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Autor	Anna Klepacka
Tytuł	Sustainable Development and Renewable Energy Sectors: Selected Indicators in European Union and Poland
Title	Sustainable Development and Renewable Energy Sectors: Selected Indicators in European Union and Poland
Słowa kluczowe	sustainable development, renewable energy, UE, Poland
Key words	sustainable development, renewable energy, UE, Poland
Abstrakt	The aim of this article was to show the position of Poland in the renewable energy subsectors among the European Union countries. The research covered the areas of biomass, solar heating and heat pumps, showing the degree of their utilization, power required to drive the system and their production in 2016. The provided information was supplemented with a revenues per employee in thousand euros in chosen subsectors of renewable energy sources in the year 2016. The main tool for carrying out the set objective was the use of descriptive and comparative methods. The results of the survey demonstrated Poland’s prominent place in the sector of liquid biofuels (1st place in EU), thanks to the significant supply of raw materials as well as development perspectives in solar energy, which is confirmed by the world's statistics indicating a record number of photovoltaic installations fitted (PV).
Abstract	The aim of this article was to show the position of Poland in the renewable energy subsectors among the European Union countries. The research covered the areas of biomass, solar heating and heat pumps, showing the degree of their utilization, power required to drive the system and their production in 2016. The provided information was supplemented with a revenues per employee in thousand euros in chosen subsectors of renewable energy sources in the year 2016. The main tool for carrying out the set objective was the use of descriptive and comparative methods. The results of the survey demonstrated Poland’s prominent place in the sector of liquid biofuels (1st place in EU), thanks to the significant supply of raw materials as well as development perspectives in solar energy, which is confirmed by the world's statistics indicating a record number of photovoltaic installations fitted (PV).
Cytowanie	Klepacka A. (2018) Sustainable Development and Renewable Energy Sectors: Selected Indicators in European Union and Poland.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 4: 250-258
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n4_s250.pdf

Autor	Agata Grużewska, Marek Gugała, Krystyna Zarzecka
Tytuł	Analiza rynku owoców jagodowych – wybrane elementy
Title	Analysis of the Berry Market – Selected Elements
Słowa kluczowe	owoce jagodowe, produkcja, konsumpcja
Key words	berry fruit, production, consumption
Abstrakt	Celem pracy była identyfikacja zmian zachodzących na rynku owoców jagodowych w Polsce oraz w wybranych krajach Unii Europejskiej, w latach 2006-2017. W opracowaniu dostępnych danych i prezentacji wyników badań wykorzystano metody opisowe i porównawcze. W publikacji wykorzystano dane GUS oraz FAO, dotyczące powierzchni upraw, wielkości produkcji i spożycia owoców, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem owoców jagodowych, na świecie i wybranych krajach Unii Europejskiej oraz w Polsce. Analizą objęto lata 2006–2017 dla Polski w odniesieniu do powierzchni upraw i wielkości produkcji, lata 2006-2017 w odniesieniu do wielkości spożycia, a w badaniach Polski na tle świata i wybranych krajów UE, ze względu na wielkość produkcji i powierzchnię upraw owoców jagodowych, uwzględniono rok 2016.
Abstract	The aim of the work was to identify changes taking place in the market of berries in Poland and selected European Union countries from 2006 to 2017. Descriptive methods were used to analyse the available data and present the study results. The work is based on GUS (the Main Statistical Office in Poland) and FAO data pertaining to cropped area, production volume and fruit consumption level, paying special attention to berries, in Poland, selected European Union countries and worldwide. Data for the period 2013-2017 was considered for cropped area and production volume in Poland, 2006-2017 for consumption level, and the year 2016 for production volume and area under berry plants in Poland against the background of the world and selected EU countries.
Cytowanie	Grużewska A., Gugała M., Zarzecka K. (2018) Analiza rynku owoców jagodowych – wybrane elementy.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 4: 152-161
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n4_s152.pdf

Autor	Ewa Halicka, Joanna Kaczorowska, Krystyna Rejman
Tytuł	Changes in EU Food Supply and the Activities of the European Platform for Action on Diet, Physical Activity and Health
Title	Changes in EU Food Supply and the Activities of the European Platform for Action on Diet, Physical Activity and Health
Słowa kluczowe	food supply, European Union, changes, Platform, sustainable diets
Key words	food supply, European Union, changes, Platform, sustainable diets
Abstrakt	This paper presents the changes in food supply in selected EU Member states and average EU+ after the establishment of the European Platform for Action in the field of Diet, Physical Activity and Health in 2005. The per capita annual supply of vegetables, fruits, pulses, sugar & sweeteners and the daily values of calories and fat are analysed based on FAO Food Balance Sheet (FBS) data. The supply of vegetables in the EU has decreased since 2005 while that of fruits, pulses and sugar & sweeteners, as well as energy and fat have not changed significantly. The 313 voluntary commitments of Platform members, aimed at promoting healthier food choices and life styles in the region do not seem to have had a significant impact on food supply at population level. Firmer policy measures, incl. fiscal regulations are needed to support these voluntary actions. Sustainability issues should be included in the health-oriented initiatives as food choices contribute not only to the health of individuals but also of the environment as a whole.
Abstract	This paper presents the changes in food supply in selected EU Member states and average EU+ after the establishment of the European Platform for Action in the field of Diet, Physical Activity and Health in 2005. The per capita annual supply of vegetables, fruits, pulses, sugar & sweeteners and the daily values of calories and fat are analysed based on FAO Food Balance Sheet (FBS) data. The supply of vegetables in the EU has decreased since 2005 while that of fruits, pulses and sugar & sweeteners, as well as energy and fat have not changed significantly. The 313 voluntary commitments of Platform members, aimed at promoting healthier food choices and life styles in the region do not seem to have had a significant impact on food supply at population level. Firmer policy measures, incl. fiscal regulations are needed to support these voluntary actions. Sustainability issues should be included in the health-oriented initiatives as food choices contribute not only to the health of individuals but also of the environment as a whole.
Cytowanie	Halicka E., Kaczorowska J., Rejman K. (2018) Changes in EU Food Supply and the Activities of the European Platform for Action on Diet, Physical Activity and Health.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 4: 175-182
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n4_s175.pdf

Autor	Sławomir Jarka, Marzena Trajer
Tytuł	Support for the Beekeeping Sector in Poland and the European Union
Title	Support for the Beekeeping Sector in Poland and the European Union
Słowa kluczowe	support, beekeeping sector, sustainable development
Key words	support, beekeeping sector, sustainable development
Abstrakt	The aim of the work was to present a support mechanism for bee products market implemented after Poland's accession to the European Union, including within the framework of national beekeeping support programs. The elaboration included information contained in legal acts of the European Commission, MRiRW and KOWR. Support for the beekeeping sector in Poland and the EU is related to the policy of sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas. The amount of funds addressed to individual beneficiaries depends on the size of the sector in a given Member State. Spain, France, Greece, Romania and Italy, and Poland received the highest amounts of support under the EU budget.
Abstract	The aim of the work was to present a support mechanism for bee products market implemented after Poland's accession to the European Union, including within the framework of national beekeeping support programs. The elaboration included information contained in legal acts of the European Commission, MRiRW and KOWR. Support for the beekeeping sector in Poland and the EU is related to the policy of sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas. The amount of funds addressed to individual beneficiaries depends on the size of the sector in a given Member State. Spain, France, Greece, Romania and Italy, and Poland received the highest amounts of support under the EU budget.
Cytowanie	Jarka S., Trajer M. (2018) Support for the Beekeeping Sector in Poland and the European Union.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 4: 183-191
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n4_s183.pdf

Autor	Marzena Kacprzak, Agnieszka Król, Marta Radziszewska
Tytuł	European Integration Influence on the Development of Human Capital of Small and Medium Enterprises in Poland
Title	European Integration Influence on the Development of Human Capital of Small and Medium Enterprises in Poland
Słowa kluczowe	human capital, small and medium enterprises, European integration, EU assistance programs, EU funds
Key words	human capital, small and medium enterprises, European integration, EU assistance programs, EU funds
Abstrakt	Enterprises from the SME sector significantly affect the quality of human capital in Poland and the standards of their management are rising every year. The aim of this article is to present the essence and specifics of human capital of SMEs, showing the impact of European integration on the devel-opment of human capital in this sector. In addition, the authors focus on finding the answer to the question whether employers willingly reach for EU funding (sources of knowledge, forms, types of funding, barriers to access to funds) to be able to support and develop human capital that they have in the long run. The study was carried out by a survey method. The analysis made allowed to formu-late the following conclusions. Entrepreneurs willingly undertake to raise funds from EU funds. Re-spondents were convinced that EU funds help in the development of their businesses, although ob-taining funding alone is not easy. The respondents pointed to barriers, which include complicated and lengthy procedures, as well as low availability of information.
Abstract	Enterprises from the SME sector significantly affect the quality of human capital in Poland and the standards of their management are rising every year. The aim of this article is to present the essence and specifics of human capital of SMEs, showing the impact of European integration on the devel-opment of human capital in this sector. In addition, the authors focus on finding the answer to the question whether employers willingly reach for EU funding (sources of knowledge, forms, types of funding, barriers to access to funds) to be able to support and develop human capital that they have in the long run. The study was carried out by a survey method. The analysis made allowed to formu-late the following conclusions. Entrepreneurs willingly undertake to raise funds from EU funds. Re-spondents were convinced that EU funds help in the development of their businesses, although ob-taining funding alone is not easy. The respondents pointed to barriers, which include complicated and lengthy procedures, as well as low availability of information.
Cytowanie	Kacprzak M., Król A., Radziszewska M. (2018) European Integration Influence on the Development of Human Capital of Small and Medium Enterprises in Poland.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 4: 236-249
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n4_s236.pdf

Autor	Alicja Stolarska
Tytuł	Zmiany dochodów indywidualnych gospodarstw rolnych z dzierżawy ziemi użytkowanej rolniczo w Polsce w latach 2005-2016
Title	CHANGES OF INDIVIDUAL FARMS INCOME OF THE AGRICULTURAL GROUND LEASE IN POLAND IN THE YEARS 2005-2016
Słowa kluczowe	dochód, ziemia rolnicza, rynek prywatny, dzierżawa, zmiany
Key words	income, agricultural land, lease, changes
Abstrakt	W ostatnich latach w Polsce rosną ceny ziemi rolniczej, a maleje jej podaż na rynku prywatnym. Sprzyja to rozwojowi zjawiska dzierżawy, która w wielu krajach europejskich jest podstawą prowadzenia działalności rolniczej. Celem opracowania jest charakterystyka dochodów otrzymywanych przez gospodarstwa indywidualne w Polsce z dzierżawy ziemi użytkowanej rolniczo i zmian dochodów w latach 2005-2016. Podstawę analiz stanowiły jednostkowe dane empiryczne, dane z badań sondażowych przeprowadzanych corocznie przez GUS, a ich uzupełnieniem były dane IERiGŻ-PIB, ANR (obecnie KOWR) i opracowania wtórne GUS. W wyniku badań stwierdzono, że dochody z dzierżaw prywatnych uległy podwojeniu w latach 2005-2016 i stanowiły ważny składnik dochodów korzystających z nich rodzin, ale z deklaracji badanych wynika, że miały one niewielką skalę (przeciętnie 0,3% gospodarstw indywidualnych). Grunty rolne były wydzierżawiane przez małe gospodarstwa, których głównym źródłem utrzymania była praca najemna, czasem za granicą, a kierownicy byli starsi niż przeciętnie. Często sytuacja rodzinna była nieuregulowana (np. starszy rodzic z dorosłym, ale jeszcze samotnym dzieckiem, które jeszcze ostatecznie nie zdecydowało o swej przeszłości), a okresowe wydzierżawienie gruntów pozwalało na podjęcie decyzji o ewentualnej sprzedaży gospodarstwa w późniejszym czasie.
Abstract	In last years, the prices of agricultural land in Poland have been rising, and the supply on the private market is decreasing. This favors the development of the lease phenomenon, which in many European countries is the basis for conducting agricultural activity.The purpose of the article was to characterize the income received by individual farms in Poland, from the lease of agriculture land and their changes in the years 2005-2016. The analysis was based of polls unitary empirical data, carried out annually by the Central Statistical Office, and supplemented by data of Institute of Agricultural Economics (IERiGŻ-PIB), Agricultural Property Agency (currently KOWR) and secondary studies of the Central Statistical Office. As a result of the research, it was found that revenues from private leases doubled in 2005-2016 and constitute an important component of revenues for families using them, but the respondents’ declarations show that they are small (on average 0.3% of individual farms). This is small farms, whose main source of income is wage labor, sometimes abroad, and managers are older than average. Often the family situation is unregulated (eg. an elderly parent with an adult but has not yet decided his past), and a periodic land lease allows for a decision on the possible sale of the farm at a later time.
Cytowanie	Stolarska A. (2018) Zmiany dochodów indywidualnych gospodarstw rolnych z dzierżawy ziemi użytkowanej rolniczo w Polsce w latach 2005-2016 .Roczniki Naukowe Ekonomii Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich, t. 105, z. 1: 92-100
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Pełny tekst	RNR_2018_n1_s92.pdf

Autor	Alina Klonowska
Tytuł	Analiza zmienności makroekonomicznych wielkości finansowych na przykładzie wybranych krajów Unii Europejskiej
Title	ANALYSIS OF THE VARIABILITY OF MACROECONOMIC FINANCIAL QUANTITIES WITH THE EXAMPLE OF SELECTED EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES
Słowa kluczowe	kryzys gospodarczy, wskaźniki fiskalne, wskaźniki makroekonomiczne.
Key words	economic crisis, fiscal indicators, macroeconomic indicators
Abstrakt	Celem artykułu jest próba oceny perspektyw wejścia na ścieżkę równowagi i stabilności makroekonomicznej w państwach UE. W pracy postawiono hipotezę: okres odbudowy gospodarczej państw UE po 2009 r. rodzi realne przesłanki wejścia na ścieżkę równowagi i stabilności makroekonomicznej w przyszłej perspektywie. Do zbadania zależności między popytem krajowym i PKB oraz wysokością eksportu i PKB wykorzystano współczynnik korelacji Pearsona. Natomiast ocenę sytuacji finansowej państw przeprowadzono na podstawie miar interwencji fiskalnej. Okres badawczy obejmuje lata 2000 – 2016. W rozdziale pierwszym wyjaśniono przesłanki wyboru grupy badawczej i zastosowane metody badawcze. W rozdziale drugim dokonano analizy kształtowania się wskaźników ekonomicznych. Zmiany w zakresie wskaźników fiskalnych ujęto w rozdziale trzecim. W podsumowaniu przedstawiono najważniejsze konkluzje wynikające z przeprowadzonych badań.
Abstract	The purpose of the article is an attempt to assess the prospects of entering the path of macroeconomic balance and stability in EU countries. A hypothesis was made in the work: the period of economic recovery of EU countries after 2009 raises real conditions for entering the path of macroeconomic balance and stability. The study of the relationship between domestic demand and GDP as well as the level of exports and GDP was carried out using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The assessment of the financial condition of the countries was made on the basis of measures of fiscal intervention. The research period covers the years 2000 – 2016. The first chapter explains the conditions for choosing a research group and applied research methods. The second chapter analyses the development of economic indicators. Changes in the scope of fiscal indicators are included in the third chapter. The summary presents the most important conclusions resulting from the conducted research.
Cytowanie	Klonowska A. (2018) Analiza zmienności makroekonomicznych wielkości finansowych na przykładzie wybranych krajów Unii Europejskiej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 19(68): 73-82
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2018_n68_s73.pdf

Autor	Anna Bischoff, Mirosław Wasilewski
Tytuł	Współpraca w zakresie wymiany informacji podatkowej między Polską a krajami UE
Title	THE COOPERATION IN THE EXCHANGE OF TAX INFORMATION BETWEEN POLAND AND OTHER EU COUNTRIES
Słowa kluczowe	administracja podatkowa, wymiana informacji podatkowej, Biuro Wymiay informacji podatkowej w Koninie, CCN mail
Key words	tax administration, exchange of tax information, central liaison office in Konin, CCN mail
Abstrakt	W opracowaniu przedstawiono zagadnienie wymiany informacji podatkowej między Polską oraz państwami UE. Przedstawiona została podstawa prawna, narzędzia, struktura oraz intensywność wymiany informacji podatkowej. Badania przeprowadzono na podstawie danych statystycznych uzyskanych z BWIP w Koninie oraz informacji zawartych w raporcie przygotowanym dla Komisji Europejskiej w ramach programu Fiscalis 2013. Uwzględnione zostały także informacje zawarte w raportach z kontroli przeprowadzanych przez NIK w latach 2009–2015. Organy administracji podatkowej posiadają narzędzia umożliwiające wymianę informacji w sposób efektywny i usystematyzowany. W badanym okresie wymiana informacji podatkowych ulegała intensyfikacji. Pracownicy polskiej administracji skarbowej wystosowali znacząco więcej zapytań o udzielenie informacji podatkowej, niż ich otrzymali od przedstawicieli państw UE. Wymiana ta jedynie w niewielkim stopniu przyczyniła się do zapobiegania przestępstwom podatkowym. Konieczne jest więc wprowadzenie rozwiązań systemowych, ograniczających nadużycia podatkowe na skalę międzynarodową.
Abstract	The paper presents the problem of the exchange of tax information between Poland and EU countries. Study presents legal basis, tools, structure and intensity of the exchange of tax information. It was based on statistical data obtained from BWIP in Konin and the data contained in the report prepared for the European Commission in the framework of the Fiscalis 2013 program. Study also includes information collected in the reports of the inspections carried out by the NIK in the period of 2009-2015. Study shows that Polish tax authorities have access to the tools allowing to exchange tax information in an efficient and systematic way. During the analyzed period, the exchange of tax information had intensified. Employees of Polish tax administration issued significantly more requests for tax information than they received from representatives of the EU countries. This exchange only to a limited extent contributed to the prevention tax evasion. It is therefore necessary to introduce system solutions reducing tax fraud on an international scale
Cytowanie	Bischoff A., Wasilewski M. (2018) Współpraca w zakresie wymiany informacji podatkowej między Polską a krajami UE.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 19(68): 286-301
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2018_n68_s286.pdf

Autor	Jakub Kraciuk
Tytuł	Bezpieczeństwo żywnościowe Polski na tle wybranych krajów Europy Wschodniej
Title	Food security in the selected countries of Eastern Europe
Słowa kluczowe	bezpieczeństwo żywnościowe, kraje Europy Wschodniej
Key words	food security, Eastern Europe countries
Abstrakt	Celem artykułu jest ukazanie stanu bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego Polski oraz trzech krajów Europy Wschodniej sąsiadujących z naszym krajem: Białorusi, Rosji i Ukrainy. Analizowane kraje różnią się między sobą zarówno pod względem wielkości posiadanego potencjału gospodarczego, wielkości samych gospodarek, jak i poziomem ich rozwoju. Gospodarki poszczególnych krajów charakteryzuje też określona specyfika. W pierwszej części opracowania ukazano podstawy teoretyczne analizy bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego jako elementu bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego. W następnej części dokonano charakterystyki analizowanych krajów, ukazując ich specyfikę oraz główne determinanty rozwoju. W części analitycznej przedstawiono stan bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego analizowanych krajów, wykorzystując Global Food Security Index, który został opracowany na zlecenie firmy DuPont przez Economist Intelligence Unit. Ukazano trzy składowe indeksu bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego, jakimi są: dostępność cenowa, dostęp do żywności oraz jakość i bezpieczeństwo żywności. Biorąc pod uwagę niektóre determinanty składowych bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego, podjęto próbę oceny wpływu rozwoju gospodarczego poszczególnych krajów na ich bezpieczeństwo żywnościowe.
Abstract	The aim of the article is to present the state of food security in Poland and the three neighbouring Eastern European countries: Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. The analysed countries differ in terms of the size of their economic potential, the size of the economies, and the level of their development. The economy of each country is also marked by specific characteristics. In the first part, the paper presents the theoretical basis of food security as an element of economic security. In the next part, the characteristics of the analysed countries are presented showing their specificity and main determinants of development. The empirical part describes the state of food security in the examined countries using the Global Food Security Index, which was developed at the request of DuPont by the Economist Intelligence Unit. Three components of the food safety index are presented: price availability, access to food as well as food quality and safety. Considering some determinants of food safety components, an attempt was made to assess the impact of economic development of individual countries on their food security
Cytowanie	Kraciuk J. (2018) Bezpieczeństwo żywnościowe Polski na tle wybranych krajów Europy Wschodniej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 121: 41-53
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2018_n121_s41.pdf

Autor	Wojciech Józwiak, Zofia Mirkowska, Wojciech Ziętara
Tytuł	ROLE OF LARGER FARMS IN POLAND AND SELECTED EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES IN 2005 AND 2016
Title
Słowa kluczowe	farms, UAA, agricultural production
Key words
Abstrakt	The rates of increase in labour costs in non-agricultural sections and prices of means of production for agriculture, which are higher than selling prices of agricultural products in countries with a market economy have resulted in a decrease in unit profitability of agricultural production. Farmers wishing to obtain a satisfactory income must increase their production scale, mainly by increasing farm area. The study covers two intentionally selected groups of countries differing with regard to economic development specified by gross domestic product (GDP) value per capita. The reason for this selection is the dependence of the farms’ economic strength on the national economy level of analysed countries. The first group of countries with a high level of this indicator (GDP) includes: Denmark, Sweden, Ireland, the Netherlands, Austria, Germany, Belgium, Great Britain and France. The second group covers – Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. Analyses covered the changes in average farm area, share of farms with an area of 30 ha of UAA or more in the total number of farms, land use, employment and standard production in 2005 and 2016. In both groups, the following increased in the analysed period: the average farm area and share of larger farms in land use and production. In the majority of analysed countries, the share of farms with an area of 100 ha or more, when it comes to production, exceeded 50%.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Józwiak W., Mirkowska Z., Ziętara W.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s28.pdf

Autor	Konrad Turkowski
Tytuł	TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE IN POLAND
Title
Słowa kluczowe	aquaculture, adaptation, sustainability
Key words
Abstrakt	In the late 1980s, inland aquaculture in Poland produced about 20 and 4 thousand tonnes of carp and trout, respectively. In 2016, the total volume of the sector’s production increased to over 35 thousand tonnes, including 18 and 16 thousand tonnes of the two species and above 1 thousand tonnes of another fish. This constitutes 94% of total catches of inland fish and about 15% including sea fishing. Globally, roughly 50% of seafood supply is produced by aquaculture, and farmed fish production exceeds that of farmed beef. The EU’s Blue Growth Strategy identifies aquaculture as a sector which could boost economic growth across Europe. The key challenges in the Polish aquaculture sector is significant production growth to 49 thousand tonnes by 2020 and increasing its competitiveness by using resources more effectively, supporting the market by building distribution chains, improving the quality of products and marketing, as well as increasing contribution to environmental protection.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Turkowski K.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s92.pdf

Autor	Michal Borychowski
Tytuł	LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN THE LIQUID BIOFUELS SECTOR IN SELECTED EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	biofuels, production, turnover, job creation, labour productivity in the liquid biofuel sector
Key words
Abstrakt	The development of the liquid biofuels sector has been dynamic for more than 10 years, but from the very beginning of this process has been accompanied by a number of controversies as the production and use of liquid biofuels have both positive and negative effects. These consequences primary concern socio-economic and environmental areas. The most important economic benefits are connected with production, turnover and employment in the biofuels industry and the development of agriculture through higher demand on agricultural commodities. The aim of the paper was to quantify labour productivity in the liquid biofuels sector in European Union countries. It is hypothesized that highly developed countries (measured by GDP per capita) have higher labour productivity in the liquid biofuels industry than poorer European Union countries. The second hypothesis states that countries with high liquid biofuel production have higher labour productivity than other countries. The period under research covered the years 2009–2015. The data are mainly from Eurostat, EurObserv’ER consortium and World Bank. This research provides the general conclusion that a high level of economic development is not accompanied by high labour productivity (two types) in the liquid biofuels sector (there is no significant positive correlation). The same applies to the relation between biofuel production volume and labour productivity. The research proves that a high level of GDP per capita or the big scale of biofuel production (and use) is not a determinant of high labour productivity in this sector.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Borychowski M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s116.pdf

Autor	Bruno Chiarini, Antonella Dagostino, Elisabetta Marzano, Andrea Regoli
Tytuł	SUSTAINABILITY IN URBAN VS. RURAL AREAS: A COMPARISON OF SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE INDICATORS ACROSS EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	perception of pollution, concentration of particulate matter, cross-country comparison
Key words
Abstrakt	In this paper, starting from the approach described in Chiarini et al. (2017), who have provided a subjective measure of the environmental impact of cities (subjective EIC) at the country level, we extend the analysis comparing their indicator with the objective measure of the environmental impact of cities (objective EIC) suggested by Agenda 2030, namely mean levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10). The comparison between subjective and objective indicators of the EIC is a novelty in the panorama of the available studies, and provides useful results for policy analysis. In fact, the relative ranking of countries changes according to the metric adopted, and the analysis of association with macroeconomic indicators of development and growth reveal that subjective and objective EIC indicators might influence/be influenced by different macrofactors.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Chiarini B., Dagostino A., Marzano E., Regoli A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s140.pdf

Autor	Julian Krzyżanowski
Tytuł	EUROPEAN ADDED VALUE OF THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY, A NEW EFFECT OF THE REGIONAL INTEGRATION
Title
Słowa kluczowe	European Union, Common Agricultural Policy, Added Value
Key words
Abstrakt	Integration links in the European Union are particularly strong in agriculture and in this sector joint actions have brought the most visible effect – the implementation of the common agricultural policy. The concept of European Added Value (EAV) can contribute to understanding and assessing the relevance of the CAP to the European Union. The CAP is one of the few EU policies which is chiefly implemented at the EU level and closely linked to the subsidiarity principle, according to which the EU takes on tasks which it can implement more effectively than the Member State governments and regions. EAV derived from the CAP has its own specificity. It creates new values in rural areas and agriculture, but also provides economic, social and environmental effects beyond agriculture. A couple of new values and effects are exemplified in the present paper. It shows the CAP’s contribution to other areas as well as to the UN’s sustainable development objectives. Further research studies on Added Value can contribute to the theory of regional economic integration.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Krzyżanowski J.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s162.pdf

Autor	Alicja Baranowska, Stanisław Kondracki, Daniel Rogoznicki
Tytuł	COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY AS A DETERMINANT OF TRANSFORMATION IN POLISH AGRICULTURE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	rural areas, Common Agricultural Policy, direct payments
Key words
Abstrakt	The impact assessment of the Common Agricultural Policy on transformation process of Polish agriculture following Poland’s accession to European Union has been carried out. The analysis took into account the changes of the Common Agricultural Policy in terms of goals and the directions of its evolution. In the paper the alterations in land, labour and capital resources of Polish agriculture were also analysed. It has been established that funds coming from the Community budget allowed Polish agriculture to adjust to the requirement of new environment. Integration into the European Union has created good conditions to dynamic development of the agri-food sector as a whole. Acceleration of the modernization and restructuring processes of Polish farms has taken place. These developments have resulted in a reduction in the total number of farms (by 52%) at the simultaneous rise in their average area (by 78%). Union financial measures have also influenced on generational renewal amongst farms managers. The funds considerably enhanced farmers’ incomes, which increased by 156%, thus promoting expenditure on investments. As a result the improvement of technical utilities of farms has been achieved. Consequently, labour productivity growth in Polish agriculture has also been recorded. A wide range of measures within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy enables to overcome many obstacles of the rural areas in Poland. It also creates possibilities to take advantage of naturally occurring assets in order to effectively compete on the external market.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Baranowska A., Kondracki S., Rogoznicki D.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s168.pdf

Autor	Tomasz Siudek, Aldona Zawojska
Tytuł	THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM’S EXIT FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION ON THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY
Title
Słowa kluczowe	Brexit, European Union, Common Agricultural Policy
Key words
Abstrakt	The two-year Brexit process, formally initiated on March 2017, is coming to an end, intensifying public discussions and concerns about the future of the EU, including the community budget and policies. This paper articulates the likely implications of the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the EU on the Common Agricultural Policy using a political economy approach. It focuses on the budgetary and agricultural trade consequences of the Brexit for the EU remaining member states. The European Commission’s proposed reduction by 5% of the CAP budget for 2021–2027 is one of the first Brexit consequences that potentially can result in a decline in EU farm incomes. The leaving the single market and customs union by the UK, traditionally taking a liberal market position, will probably affect not only the CAP, but also agricultural policies amongst WTO and G20 member countries. With lack of some kind of free trade agreement between the UK and the EU, agri-food net exports from the EU27 to the UK will decrease.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Siudek T., Zawojska A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s201.pdf

Autor	Mieczyslaw Adamowicz
Tytuł	EUROPEAN FUNDS FOR RURAL AREAS VERSUS REGIONAL CONVERGENCE OF AGRICULTURE IN POLAND
Title
Słowa kluczowe	convergence, rural areas, European Funds
Key words
Abstrakt	The objective of the work is the assessment of the phenomenon of convergence of agriculture in the provinces/ voivodeship (NUTS 2) in Poland in the years 2003–2014 in relation to the use of European funds designated for development of agriculture and rural areas. The study specified dimensions of support under the European Funds granted for agriculture and rural areas in individual regions, which were compared to the size of gross added value of agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishery. Within the analysis, data of the Agency for the Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture as well as The Local Data Bank of Central Statistical Office were used. Data regarding productivity of agriculture and other rural sectors in the regions as well as data on the used resources from the European funds were availed of in the assessment of the correlation between these expectations and the phenomena of sigma-convergence and beta-convergence in the regional system. The conducted analysis confirmed the occurrence of a phenomenon of convergence in the tested scope.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Adamowicz M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s212.pdf

Autor	Xesus Pereira Lopez, Magdalena Śmiglak-Krajewska, Manuel Veiga Carballido, Malgorzata Węgrzyńska
Tytuł	ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARMS IN POLAND AND SPAIN IN THE YEARS 2011–2016 BASED ON FADN STATISTICS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	common agricultural policy, economic measures, agriculture in Spain, agriculture in Poland
Key words
Abstrakt	The paper presents a comparison of the economic status of farms in two selected EU countries, Poland and Spain, in the period of 2011–2016. Both these countries were selected based on comparable qualitative and quantitative parameters characteristic of agriculture. An additional determinant for the selection of these countries was connected with the similar economic situation before and after their accession to the European Union. The economic status of these two countries was compared using the statistical data of the European Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN), the Macroeconomic Data Bank (Poland) and the Instituto Nacional de Estadistica (Spain). In turn, the economic situation of farms in Poland and Spain was assessed on the basis of selected economic measures: Gross Farm Income, Farm Net Value Added, Farm Net Value Added/AWU, Family Farm Income/FWU, Total output of crops and crop production, total crops output (ha), total output of livestock and livestock products, total livestock output (LU), Total assets, total fixes assets, Total labour input and unpaid labour input. The study was summarised with the conclusions.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Pereira Lopez X., Śmiglak-Krajewska M., Veiga Carballido M., Węgrzyńska M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s221.pdf

Autor	Yuriy Klapkiv, Yaroslav Kostetskyi, Petro Putsenteilo
Tytuł	MODERN CHALLENGES OF AGRARIAN BUSINESS IN UKRAINE ON THE WAY TO EUROPE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	agrarian sector, agro-industrial complex, agricultural enterprises, institutional structures, EU, economic policy, export
Key words
Abstrakt	It is established that the Ukrainian agrarian sector in recent years suffered quite serious reformational impacts on the institutional environment of the functioning of economic actors, in particular the influence of regulators on the transformation of agricultural development. It is substantiated that under institutional transformations it is appropriate to understand the changes that occur as part of the creation of new rules of conduct of participants, containing a specific mechanism for ensuring compliance with these rules, as well as improving organizational and economic regulators within the existing set of rules for all participants It is determined that the institutional system is a structured set of interrelated informal rules that determine, on the one hand, a system of incentives for increasing the efficiency of interaction between subjects of the agrarian economy, and, on the other hand, restricts the activities of economic agents, which create a certain framework for implementation their target functions in accordance with the law and public interests.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Klapkiv Y., Kostetskyi Y., Putsenteilo P.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s250.pdf

Autor	Agnieszka Kozera, Aldona Standar, Joanna Średzinska
Tytuł	LEVEL AND EVOLUTION OF FARM TAXATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION IN 2007–2015
Title
Słowa kluczowe	taxes, farms, European Union, FADN, TOPSIS
Key words
Abstrakt	The purpose of this paper is to assess the level of and changes in taxes imposed on farms in European Union countries. The empirical study was based on FADN data. Because of the complex nature of aspects under consideration, the TOPSIS method was used to develop a synthetic indicator of farm taxation. The study was carried out in 2007–2009 and 2013–2015. For these periods, average values of simple characteristics were calculated which reflect the levels of farm taxation and are the basis for the synthetic indicator. Afterwards, the synthetic indicator was used to linearly arrange the countries by farm taxation levels in the EU in the periods considered.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kozera A., Standar A., Średzinska J.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s327.pdf