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Autor	Xesus Pereira Lopez, Magdalena Śmiglak-Krajewska, Manuel Veiga Carballido, Malgorzata Węgrzyńska
Tytuł	ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARMS IN POLAND AND SPAIN IN THE YEARS 2011–2016 BASED ON FADN STATISTICS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	common agricultural policy, economic measures, agriculture in Spain, agriculture in Poland
Key words
Abstrakt	The paper presents a comparison of the economic status of farms in two selected EU countries, Poland and Spain, in the period of 2011–2016. Both these countries were selected based on comparable qualitative and quantitative parameters characteristic of agriculture. An additional determinant for the selection of these countries was connected with the similar economic situation before and after their accession to the European Union. The economic status of these two countries was compared using the statistical data of the European Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN), the Macroeconomic Data Bank (Poland) and the Instituto Nacional de Estadistica (Spain). In turn, the economic situation of farms in Poland and Spain was assessed on the basis of selected economic measures: Gross Farm Income, Farm Net Value Added, Farm Net Value Added/AWU, Family Farm Income/FWU, Total output of crops and crop production, total crops output (ha), total output of livestock and livestock products, total livestock output (LU), Total assets, total fixes assets, Total labour input and unpaid labour input. The study was summarised with the conclusions.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Pereira Lopez X., Śmiglak-Krajewska M., Veiga Carballido M., Węgrzyńska M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s221.pdf

Autor	Oleksandra Mandych, Arkadii Mykytas, Liliia Prokopchuk
Tytuł	THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SOLAR ENERGY PRODUCTION BY HOUSEHOLDS IN UKRAINE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	solar power, electricity, household electric energy, solar panels, bioeconomics
Key words
Abstrakt	In recent decades considerable attention has been paid to alternative and renewable energy. Among the alternative sources, the sun’s energy is most appealing. Therefore, the development of solar energy, in the long run, is one of the top priorities. In practice, there are numerous barriers to the growth of the solar energy market. First of all, economic: fairly high prices for solar systems and payback period; the absence of working capital from manufacturing enterprises, the absence of specific mechanisms for stimulating production in the form of subsidies, tax exemptions, preferential tariff policies, etc. Therefore, research into the development of solar energy, as a real tool for a comprehensive solution to economic and environmental problems, is becoming increasingly relevant. The paper considers the energy policy of the use of renewable energy sources in rural areas. The theoretically feasible and technically achievable potential of solar energy in the territory of Ukraine was characterized. It was noted that the sun is the most affordable supplier of energy on earth today. The use of solar radiation is expedient for the development of thermal and electric energy and is possible throughout the territory of Ukraine. The dynamics of the commissioning of solar power plants by private households was analysed. The attention is focused on the application of the ‘green’ tariff, which stimulates the increase in the number of solar projects implemented in households. A financial model of private households of choosing a solar power plant option was proposed. The problems were identified and the possibilities of using solar energy for ensuring energy independence of households and profit generation were assessed. The forecast for the development of solar energy of the period up to 2020 was made.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Mandych O., Mykytas A., Prokopchuk L.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s231.pdf

Autor	Zenon Pokojski
Tytuł	IN SEARCHING FOR BUSINESS MODEL OPEN FOR INNOVATIONS ON AGRICULTURAL MARKET – CONCEPTUAL APPROACH
Title
Słowa kluczowe	open innovations, business model, cooperation platform, foundation
Key words
Abstrakt	Open innovation requires skills to manage various processes of knowledge development, such as the ability to acquire knowledge, its commercialization, development and protection of intellectual property, shaping the relationship between the company and its surroundings. Many companies declare openness to innovations, at the same time the organizational structure, existing procedures, management culture, incentive systems are not ready to seek and transfer knowledge. The biggest challenge for managers is to carry out a transformation process from closed organization to an origination that is open to innovation. The article analyses the possibility of building an organizational and legal structure with the so-called ‘permeable borders’, open to innovation. After reviewing the literature, analysing the cases of chemical companies, conducting interviews with members of the Grupa Azoty Puławy consortium, I propose a cooperation platform for various organizations operating for the agricultural market which is open to acquiring and implementing innovations, but also for outsourcing.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Pokojski Z.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s237.pdf

Autor	Sławomir Stec, Monika Szeląg
Tytuł	INNOVATION AND RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES IN PODKARPACKIE VOIVODESHIP IN THE YEARS 2005–2016
Title
Słowa kluczowe	entrepreneurship, innovation, innovative company, innovation management, innovation processes, service innovation, technological innovation
Key words
Abstrakt	The article describes the activities related to running innovative activities and presents the dynamics of changes in expenditure on research and development as well as innovation in Podkarpackie Voivodeship in the years 2005–2016. Following article consist short characteristic of activities connected with innovation issue. It was found that the number of entities conducting R&D activities increased four times, and thus the employment of people dealing with research and development would grow as well. Similarly, the expenditure of these entities on the implementation of innovations increased, which, however, depended to some extent on the availability of EU funds. Thereby, in the period of reduced access to EU programs supporting the conduct of R&D activity, the expenditure of entities on these activities also slightly decreased.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Stec S., Szeląg M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s243.pdf

Autor	Piotr Gradziuk, Barbara Gradziuk
Tytuł	EMPLOYMENT IMPACTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN UE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	renewable energy sources, employment, panel estimation
Key words
Abstrakt	In the world renewable energy sector, including large hydropower, employed 10.3 million people, directly and indirectly, in 2017. This represents an increase of 5.3% over the number reported the previous year. The aim of the executed research is to determine the influence of harvesting renewable energy on the labour market in EU. Eurostat databases provided a source of empirical data concerning the amount of produced energy. The following sectors were considered: solid biofuels, biogas, liquid biofuels, geothermal, hydropower, municipal waste, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal, wind power and heat pumps. The research concerned 28 Member States of the EU between 2009 and 2016. Panel estimation was used as means of empirical indication of relations between the variables. The obtained models are adjusted to the empirical data, the rectified coefficient of determination equalled, depending on the sector, 0.828 (liquid biofuels) to 0.981 (solid biofuels). The analysed models show that throughout the examined period, the solar and wind power sectors were the ones that consumed the larger amount of work. As it was indicated above, these sectors are considered the most innovative and technologically advanced ones and thus, the employment rates seem to decreased in the shorter time.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Gradziuk P., Gradziuk B.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s259.pdf

Autor	Agata Balińska, Piotr Gabryjończyk, Anna Sieczko, Jan Zawadka
Tytuł	MODERN CHALLENGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN RURAL AREAS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	agritourism, rural areas, development
Key words
Abstrakt	The purpose of the article is to indicate the most important challenges for the development of rural tourism in Poland. Attention is also paid to the research problems in the field of the studied issues identified during the scientific activity of employees of the Division of Tourism and Country Development, Faculty of Economic Sciences at Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW. The research method was the analysis of scientific articles published by the employees of the Department. The complexity of the issue of exploring the demand and supply side of rural tourism was indicated. Also, the most interesting or symptomatic elements for the further development of the scale and character of the described phenomenon were noted. In the forefront are the changes postulated by demand, forcing specific reactions accommodation providers. Therefore, there is a need to adjust supply side support to implement solutions that meet the expectations of tourists.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Balińska A., Gabryjończyk P., Sieczko A., Zawadka J.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s268.pdf

Autor	Malgorzata Lechwar, Malgorzata Leszczynska, Katarzyna Puchalska
Tytuł	RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AS A DETERMINANT OF THE MODERN ECONOMY – POLISH HOUSEHOLD SECTOR PERSPECTIVE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	renewable energy sources, economy, households
Key words
Abstrakt	The main purpose of the article is to present changes in the acquisition and use of energy from renewable sources by households in Poland. The role of this sector in total energy consumption was indicated. Changes in energy expenditure in households were also assessed. Secondary data from public statistics were used. The household sector in Poland is characterized by the highest energy consumption in the structure of final energy consumption in the national economy, and energy expenditure is an important expenditure item in the household budget.. The amount of costs related to RES investment is a significant barrier to household expenditure. However, this investment should be seen as a means of reducing the share of energy costs in the home budget in a long-term perspective.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Lechwar M., Leszczynska M., Puchalska K.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s275.pdf

Autor	Agnieszka Bobola, Olena Kulykovets, Irena Ozimek, Julita Szlachciuk
Tytuł	INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION TOOLS IN THE ACTIVITIES OF INNOVATIVE GASTRONOMIC ENTERPRISES OF THE MAZOWIECKIE VOIVODESHIP
Title
Słowa kluczowe	intellectual property, intellectual property protection tools, innovations, catering company
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of the article is to evaluate the use of intellectual property protection tools to secure innovations in catering companies. The first part of the work presents the analysis of selected scientific publications that characterize innovations and tools for intellectual property protection. The second part of the article presents the results of qualitative research, which was obtained from 50 individual in-depth interviews conducted among representatives of gastronomic companies from Mazovian Voivodeship. The research was conducted between April and July 2017. The analysis of the collected research material indicates that catering companies have the potential to create innovations that could be protected by intellectual property tools. Unfortunately the scale of practical use of this tool is small.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Bobola A., Kulykovets O., Ozimek I., Szlachciuk J.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s281.pdf

Autor	Olha Babytska, Tamara Prykhodko, Olena Shust, Serhiy Zabolotnyy
Tytuł	ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY IMPLEMENTATION BASED ON INNOVATIVE COMPONENT – EXPERIENCE OF UKRAINE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	environmental policy, sustainability, innovation, effect
Key words
Abstrakt	The article presents the principles of environmental policy implementation in Ukraine and its social, economic and ecological impact in accordance with objectives of the Environmental Strategy of Ukraine for 2020. It is stated that activities of industrial enterprises lead to the most significant negative influence on the environment. The relation between environmental policy and atmospheric air emissions is determined using regression analysis. It is also proved that innovations can be viewed as a driver for realization of environmental policy. Measures for the environmental policy improvement in Ukraine refer to state and local control and imply a set of innovative actions in industrial production.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Babytska O., Prykhodko T., Shust O., Zabolotnyy S.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s287.pdf

Autor	Rafal Balina, Piotr Chrzanowski, Slawomir Juszczyk
Tytuł	THE IMPORTANCE OF CREDITS FOR AGRICULTURE IN GENERATING NET PROFIT OF COOPERATIVE BANKS IN 2015–2017
Title
Słowa kluczowe	credits granted to individual farmers, preferential credits for agriculture, net profit, cooperative banks
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of the research was to determine whether and to what extent credits for agriculture, that is credits granted to individual farmers and preferential credit for agriculture, affected the level of net profit of cooperative banks in Poland in 2015–2017. Among others, it was established that credits granted to individual farmers are important for generating net profit for both small, medium and large cooperative banks. However, the values of the regression coefficient for this variable were low, with a slight increasing tendency. The variable, however, defining preferential credits for agriculture appeared only in two out of nine models constructed and with a negative sign. This concerned small and medium-sized cooperative banks. For large cooperative banks, preferential credit for agriculture were not of key importance in generating net profit. One can conclude that preferential credit does not bring financial benefits to cooperative banks. It is necessary to make financial revenues reliable, taking into account the costs of servicing preferential credits.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Balina R., Chrzanowski P., Juszczyk S.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s297.pdf

Autor	Pavlina Fugelo, Svitlana Savitska
Tytuł	ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF INVESTMENT ACTIVITY OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES IN THE UKRAINE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	investment, investment activity, agricultural enterprises
Key words
Abstrakt	The article specifies that intensive development of the economy can be achieved by attracting and effectively using investment resources. Based on the indicator of the level of investment sufficiency, it was established that, in the period under review, the level of investment adequacy in the country is less than the established ‘threshold’ value, which indicates a shortage of investment funds. The study analysed the dynamics of investment attraction in agriculture. It was found that the main source of financing for investment is own funds of enterprises and organizations. However, they are too insufficient to ensure the intensive development of the economy. An analysis of growth dynamics of the total volume of investment in agricultural enterprises per 100 ha of agricultural land and their financial provision was carried out. Research showed that the increase in the value of fixed assets is more intensive than the increase in the inflow of investment in fixed assets, which indicates additional sources of growth in the value of fixed assets. It was noted that the potential sources of investment resources should be the funds of foreign investors, which currently stand at an extremely low growth level. A number of negative factors influencing the process of attracting foreign direct investment were identified. The main current requirements of the Ukraine in the process of integration into the world economic space, is the formation of a mechanism of investment activity, an important component of which is the mechanism of investment provision.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Fugelo P., Savitska S.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s303.pdf

Autor	Andriy Popovych
Tytuł	CROSS BORDER LISTING AS MEANS OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISE FINANCING
Title
Słowa kluczowe	agriculture holding, international IPO, ARIMA model
Key words
Abstrakt	The international shares placement via IPO on the WSE by several Ukrainian companies, mainly from the sector of agricultural production and processing, makes an appealing case of relatively quick and inexpensive access to foreign borrowing markets. The WIG Ukraine index shows optimistic start, period of positive gains, dramatic fall at one point and significant volatility afterwards due to both the political and macroeconomic upheavals in the home country as well as internal problems of emitents. The comparison with other indexes of WSE and other exchanges reasonably suggests that the latter reason was the main cause of the deterioration of the indicator. The investigation on the parameters of the regression model that describe time series of WIG-Ukraine index with the help of the ARIMA model reveals that short-time predictions dominate investors decisions.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Popovych A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s309.pdf

Autor	Dariusz Kusz
Tytuł	LEVEL OF INVESTMENT EXPENDITURE VERSUS CHANGES IN TECHNICAL LABOUR EQUIPMENT AND LABOUR EFFICIENCY IN AGRICULTURE IN POLAND
Title
Słowa kluczowe	investment, agriculture, labour efficiency, relation of production factors
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of the paper is to analyse changes in the efficiency of the use of the labour factor and changes in the relation of production factors regarding the investment outlay level in individual voivodeships, in Poland, in 2002–2015. The research used the public statistics panel data from 2002–2015 (Local Data Bank). An increase in technical labour equipment, the level of investment outlays per one employed person in agriculture and an improvement in the efficiency of using the labour factor was found. At the same time, considerable regional diversification of investment activities, work equipment in fixed assets and labour productivity is still observed in Poland. The improvement of labour efficiency in agriculture is positively influenced by an increase in work technical equipment and the level of completed investments per one employee.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kusz D.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s315.pdf

Autor	Volodymyr Kharchenko, Hanna Kharchenko
Tytuł	MODELLING OF INVESTMENT SUPPORT OF USE OF RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	modelling, investment support, capital investment, resource potential, agricultural enterprise
Key words
Abstrakt	In the study the features and dynamics of investment support of Ukrainian agricultural enterprises are investigated. It concerns estimated investment in fixed assets of Ukrainian agrarian enterprises by sources of financing. It is proved that investment support is the most important prerequisite for the effective functioning and development of agricultural enterprises, as it contributes to an increase in resource potential, thus increasing industry efficiency, strengthening the country’s food security, creating preconditions for the development of the social sphere and increasing soil fertility. The main problems of enticing investments in the agrarian sphere are considered. Integral indicators of ensuring and efficiency of the use of resources in agricultural production is calculated. Modelling of investment support for the use of resource potential of agricultural enterprises is carried out. The optimal directions of increase of investment support of use of resource potential of Ukrainian agricultural enterprises are offered.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kharchenko V., Kharchenko H.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s321.pdf

Autor	Halina Powęska
Tytuł	RURAL AREAS OF POLAND AS THE BENEFICIARY OF EUROPEAN UNION FUNDING 2007−2013(15) FOR CULTURAL PROJECTS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	rural areas of Poland, EU structural funds, cultural heritage
Key words
Abstrakt	The paper presents the issues relating to the use of EU funds for cultural heritage projects in rural areas in Poland in the years 2007–2015. The study examines the structure of the funding of EU cultural heritage projects by the purpose of their implementation including revaluation of cultural heritage objects, creation and development of a new tourism product, renovation of sports and recreation infrastructure, promotion and other issues. The spatial analysis was carried out at the level of voivodships. The survey was conducted using the database of the National Information System of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Development of the Republic of Poland (NIS SIMIK 07-13) as at 31 December 2015. In the years 2007–2015, in both rural areas and rural districts, in the case of those projects which were aimed at developing infrastructure and restoring cultural heritage assets, while projects thematically related to the creation of a new tourism product and promotion were of lesser importance. However, the highest grants from EU sources were provided for projects thematically related to the reconstruction of cultural heritage and creation of tourism products, which shows that the activities aimed at preservation of cultural heritage and support for local entrepreneurship are of particular significance to European entities.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Powęska H.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s335.pdf

Autor	Marian Podstawka
Tytuł	FINANCIAL AID FOR POLISH AGRICULTURE AND CHANGES IN ITS SHARE IN THE STRUCTURE OF AGRIBUSINESS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	agribusiness, financial aid, agriculture
Key words
Abstrakt	The study presents the share of agriculture in the structure of agribusiness and presents the forms of support it uses. It was found that agribusiness is characterized by dynamic changes. Against the background of the national economy, its share in labour resources, fixed assets, investment outlays and output and its gross added value is decreasing. As part of Polish agribusiness, agriculture has the dominant share. There is considerable support for agriculture with EU and national financial aid. The largest share of domestic aid constituted subsidies for investment loans and working capital loans.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Podstawka M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s343.pdf

Autor	Marcin Idzik
Tytuł	RATING OF THE CUSTOMER SERVICE QUALITY AT COOPERATIVE BANKS IN MYSTERY SHOPPER STUDY
Title
Słowa kluczowe	satisfaction, sales, trust
Key words
Abstrakt	The objective of this paper is to evaluate the customer service quality at the cooperative banks in Poland and to test the extent of the customer oriented approach of selling banking services based on the relational model. The customer service level at the cooperative banks was evaluated as low in comparison with the results achieved by the commercial banks. The principles of the relational model and the customer-oriented sales model were fulfilled in 36%. The analysis of the needs, using the feedback about the customer, the customer commitment and the effective sales were the least implemented. The highest level of implementation concerned the principles of comfortable customer service, the greeting and presentation of the offer. The selling efficiency is highly correlated with upholding the principles of a customer-oriented sales model. The study used the Mystery Shopper method.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Idzik M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s351.pdf

Autor	Arleta Kedra, Lyubov Klapkiv
Tytuł	RELATION BETWEEN SELECTED WEATHER FACTORS AND INSURANCE INDEMNITY IN UKRAINIAN AGRICULTURE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	insurance indemnity, weather variables, agriculture
Key words
Abstrakt	The present paper is devoted to examining if weather variables have a significant impact on the level of indemnity in examined agriculture insurances, i.e. insurance of winter crops. The authors will determine whether indicators as excessive rainfall and extreme temperatures (especially frost) contribute to crucial increase of insurance indemnity. According to currently existing theories, weather changes have vital consequences both for farmers and for insurers as they take over the risk. The goal of the present paper is to analyse strength and direction of correlation between weather variables and insurance indemnity in case of winter plants to state whether these influence amounts of money paid to farmers for their crops’ losses.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kedra A., Klapkiv L.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s358.pdf

Autor	Malgorzata Kołodziejczak
Tytuł	USE OF AGRICULTURAL SERVICES IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	agricultural services, European Union
Key words
Abstrakt	The purpose of this paper is to assess the use of agricultural services in European Union countries in the context of selected features of agriculture. The Ward’s Method was used to isolate six typological clusters of European Union countries. It may be noticed that clusters with a high levels of fixed capital consumption and total intermediate consumption are characterized by a higher use of services than other clusters. The absence of a noticeable relation between the share of crop output in the structure of agricultural output, or between the labour input and the use of agricultural services can be explained by differences in natural conditions, traditional farming models and preferences in choosing between developing the farm’s own machinery or using services.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kołodziejczak M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s364.pdf

Autor	Łukasz Satoła
Tytuł	MUNICIPAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND THE LEVEL OF FISCALISM IN LOCAL TAXES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	infrastructure, municipality, local taxes
Key words
Abstrakt	Municipalities are responsible for the condition of technical infrastructure installations, shaping the conditions of functioning of companies at the local level. The operation of municipal infrastructure generates costs that need to be financed by budgetary revenue. The aim of this paper is to identify the interdependencies between the level of municipal infrastructure provision and the level of fiscalism in property tax. The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method was used for the synthetic assessment of the development of the municipal infrastructure. The analyses conducted confirmed the correlation between the condition of technical infrastructure and the level of fiscalism of municipalities. Municipalities with higher standard of public services related with technical infrastructure had higher property tax rates. A higher fiscalism level of municipalities is accepted if the installations allowing for a better standard of living and conducting business is provided.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Satoła Ł.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s370.pdf