respondents have a good level of awareness on organic food, their buying trend is at a lower level. The findings of the study play an important role in promoting the organic food market and are essential for food marketing planners, researchers, and policymakers to enhance the organic food industry in the country in the future.
Cytowanie	Malkanthi S., Rathnachandra S., Weerasinghe W. (2021) Consumers’ Awareness on Organic Food: Case of Urban Sri Lanka.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 21(36), z. 4: 25-36
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2021_T21(36)_n4_s25.pdf

Autor	Ewa Cieślik
Tytuł	Mapowanie produktów polskiego eksportu produktów rolno spożywczych kierowanego do wybranych krajów Unii Europejskiej w 2020 roku
Title	Mapping of the Products of Polish Agri-Food Exports to Selected European Union Countries in 2020
Słowa kluczowe	eksport, produkty rolno-spożywcze, mapowanie produktów
Key words	export, agri-food products, product mapping
Abstrakt	W artykule skupiono się na poszukiwaniu perspektyw wzrostu polskiego eksportu produktami rolno-spożywczymi z gospodarkami należącymi do Unii Europejskiej i będącymi najważniejszymi rynkami eksportowymi dla Polski w zakresie dóbr rolno-spożywczych. Zidentyfikowano grupy tych towarów, które charakteryzują się dodatnimi i ujemnymi wskaźnikami ujawnionych przewag komparatywnych oraz wskaźnikami bilansu handlowego. W badaniu zastosowano metodę opartą o macierz mapowania produktów.
Abstract	The article focuses on the search for growth prospects for Polish exports of agri-food products with economies belonging to the European Union and being the most important export markets for Poland in terms of agri-food products. Groups of these goods were identified that are characterized by positive and negative indicators of revealed comparative advantages and indicators of the trade balance. The study used a method based on the product mapping matrix.
Cytowanie	Cieślik E. (2021) Mapowanie produktów polskiego eksportu produktów rolno spożywczych kierowanego do wybranych krajów Unii Europejskiej w 2020 roku.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 21(36), z. 4: 37-53
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2021_T21(36)_n4_s37.pdf

Autor	S.H. Pushpa Malkanthi, S.D. Dilini Rathnachandra
Tytuł	Determinants of Women’s Empowerment and Household Poverty Reduction in Imbulpe DS Division, Sri Lanka
Title	Determinants of Women’s Empowerment and Household Poverty Reduction in Imbulpe DS Division, Sri Lanka
Słowa kluczowe	empowerment, poverty reduction, women farmers, Imbulpe, Sri Lanka
Key words	empowerment, poverty reduction, women farmers, Imbulpe, Sri Lanka
Abstrakt	Women empowerment and poverty reduction are interrelated key driving forces to achieve the sustainable development of a country. However, most of the women farmers in rural areas have lack of access to adequate assets and resources, credit facilities and freedom of decision making within the households. Therefore, women empowerment is a timely important requirement to reduce the household poverty among them. This study was conducted to identify the determinants of empowerment of women farmers and also roles of them in reduction of poverty in Imbulpe Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division in Sri Lanka. In this study, 238 women farmers were selected using simple random sampling method, from purposively identified seven Grama Niladhari (GN) divisions in this area. Primary data was gathered from a field survey using a pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire from May to July 2019. Descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis were used as the statistical methods in data analyzing process. The result revealed that, age, education, monthly income of the respondents, economic resource accessibility, participation in decision making and freedom of mobility act as the determinants of empowerment of women farmers. The moderately significant positive nature of relationship was showed between the age of the women farmers and their role in poverty reduction. And also, the level of education, monthly income, economic resources accessibility of the respondents and participation of decision making within the household of the women farmers were showed moderately significant positive relationship with their role in poverty reduction. Therefore, encourage women farmers as rural entrepreneurs while performing their farming practices to earn additional income, enhance economic resource accessibility and motivate women farmers to express their ideas for enhance the active participation in the household decision making process are timely important requirements to empower women farmers and enhance their role in poverty reduction.
Abstract	Women empowerment and poverty reduction are interrelated key driving forces to achieve the sustainable development of a country. However, most of the women farmers in rural areas have lack of access to adequate assets and resources, credit facilities and freedom of decision making within the households. Therefore, women empowerment is a timely important requirement to reduce the household poverty among them. This study was conducted to identify the determinants of empowerment of women farmers and also roles of them in reduction of poverty in Imbulpe Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division in Sri Lanka. In this study, 238 women farmers were selected using simple random sampling method, from purposively identified seven Grama Niladhari (GN) divisions in this area. Primary data was gathered from a field survey using a pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire from May to July 2019. Descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis were used as the statistical methods in data analyzing process. The result revealed that, age, education, monthly income of the respondents, economic resource accessibility, participation in decision making and freedom of mobility act as the determinants of empowerment of women farmers. The moderately significant positive nature of relationship was showed between the age of the women farmers and their role in poverty reduction. And also, the level of education, monthly income, economic resources accessibility of the respondents and participation of decision making within the household of the women farmers were showed moderately significant positive relationship with their role in poverty reduction. Therefore, encourage women farmers as rural entrepreneurs while performing their farming practices to earn additional income, enhance economic resource accessibility and motivate women farmers to express their ideas for enhance the active participation in the household decision making process are timely important requirements to empower women farmers and enhance their role in poverty reduction.
Cytowanie	Malkanthi S., Rathnachandra S. (2021) Determinants of Women’s Empowerment and Household Poverty Reduction in Imbulpe DS Division, Sri Lanka.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 21(36), z. 4: 76-90
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2021_T21(36)_n4_s76.pdf

Autor	Barbara Kucharska, Mirosława Malinowska
Tytuł	Pokolenie Y na rynku żywności – perspektywa placówek gastronomicznych
Title	Generation Y on the Food Market – the Perspective of Catering Establishment
Słowa kluczowe	pokolenie Y, rynek żywności, placówka gastronomiczna
Key words	generation Y, food market, catering establishment
Abstrakt	Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja wybranych elementów zachowań pokolenia Y na rynku usług gastronomicznych oraz działań podejmowanych przez placówki gastronomiczne w kontekście tych zachowań. Realizacji celu posłużyły studia literaturowe, informacje pochodzące z czasopism branżowych oraz badania bezpośrednie przeprowadzone przez autorów artykułu. Identyfikacji wyróżników oferty placówek gastronomicznych wpisujących się w specyfikę pokolenia Y dokonano na podstawie analizie zawartości informacji zawartych na stronach internetowych placówek. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań i analiz wskazują, że pokolenie Y to niezwykle ważny podmiot rynku usług gastronomicznych – duży liczebnie, ale również innowacyjny, aktywny, szybki, wymagający. Zachowania pokolenia Y wyznaczają współczesne trendy na rynku i wymuszają podejmowanie działań przez placówki gastronomiczne zgodne z tymi trendami - w zakresie oferty, jej różnorodności i dostępności, a także wirtualizacji elementów obsługi klienta.
Abstract	The aim of the article is to identify selected elements of behaviors of generation Y on the market of catering services and activities undertaken by catering establishments in the context of these behaviors. The purpose of the article was accomplished by literature studies, information from branche magazines, and direct research carried out by the authors of the article. Identification of the distinguishing features of gastronomic establishments suitable to the specificity of generation Y was based on the analysis of the content of information contained on the websites of these establishments. The results of research and analysis indicate that Generation Y is an extremely important entity on the food service market - it is not only large in number, but also innovative, active, fast and demanding. Behaviors of generation Y determine modern market trends and force gastronomic establishments in accordance with these trends - in terms of the offer, its diversity and availability, as well as the virtualization of customer service elements.
Cytowanie	Kucharska B., Malinowska M. (2020) Pokolenie Y na rynku żywności – perspektywa placówek gastronomicznych.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 20(35), z. 1: 40-51
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2020_T20(35)_n1_s40.pdf

Autor	Arkadiusz Zalewski
Tytuł	Zmiany wartości zużytych nawozów i środków ochrony roślin w krajach Unii Europejskiej w latach 2010-2018
Title	Changes in the Value of Used Fertilizers and Plant Protection Products in the Countries of the European Union in the Years 2010-2018
Słowa kluczowe	nawozy, środki ochrony roślin, Unia Europejska, metoda Warda
Key words	fertilizers, plant protection products, European Union, Ward method
Abstrakt	Aktualnie duże znaczenie w agrobiznesie mają przemysłowe środki produkcji rolnej, w tym zwłaszcza nawozy mineralne oraz chemiczne środki ochrony roślin. W artykule próbowano przedstawić i porównać zmiany wartości zużytych nawozów i środków ochrony roślin w krajach Unii Europejskiej w latach 2010-2018. Badano zmiany wartości zużytych nawozów i środków ochrony roślin w przeliczeniu na 1 ha UR oraz zmiany udziału omawianych środków produkcji w zużyciu pośrednim. Stwierdzono, że wartość zużytych nawozów i środków ochrony roślin w przeliczeniu na 1 ha UR średnio w UE zwiększyła się. Wzrósł ich również udział w zużyciu pośrednim. W wyniku grupowania obiektów metodą Warda otrzymano 4 skupienia krajów, które różniły się pomiędzy sobą pod względem zaproponowanych cech, natomiast kraje, które tworzyły dane skupienie charakteryzowały się zbliżonymi wartościami zmiennych. Krajami w których zaobserwowano zarówno wyraźny wzrost wartości zużytych nawozów i środków ochrony roślin w przeliczeniu na jednostkę powierzchni jak również zdecydowane zwiększenie ich wartości w zużyciu pośrednim były: Litwa, Bułgaria i Estonia. Spadek popytu na omawiane środki produkcji wystąpił natomiast w Belgii, Chorwacji, Słowenii, Danii, Finlandii oraz w Portugalii.
Abstract	Currently, agricultural means of production are of great importance in agribusiness, in particular mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection products. The article attempts to present and compare changes in the value of used fertilizers and plant protection products in European Union countries in 2010-2018. Changes in the value of used fertilizers and plant protection products per 1 ha of UAA and changes in the share of these means of production in intermediate consumption were examined. It was found that the value of used fertilizers and plant protection products per 1 ha of UAA increased on average in the EU. Their share in intermediate consumption also increased. As a result of grouping objects using the Ward method, 4 clusters of countries were obtained, which differed in terms of the proposed features, while the countries that created the given cluster were characterized by similar values of variables. The countries where both a clear increase in the value of used fertilizers and plant protection products per unit area as well as a significant increase in their value in intermediate consumption were observed: Lithuania, Bulgaria and Estonia. However, a decline in demand for the discussed means of production occurred in Belgium, Croatia, Slovenia, Denmark, Finland and Portugal.
Cytowanie	Zalewski A. (2020) Zmiany wartości zużytych nawozów i środków ochrony roślin w krajach Unii Europejskiej w latach 2010-2018.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 20(35), z. 1: 78-87
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2020_T20(35)_n1_s78.pdf

Autor	Ryszard Barczyk
Tytuł	Podstawy teoretyczne stabilizacyjnej roli narzędzi fiskalnych w gospodarce rynkowej
Title	THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE STABILIZING ROLE OF FISCAL INSTRUMENTS IN A MARKET ECONOMY
Słowa kluczowe	stabilizacja makroekonomiczna, narzędzia fiskalne dyskrecjonalne i automatyczne, wahania koniunkturalne, bezrobocie, inflacja.
Key words	macroeconomic stabilization, fiscal discretional and automatic instruments, cyclical fluctuations, unemployment, inflation.
Abstrakt	W wysoko rozwiniętych gospodarkach rynkowych są podejmowane za pomocą narzędzi fiskalnych lub/i pieniężnych działania stabilizacyjne, których celem jest m.in. wpływanie na morfologię cykli koniunkturalnych, na równowagę na rynku pracy i dążenie do utrzymywania stabilnej wartości pieniądza. Celem pracy jest zbadanie hipotetycznego wpływu dyskrecjonalnych jak i automatycznych narzędzi polityki fiskalnej na stabilizację sfery realnej jak i nominalnej zamkniętej gospodarki rynkowej. Praca ma charakter rozważań hipotetycznych, a na jej początku zostaną sformułowane cele stabilizacji makroekonomicznej i możliwości ich realizacji. W dalszej części zostaną przedstawione narzędzia fiskalne dyskrecjonalne i działające automatycznie i charakter ich wpływu na osiąganie sformułowanych wcześniej celów. Instrumenty fiskalne mogą i powinny być stosowane w działaniach stabilizacyjnych, a szczególnie ważne powinny być narzędzia działające automatycznie.
Abstract	By means of fiscal and/or monetary instruments, highly developed market economies undertake stabilization activities which aim (among other things) to influence the morphology of business cycles and the equilibrium of the labor market, as well as striving to maintain a stable value of currency. The aim of the article is to examine the hypothetical impact of both discretionary and automatic fiscal policy tools on stabilization of the real and the nominal sphere of a closed market economy. The article is hypothetical in nature. First, the aims of macroeconomic stabilization and the possibilities of their implementation are discussed. Later, discretional and automatic fiscal instruments are presented, and the nature of their impact upon accomplishment of the previously formulated goals is examined. Fiscal instruments can and should be used in stabilization activities and the tools that operate automatically should be particularly important for policy makers.
Cytowanie	Barczyk R. (2020) Podstawy teoretyczne stabilizacyjnej roli narzędzi fiskalnych w gospodarce rynkowej .Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 23(72): 7-16
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2020_n72_s7.pdf

Autor	Eugeniusz Gostomski, Błażej Lepczyński
Tytuł	Metodyczne i rynkowe aspekty ratingu listów zastawnych – doświadczenia z rynku niemieckiego
Title	METHODOLOGICAL AND MARKET ASPECTS OF COVERED BOND RATING – EXPERIENCE FROM THE GERMAN MARKET
Słowa kluczowe	listy zastawne, rating, analiza rynku.
Key words	covered bond, rating, market analysis.
Abstrakt	Rating międzynarodowych agencji ratingowych odgrywa szczególną rolę na rynku listów zastawnych. Z uwagi bowiem na duży stopień skomplikowania emisji listów zastawnych w zdecydowanej większości przypadków emisje listów zastawnych mają rating przyznany przez przynajmniej jedną międzynarodową agencję ratingową. Oznacza to, że rating stanowi ważną determinantę rozwoju rynku listów zastawnych. Nasze badania w odniesieniu do rynku niemieckiego potwierdzają tezę o dużym znaczeniu ratingu w rozwoju rynku listów zastawnych. W aspekcie metodycznym rating listów zastawnych jest kombinacją elementów ilościowych, jakościowych, a na końcowy wynik procedury ratingowej wpływ ma wynik oceny standingu finansowego emitenta listów zastawnych oraz jakości puli aktywów zabezpieczających. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że poziom ocen ratingowych niemieckich listów zastawnych jest wysoki i co równie ważne stabilny w czasie. Jednak pomimo wysokiego bezpieczeństwa listów zastawnych rating poszczególnym emisjom jest często nadawany przez dwie lub trzy agencje, co przesądza o dużym znaczeniu ratingu jako czynnika rozwojowego, przede wszystkim wspierającego wiarygodność i przejrzystość rynku.
Abstract	The ratings of global credit rating agencies play a special role in the covered bond market. Due to the high degree of complexity in the issuance of covered bonds in the vast majority of cases, an issue of covered bonds has a rating assigned by at least one credit rating agency. This means that the rating is an important determinant of the covered bond market. The main aim of the article was to examine the theoretical and practical elements related to the impact of ratings on the development of German covered bonds (Pfandbriefe). Our research confirms the thesis regarding the importance of the rating in the development of the German covered bond market. In the methodological aspect, credit rating is a combination of quantitative, qualitative and country risk elements. The research shows that the rating level of German mortgage bonds is high and, equally important, stable over time. Despite the high security of covered bonds, the rating of individual issues is awarded by two or three separate agencies, which determine the importance of the rating as a factor in the development of the market.
Cytowanie	Gostomski E., Lepczyński B. (2020) Metodyczne i rynkowe aspekty ratingu listów zastawnych – doświadczenia z rynku niemieckiego.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 23(72): 68-81
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2020_n72_s68.pdf

Autor	Katarzyna Maj-Waśniowska, Katarzyna Stabryła-Chudzio
Tytuł	Wpływ wydatków budżetowych na zmniejszanie ubóstwa w Polsce
Title	IMPACT OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON REDUCING POVERTY IN POLAND
Słowa kluczowe	polityka finansowa państwa, ubóstwo, wykluczenie społeczne, pomoc społeczna.
Key words	state financial policy, poverty, social exclusion, social assistance.
Abstrakt	Problem ubóstwa i wykluczenia społecznego stał się niezwykle ważny w następstwie kryzysu finansowego i gospodarczego z 2008 roku. Opracowanie koncentruje się na ocenie wdrażanych instytucjonalno-prawnych form pomocy w Polsce. Głównym celem opracowania jest identyfikacja rodzajów wydatków budżetowych związanych z analizowanym zagadnieniem i zbadanie zależności pomiędzy wydatkami z budżetu państwa na realizację zadań związanych z pomocą społeczną a zasięgiem ubóstwa w Polsce. W rezultacie przeprowadzonych badań z wykorzystaniem analizy statystycznej stwierdzono, że wzrost wydatków publicznych wpływa na poziom ubóstwa w Polsce zmniejszając jego zasięg. W ramach wniosków płynących z badań odnotowano, że liniowe zależności między wydatkami z budżetu państwa w działach dotyczących pomocy społecznej i rodziny a dwoma zmiennymi zależnymi będącymi wskaźnikami ubóstwa (skrajnego i relatywnego) są statystycznie istotne i są to zależności silne bądź umiarkowane.
Abstract	The problem of poverty and social exclusion has become extremely important in the wake of the financial and economic crisis of 2008. The study assesses the institutional and legal forms of social assistance that were implemented in Poland. The main objective of the study is to examine the dependence between state budget expenditures for the implementation of social assistance and the extent of poverty in Poland. As a result of the conducted research using statistical analysis, it was found that an increase in public expenditure influences the level of poverty in Poland, reducing its range. As part of the conclusions drawn from the research, it was noted that linear dependencies between expenditures from the state budget in the spheres of social and family policy, and two dependent variables that are indicators of poverty (extreme and relative), are statistically significant and have strong or moderate dependence.
Cytowanie	Maj-Waśniowska K., Stabryła-Chudzio K. (2020) Wpływ wydatków budżetowych na zmniejszanie ubóstwa w Polsce.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 23(72): 95-112
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2020_n72_s95.pdf

Autor	Kamila Stańczak-Strumiłło
Tytuł	Instytucjonalne wykluczenie emerytalne w wąskim ujęciu jako rodzaj wykluczenia finansowego w Polsce
Title	INSTITUTIONAL PENSION EXCLUSION AS A NARROW APPROACH TO A TYPE OF FINANCIAL EXCLUSION IN POLAND
Słowa kluczowe	wykluczenie finansowe, wykluczenie emerytalne, dobrowolne programy emerytalne.
Key words	financial exclusion, pension exclusion, voluntary pension plans.
Abstrakt	Problematyka wykluczenia finansowego stanowi istotny obszar badań we współczesnej nauce finansów głownie ze względu na poważne skutki jakie zjawisko to implikuje zarówno w makro (dla gospodarki, sektora finansowego), jak i mikro skali (dla konsumentów usług finansowych). Obserwując zmiany w demografii (wydłużanie się życia, starzenie społeczeństw) oraz spadek prognozowanych stóp zastąpienia w bazowych systemach emerytalnych szczególnego znaczenia nabiera kategoria wykluczenia emerytalnego, polegająca na ograniczonym dostępie jednostek do produktów emerytalnych. Celem artykułu jest określenie istoty i miary wykluczenia emerytalnego oraz próba kwantyfikacji tego zjawiska w Polsce w latach 2006-2017. O oryginalności opracowania stanowi autorska definicja instytucjonalnego wykluczenia emerytalnego w szerokim i wąskim ujęciu, a także podjęta próba pomiaru instytucjonalnego wykluczenia emerytalnego w wąskim ujęciu obejmująca analizę zmian liczby uczestników dobrowolnych programów emerytalnych, wskaźników penetracji poszczególnych programów emerytalnych, oraz odsetka osób aktywnych ekonomicznie, nie korzystających z produktów emerytalnych.
Abstract	The issue of financial exclusion is an important area of research in modern finance science, mainly due to the serious effects that this phenomenon implies in both the macro (for the economy and the financial sector) and micro scale (for consumers of financial services). Observing changes in demography (increasing life expectancy, aging of societies) and a drop in forecasted replacement rates in basic pension systems, the category of pension exclusion, which involves limited access of individuals to pension products, is of particular importance. The purpose of this paper is to determine the nature and measure of pension exclusion and attempt to quantify this phenomenon in Poland in the years 2006-2017. The originality of the study is the author’s definition of institutional pension exclusion in both a broad and narrow perspective, as well as the attempt to measure institutional retirement exclusion in specific avenues, including: the analysis of changes in the number of voluntary pension scheme participants, penetration rates for individual pension programs and the percentage of economically active people not using pension products.
Cytowanie	Stańczak-Strumiłło K. (2020) Instytucjonalne wykluczenie emerytalne w wąskim ujęciu jako rodzaj wykluczenia finansowego w Polsce.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 23(72): 168-179
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2020_n72_s168.pdf

Autor	Cezary Szydłowski
Tytuł	AUDIT OF INCOME FROM LOCAL FEES IN SELECTED COMMUNES OF THE POMERANIAN PROVINCE IN POLAND
Title	Audyt dochodów z tytułu opłaty miejscowej w wybranych gminach województwa pomorskiego w Polsce
Słowa kluczowe	audit, budget revenues, local tax, climate fee, public sector, local government.
Key words	audyt, dochody budżetowe, opłata miejscowa, opłata klimatyczna, sektor publiczny, samorząd terytorialny.
Abstrakt	The article presents the importance of auditing the assessment of a commune's budget revenues for tourist fees (local fee or spa fee) as a tool enabling its increase by the commune authorized to impose it. The purpose of this article is to present on the basis of selected coastal municipalities of the Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland, the role and significance of the audit of the assessment of income to the municipal budget in terms of local and spa fees. The article uses case study, analytical method, inference method and document examination method as the research methodology. The source materials for the analysis were documents made available on the pages of the Public Information Bulletin by the assessed local government units from the Pomeranian Voivodeship (reports on the implementation of the budget and Rb-27s reports containing information on revenue for the year). The local and spa fees constitute a small share in the total income of the budgets of the surveyed municipalities. The key factor improving the revenues of municipalities from local and spa fees is the improvement of their collection system. The risk of inefficient collection of fees by those who collect them from tourists is a threat to effective collection of the fees. Therefore, individual communes should improve the supervision system and control of toll collection by hotel service providers.
Abstract	Artykuł przedstawia znaczenie audytu oceny dochodów do budżetu gminy z tytułu opłat turystycznych (opłaty miejscowej lub opłaty uzdrowiskowej) jako narzędzia umożliwiającego zwiększanie jego poboru przez gminę uprawnioną do jej nakładania. Głównym celem artykułu było ustalenie jaki poziom dochodów budżetowych nadmorskich gmin województwa pomorskiego w Polsce stanowią wpływy z opłaty miejscowej i uzdrowiskowej. W artykule jako metodę badawczą wykorzystano studium przypadku, metodę analityczną, metodę wnioskowania oraz metodę badania dokumentów. Ocenie poddano wybrane nadmorskie samorządy miejskie oraz wiejskie województwa pomorskiego w Polsce. Materiał źródłowy do analizy stanowiły sprawozdania z realizacji budżetu oraz sprawozdania Rb-27s zawierające informacje o dochodach za dany rok. Przeprowadzone badania uwidoczniły, że dochody z opłaty miejscowej i uzdrowiskowej stanowią niewielki udział w budżecie poszczególnych gmin. Kluczowym czynnikiem wpływającym na poprawę dochodów gmin z tytułu opłat miejscowych i uzdrowiskowych jest usprawnienie systemu ich poboru.
Cytowanie	Szydłowski C. (2020) AUDIT OF INCOME FROM LOCAL FEES IN SELECTED COMMUNES OF THE POMERANIAN PROVINCE IN POLAND.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 23(72): 208-221
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Autor	Paulina Trębska
Tytuł	FOOD SELF-SUPPLY IN NEW CONSUMER TRENDS
Title	Samozaopatrzenie żywnościowe w nowych trendach konsumenckich
Słowa kluczowe	food self-supply, consumption, prosumption, household, consumer trends.
Key words	samozaopatrzenie żywnościowe, konsumpcja, prosumpcja, gospodarstwo domowe, trendy konsumenckie.
Abstrakt	The article presents premises inscribing food self-supply in new trends occurring in consumer behavior and shows the opinions of consumers on food self-supply. The analysis used research conducted in 2017 in the Mazowieckie voivodship among representatives of rural households. Food self-supply is part of the concept of sustainable development and sustainable consumption. It is an example of the greening of consumption, and of conscious and collaborative consumption. The most important factors entering food self-supply into new consumer trends are natural and healthy food produced in accordance with sustainable development, care for health and the natural environment, cultivating traditions, but also product individualization related to the use of free time.
Abstract	W Artykule przedstawiono przesłanki wpisujące samozaopatrzenie żywnościowe w nowe trendy zachodzące w zachowaniach konsumentów oraz ukazanie opinii respondentów na temat samozaopatrzenia żywnościowego. W analizie wykorzystano badania własne przeprowadzone w 2017 roku w województwie mazowieckim wśród przedstawicieli wiejskich gospodarstw domowych. Samozaopatrzenie żywnościowe wpisuje się w koncepcję zrównoważonego rozwoju i zrównoważonej konsumpcji. Jest przykładem ekologizacji konsumpcji, konsumpcji świadomej i kolaboratywnej. Najważniejsze czynniki wpisujące samozaopatrzenie żywnościowe w nowe trendy konsumenckie to naturalna i zdrowa żywność produkowana w zgodzie ze zrównoważonym rozwojem, dbałość zdrowie i stan środowiska przyrodniczego, kultywowanie tradycji, ale także indywidualizacja produktowa związana z wykorzystaniem czasu wolnego.
Cytowanie	Trębska P. (2020) FOOD SELF-SUPPLY IN NEW CONSUMER TRENDS.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 23(72): 237-246
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Autor	Nazli Ceylan
Tytuł	Policy Assessment of Wheat Production in Turkey
Title	Policy Assessment of Wheat Production in Turkey
Słowa kluczowe	policy analysis matrix, wheat production, Turkey
Key words	policy analysis matrix, wheat production, Turkey
Abstrakt	Turkey plays a significant role in global wheat trade, importing wheat grain and exporting processed wheat products such as pasta, flour and biscuits. Wheat growing areas in Turkey have shown a decrease of about 10% over the last decade. Although an increase in yields keeps the production amount in balance, policies toward the wheat sector have reached a more critical point due to an increasing population and growing demand on the wheat flour sector. In this study, the profitability and sustainability of the sector were analyzed by using the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) approach, and by examining the effects of the policies that have been applied on the wheat market recently. According to the PAM results, domestic wheat prices are higher than world prices due to existing policies and the wheat sector is not competitive without support.
Abstract	Turkey plays a significant role in global wheat trade, importing wheat grain and exporting processed wheat products such as pasta, flour and biscuits. Wheat growing areas in Turkey have shown a decrease of about 10% over the last decade. Although an increase in yields keeps the production amount in balance, policies toward the wheat sector have reached a more critical point due to an increasing population and growing demand on the wheat flour sector. In this study, the profitability and sustainability of the sector were analyzed by using the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) approach, and by examining the effects of the policies that have been applied on the wheat market recently. According to the PAM results, domestic wheat prices are higher than world prices due to existing policies and the wheat sector is not competitive without support.
Cytowanie	Ceylan N. (2020) Policy Assessment of Wheat Production in Turkey.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 20(35), z. 2: 4-11
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2020_T20(35)_n2_s4.pdf