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Autor	Ogheneruemu Obi-Egbedi, Omowunmi Ogungbite, Isaac Oluwatayo
Tytuł	Genetically Modified Crops’ Technology and its Awareness among Smallholder Farmers in Nigeria
Title	Genetically Modified Crops’ Technology and its Awareness among Smallholder Farmers in Nigeria
Słowa kluczowe	GMOs, smallholder farmers, awareness for GM crops, Credible seed sources, Agricultural technology
Key words	GMOs, smallholder farmers, awareness for GM crops, Credible seed sources, Agricultural technology
Abstrakt	Genetically Modified (GM) crops are crops modified through genetic engineering to improve their quality. Although safety concerns about genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are still being debated, the food security benefits have led to adoption by many counties. In Nigeria, where most farmers are uneducated and likely unaware of the agricultural technology, the government approved its first biotechnology crop for commercialization in 2018. Level of farmers’ awareness is crucial to acceptance of GM crops, although; this has not been fully explored in the literature. Therefore, this study aimed to assess farmers’ awareness for GM crops and the factors that determine their awareness in Oyo state, Nigeria, using primary data collected in 2018 with the aid of well-structured questionnaires from 242 smallholder farmers. Principal component analysis and Tobit regression model were used for data analysis. Results showed that farmers were aged 43 years with farm size of 3.57 ha, farming experience of 14 years and 11 years of education. Most farmers were male (71.90%), married (67.36%), not members of farmer groups (64.46%) and sourced their seeds from non-credible sources (85.12%). Most farmers (52.07%) had either not heard of or did not know of any benefits/costs of GM crops, hence; were not aware of GM crops. Factors that influenced awareness of GM crops were being a male farmer, years of education and source of seeds. The study concluded that increasing years of education and ensuring use of credible seed sources will increase awareness of the costs and benefits of GM crops among farmers.
Abstract	Genetically Modified (GM) crops are crops modified through genetic engineering to improve their quality. Although safety concerns about genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are still being debated, the food security benefits have led to adoption by many counties. In Nigeria, where most farmers are uneducated and likely unaware of the agricultural technology, the government approved its first biotechnology crop for commercialization in 2018. Level of farmers’ awareness is crucial to acceptance of GM crops, although; this has not been fully explored in the literature. Therefore, this study aimed to assess farmers’ awareness for GM crops and the factors that determine their awareness in Oyo state, Nigeria, using primary data collected in 2018 with the aid of well-structured questionnaires from 242 smallholder farmers. Principal component analysis and Tobit regression model were used for data analysis. Results showed that farmers were aged 43 years with farm size of 3.57 ha, farming experience of 14 years and 11 years of education. Most farmers were male (71.90%), married (67.36%), not members of farmer groups (64.46%) and sourced their seeds from non-credible sources (85.12%). Most farmers (52.07%) had either not heard of or did not know of any benefits/costs of GM crops, hence; were not aware of GM crops. Factors that influenced awareness of GM crops were being a male farmer, years of education and source of seeds. The study concluded that increasing years of education and ensuring use of credible seed sources will increase awareness of the costs and benefits of GM crops among farmers.
Cytowanie	Obi-Egbedi O., Ogungbite O., Oluwatayo I. (2020) Genetically Modified Crops’ Technology and its Awareness among Smallholder Farmers in Nigeria.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 20(35), z. 4: 58-67
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2020_T20(35)_n4_s58.pdf

Autor	Milena Maciuszko, Anna Milewska
Tytuł	Korzyści i koszty wdrażania „e-administracji” w regionie podlaskim
Title	BENEFITS AND COSTS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE "E-GOVERNMENT" IN PODLASKIE VOIVODESHIP
Słowa kluczowe	e-usługi, elektroniczna administracja, fundusze unijne
Key words	e-services, e-government, European Union funds
Abstrakt	Elektroniczna usługa publiczna to usługa świadczona przez państwo na rzecz obywateli, firm i instytucji za pośrednictwem Internetu. Jest on definiowany m.in. jako ogólnoświatowa sieć komputerowa, będąca zbiorem milionów sieci lokalnych i pojedynczych komputerów z całego świata, oparta na protokole komunikacyjnym TCP/IP. W ramach sieci Internet dostępne są usługi, takie jak: WWW, poczta elektroniczna, FTP [ang. File Transfer Protocol]. Celem artykułu było ukazanie możliwości finansowania a także skali kosztów i korzyści z wdrażania „e-administracji” w województwie podlaskim. Realizacja celu możliwa była poprzez wykorzystanie materiałów i danych udostępnionych przez Urząd Marszałkowski na podstawie wniosku o ponowne wykorzystanie informacji publicznej z dnia 09 sierpnia 2012 a także wyników badań Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego.
Abstract	Electronic public service is a service provided by the State for the benefit of citizens, businesses and institutions via the Internet. It is defined as a worldwide computer network is a collection of millions of local networks and individual computers from around the world, based on the communication protocol TCP / IP. Within the network of Internet services are available, such as web, email, FTP [called File Transfer Protocol]. The purpose of the article was to show the possibilities of financing as well as the scale of the costs and benefits of the implementation of "e-government" in Podlaskie Voivodeship. The implementation was made possible through the use of materials and data made available by the Marshal’s Office in Bialystok of the request for re-use of public information dated August 9, 2012 and the results of the Central Statistical Office of Poland.
Cytowanie	Maciuszko M., Milewska A. (2014) Korzyści i koszty wdrażania „e-administracji” w regionie podlaskim.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 11(60): 147-162
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2014_n60_s147.pdf

Autor	Joanna Bereżnicka
Tytuł	Kredyt kupiecki – koszty i korzyści w aspekcie wzrostu gospodarstwa
Title	Trade credit – costs and benefi ts in farms’ growth aspect
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Abstract	This paper contains analysis of costs and benefits connected with trade credit granted by farmers, as factors influencing farms’ growth abilities (understood as ability to enlarge both income and cash stocks). The research was carried out in a farm specialising in large-scale milk production. The researcher proposed three possible solutions concerning trade credit. The analysis revealed that trade credit creates costs which have negative influence on the farm income level. However, resigning from this credit was followed by unfavourable effects. On the other hand, using this credit in cash-flows gave considerable benefits. As a result of the research it was concluded that trade credit is an instrument positively affecting economic results of the farm and, consequently, its growth
Cytowanie	Bereżnicka J. (2010) Kredyt kupiecki – koszty i korzyści w aspekcie wzrostu gospodarstwa.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 82: 161-170
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2010_n82_s161.pdf

Autor	Edward Majewski
Tytuł	Udział młodych naukowców w realizacji projektów europejskich jako szansa poprawy warsztatu metodycznego
Title	Participation of young researchers in realization of European research projects as an opportunity to improve methodological capabilities
Słowa kluczowe	międzynarodowe projekty badawcze, analiza kosztów i korzyści, młodzi pracownicy naukowi
Key words	international research projects, costs and benefits, young researchers
Abstrakt	Uczestnictwo w projektach badawczych jest bez wątpienia kluczowym czynnikiem w rozwoju zawodowym młodych pracowników naukowych. W szczególności cenne jest zaangażowanie w działalność badawczą w ramach międzynarodowych projektów finansowanych ze środków Unii Europejskiej ze względu na szanse, jakie stwarza udział w dużych zespołach badawczych otrzymujących znaczące fundusze na zaawansowane metodycznie projekty badawcze. W opracowaniu poddano analizie wyniki badań ankietowych przeprowadzonych na próbie 17 pracowników naukowych reprezentujących nauki ekonomiczno-rolnicze. Wynik tej analizy przeprowadzonej z zastosowaniem wzorca analizy SWOT prowadzi do wniosku, że zgłoszone przez ankietowanych korzyści i szanse wyraźnie przeważają nad osobistymi kosztami i zagrożeniami. Wśród korzyści młodzi naukowcy najwyżej oceniają możliwość doskonalenia warsztatu naukowego (głównie poprzez zdobywanie nowej wiedzy metodycznej) i nawiązywanie kontaktów z naukowcami z zagranicznych ośrodków naukowych. Inspiracje wynikające z pracy w tych projektach i perspektywy kontynuowania współpracy w przyszłości wymieniane są jako najważniejsze szanse. Do najsilniej podkreślanych osobistych „kosztów” należy zaliczyć konflikty z obowiązkami rodzinnymi i z innymi obowiązkami zawodowymi.
Abstract	Active involvement of young scientists in research activities in early stages of their careers in science undoubtedly is a key driver of their professional development. Specifically, participation in European research projects that provide substantial funding for collaborative research by international teams may be considered as a great opportunity for young researchers. In this paper results of the survey made on the sample of 17 young scientists are presented. The general conclusion from the analyses conducted with the use of SWOT analysis framework is that reported benefits and opportunities significantly overcome potential personal costs and threats. Of the benefits young researchers rank the highest is the possibility to gain new knowledge and skills and to establish contacts within the international research community. Inspiration resulting from previous activities and the possibility of being involved in future international projects are considered the most important opportunities. Conflict with other work responsibilities and less time devoted to families are the key personal costs.
Cytowanie	Majewski E. (2010) Udział młodych naukowców w realizacji projektów europejskich jako szansa poprawy warsztatu metodycznego.Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych, Seria G, t. 97, z. 2: 76-83
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Pełny tekst	RNR_2010_n2_s76.pdf

Autor	Aleksandra Chlebicka
Tytuł	Efekty współpracy producentów owoców i warzyw w obszarze kosztów i uzyskiwanych cen
Title	The effects of cooperation between fruits and vegetable producers in the area of costs and obtained prices
Słowa kluczowe	grupy producenckie, owoce i warzywa
Key words	producers. groups, fruit and vegetables
Abstrakt	Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie wyników badań, co do możliwości obniżki kosztów produkcyjnych i transakcyjnych oraz uzyskiwania wyższych cen przez grupy producentów owoców i warzyw w porównaniu z kosztami i cenami realizowanymi przez producentów niezrzeszonych. Na podstawie badań określono główne obszary redukcji kosztów. Analizie poddano również poziom cen realizowanych przez grupy producenckie i producentów niezrzeszonych.
Abstract	The aim of the paper was to analyze producers. groups capabilities in terms of production and transaction costs reduction and receiving higher prices comparing to individual farmers. Using data from empirical researches main areas of costs reduction were identified. Level of prices received by producer groups and individual farmers was analyzed. Analysis of fruit and vegetable group marketing in terms of performed costs and prices is crucial to assess costs and benefits of producer group’s membership. Producers groups performed lower costs of using sorting and packing equipment, buying production materials, implementing quality systems and cooperative storing than individual farmers. Reduction of transaction costs was also substantial, especially in terms of time spent on negotiations sale conditions, risk of getting the lowest prices, costs of finding buyers. Selling produce via producers. groups also enabled producers-members to receive higher prices.
Cytowanie	Chlebicka A. (2008) Efekty współpracy producentów owoców i warzyw w obszarze kosztów i uzyskiwanych cen .Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych, Seria G, t. 94, z. 2: 186-191
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Pełny tekst	RNR_2008_n2_s186.pdf