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Autor	Ewa Stawicka, Ali Unsal
Tytuł	COMPARATIVE ANALYSES OF HEALTH ECONOMICS INDICATORS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND TURKEY
Title
Słowa kluczowe	core health indicators, European Union countries, health expenditures
Key words
Abstrakt	In this paper, Turkey and the European Union countries are compared on health economics indicators such as health expenditure per capita, health expenditure as a percentage of GDP, life expectancy and infant mortality rate. The aim of this study is to determine the position of Turkey comparing to the European Union countries on the basis of health indicators. Result of this study shows that Eastern EU countries as well as, Turkey in particular should allocate more share for health from their health spendings to get better health outcomes.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Stawicka E., Unsal A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s198.pdf

Autor	Tadeusz Filipiak, Mariusz Maciejczak
Tytuł	COSTS OF VINEYARDS PRODUCTION IN SELECTED EU COUNTRIES IN THE PERIOD 2004–2015
Title
Słowa kluczowe	cost of production, specialist vineyards, FADN, European Union
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of the research was to determine the production costs in farms specializing in viticulture in the selected European Union countries in the period 2004–2015. It was found that there was a large variation in terms of the structure of production costs. In the analysed period, the majority of countries recorded an increase in total costs per 1 ha, which was mostly due to the year by year increase of the direct costs. In direct costs the plant protection had the largest share, followed by fertilization costs, while the lowest were the costs of pruning. The share of indirect costs in total costs was relatively high and on EU average reached 82%.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Filipiak T., Maciejczak M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s144.pdf

Autor	Aleksandra Matuszewska-Janica
Tytuł	WOMEN’S LABOUR MARKET ACTIVITY IN THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR IN POLAND AND EUROPEAN UNION IN 2016
Title
Słowa kluczowe	labour market, female employment, cluster analysis, k-mean method
Key words
Abstrakt	The European authorities pay particular attention to agriculture and employees in this sector. Women represent more than 33% of this group in the European Union. A significant number of actions are targeted at women from rural areas, having regard to the mentioned issues and specific situation of women in the labour market. Therefore, it requires in-depth analyses. The main aim of the presented study is to assess the diversity of the situation of women working in agriculture across the EU. The quantitative analysis allows to indicate similarities and differences among EU states in the current structure of women’s employment in this sector. In the analysis, the k-mean method is applied with the Labour Force Survey data from the year 2016. The study refers to 28 EU states and a group of women aged 20–64. The obtained results indicated that we have a large proportion of self-employees in agriculture. However, we observe a larger percentage of those who create jobs for others states that are better economically developed. This analysis confirms the findings that the Polish structure of female employment is closer to those in the Mediterranean countries. Poland is assigned to one cluster with Greece. This group is distinguished by several factors. Firstly, it contains a high proportion of people employed in agriculture with a relatively small share of part-timers. Secondly, it is a very high rate of self-employed with a very low proportion of those who create jobs for others.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Matuszewska-Janica A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s124.pdf

Autor	Joanna Średzińska
Tytuł	Zróżnicowanie poziomu dochodów rolników w gospodarstwach z różnych klas wielkości ekonomicznej w krajach Unii Europejskiej
Title	DIVERSIFICATION OF THE LEVEL OF FARMERS’ INCOME IN FARMS OF DIFFERENT ECONOMIC SIZE CLASSES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES
Słowa kluczowe	dochód z rodzinnego gospodarstwa rolnego, nierówności dochodowe, klasa wielkości ekonomicznej, FADN
Key words	farm net income, income inequality, economic size class, FADN
Abstrakt	Celem badań było określenie zróżnicowania dochodów uzyskiwanych przez rolników w gospodarstwach rolnych krajów UE z różnych klas wielkości ekonomicznej. Wykorzystano bazę FADN. Analizy wykonano w większości dla roku 2015. Część wyników porównano z danymi z roku 2004. Badaną zmienną był dochód z rodzinnego gospodarstwa rolnego na pełnozatrudnionego członka rodziny. Wykonano analizę wariancji (test rang Kruskala-Wallisa) oraz analizę post-hoc wartości p dla porównań wielokrotnych. Obliczono wskaźnik zróżnicowania decylowego oraz współczynnik Giniego. Zauważono, że wielkość ekonomiczna wpływa na dochodowość pracy własnej, szczególnie w gospodarstwach większych ekonomicznie. Zaobserwowano także, że stopień nierówności dochodowych w poszczególnych klasach wielkości jest różny. W niektórych klasach wielkości ekonomicznej odnotowano pogłębianie się nierówności dochodowych.
Abstract	The aim of the study was to determine the diversification of income obtained by farmers in the EU countries’ farms from different economic size classes. The FADN database was used. Most of the analyzes were performed for 2015. Some of the results were compared with the data from 2004. The variable under analysis was income from a family farm per family work unit. A variance analysis (Kruskal-Wallis rank test) and post-hoc analysis of p values for multiple comparisons were performed. The income decile ratio and the Gini coefficient were calculated. It was noted that the economic size affects the profitability of own work, especially in economically larger farms. It was also observed that the degree of income inequalities in respective size classes is different. In some economic size classes a deepening of income inequalities was noticed.
Cytowanie	Średzińska J. (2018) Zróżnicowanie poziomu dochodów rolników w gospodarstwach z różnych klas wielkości ekonomicznej w krajach Unii Europejskiej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 20(69): 215-223
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2018_n69_s215.pdf

Autor	Malgorzata Kołodziejczak
Tytuł	USE OF AGRICULTURAL SERVICES IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	agricultural services, European Union
Key words
Abstrakt	The purpose of this paper is to assess the use of agricultural services in European Union countries in the context of selected features of agriculture. The Ward’s Method was used to isolate six typological clusters of European Union countries. It may be noticed that clusters with a high levels of fixed capital consumption and total intermediate consumption are characterized by a higher use of services than other clusters. The absence of a noticeable relation between the share of crop output in the structure of agricultural output, or between the labour input and the use of agricultural services can be explained by differences in natural conditions, traditional farming models and preferences in choosing between developing the farm’s own machinery or using services.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kołodziejczak M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s364.pdf

Autor	Halina Powęska
Tytuł	RURAL AREAS OF POLAND AS THE BENEFICIARY OF EUROPEAN UNION FUNDING 2007−2013(15) FOR CULTURAL PROJECTS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	rural areas of Poland, EU structural funds, cultural heritage
Key words
Abstrakt	The paper presents the issues relating to the use of EU funds for cultural heritage projects in rural areas in Poland in the years 2007–2015. The study examines the structure of the funding of EU cultural heritage projects by the purpose of their implementation including revaluation of cultural heritage objects, creation and development of a new tourism product, renovation of sports and recreation infrastructure, promotion and other issues. The spatial analysis was carried out at the level of voivodships. The survey was conducted using the database of the National Information System of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Development of the Republic of Poland (NIS SIMIK 07-13) as at 31 December 2015. In the years 2007–2015, in both rural areas and rural districts, in the case of those projects which were aimed at developing infrastructure and restoring cultural heritage assets, while projects thematically related to the creation of a new tourism product and promotion were of lesser importance. However, the highest grants from EU sources were provided for projects thematically related to the reconstruction of cultural heritage and creation of tourism products, which shows that the activities aimed at preservation of cultural heritage and support for local entrepreneurship are of particular significance to European entities.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Powęska H.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s335.pdf

Autor	Agnieszka Kozera, Aldona Standar, Joanna Średzinska
Tytuł	LEVEL AND EVOLUTION OF FARM TAXATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION IN 2007–2015
Title
Słowa kluczowe	taxes, farms, European Union, FADN, TOPSIS
Key words
Abstrakt	The purpose of this paper is to assess the level of and changes in taxes imposed on farms in European Union countries. The empirical study was based on FADN data. Because of the complex nature of aspects under consideration, the TOPSIS method was used to develop a synthetic indicator of farm taxation. The study was carried out in 2007–2009 and 2013–2015. For these periods, average values of simple characteristics were calculated which reflect the levels of farm taxation and are the basis for the synthetic indicator. Afterwards, the synthetic indicator was used to linearly arrange the countries by farm taxation levels in the EU in the periods considered.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kozera A., Standar A., Średzinska J.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s327.pdf

Autor	Alicja Baranowska, Stanisław Kondracki, Daniel Rogoznicki
Tytuł	COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY AS A DETERMINANT OF TRANSFORMATION IN POLISH AGRICULTURE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	rural areas, Common Agricultural Policy, direct payments
Key words
Abstrakt	The impact assessment of the Common Agricultural Policy on transformation process of Polish agriculture following Poland’s accession to European Union has been carried out. The analysis took into account the changes of the Common Agricultural Policy in terms of goals and the directions of its evolution. In the paper the alterations in land, labour and capital resources of Polish agriculture were also analysed. It has been established that funds coming from the Community budget allowed Polish agriculture to adjust to the requirement of new environment. Integration into the European Union has created good conditions to dynamic development of the agri-food sector as a whole. Acceleration of the modernization and restructuring processes of Polish farms has taken place. These developments have resulted in a reduction in the total number of farms (by 52%) at the simultaneous rise in their average area (by 78%). Union financial measures have also influenced on generational renewal amongst farms managers. The funds considerably enhanced farmers’ incomes, which increased by 156%, thus promoting expenditure on investments. As a result the improvement of technical utilities of farms has been achieved. Consequently, labour productivity growth in Polish agriculture has also been recorded. A wide range of measures within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy enables to overcome many obstacles of the rural areas in Poland. It also creates possibilities to take advantage of naturally occurring assets in order to effectively compete on the external market.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Baranowska A., Kondracki S., Rogoznicki D.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s168.pdf

Autor	Julian Krzyżanowski
Tytuł	EUROPEAN ADDED VALUE OF THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY, A NEW EFFECT OF THE REGIONAL INTEGRATION
Title
Słowa kluczowe	European Union, Common Agricultural Policy, Added Value
Key words
Abstrakt	Integration links in the European Union are particularly strong in agriculture and in this sector joint actions have brought the most visible effect – the implementation of the common agricultural policy. The concept of European Added Value (EAV) can contribute to understanding and assessing the relevance of the CAP to the European Union. The CAP is one of the few EU policies which is chiefly implemented at the EU level and closely linked to the subsidiarity principle, according to which the EU takes on tasks which it can implement more effectively than the Member State governments and regions. EAV derived from the CAP has its own specificity. It creates new values in rural areas and agriculture, but also provides economic, social and environmental effects beyond agriculture. A couple of new values and effects are exemplified in the present paper. It shows the CAP’s contribution to other areas as well as to the UN’s sustainable development objectives. Further research studies on Added Value can contribute to the theory of regional economic integration.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Krzyżanowski J.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s162.pdf

Autor	Michal Borychowski
Tytuł	LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN THE LIQUID BIOFUELS SECTOR IN SELECTED EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	biofuels, production, turnover, job creation, labour productivity in the liquid biofuel sector
Key words
Abstrakt	The development of the liquid biofuels sector has been dynamic for more than 10 years, but from the very beginning of this process has been accompanied by a number of controversies as the production and use of liquid biofuels have both positive and negative effects. These consequences primary concern socio-economic and environmental areas. The most important economic benefits are connected with production, turnover and employment in the biofuels industry and the development of agriculture through higher demand on agricultural commodities. The aim of the paper was to quantify labour productivity in the liquid biofuels sector in European Union countries. It is hypothesized that highly developed countries (measured by GDP per capita) have higher labour productivity in the liquid biofuels industry than poorer European Union countries. The second hypothesis states that countries with high liquid biofuel production have higher labour productivity than other countries. The period under research covered the years 2009–2015. The data are mainly from Eurostat, EurObserv’ER consortium and World Bank. This research provides the general conclusion that a high level of economic development is not accompanied by high labour productivity (two types) in the liquid biofuels sector (there is no significant positive correlation). The same applies to the relation between biofuel production volume and labour productivity. The research proves that a high level of GDP per capita or the big scale of biofuel production (and use) is not a determinant of high labour productivity in this sector.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Borychowski M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s116.pdf

Autor	Wojciech Józwiak, Zofia Mirkowska, Wojciech Ziętara
Tytuł	ROLE OF LARGER FARMS IN POLAND AND SELECTED EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES IN 2005 AND 2016
Title
Słowa kluczowe	farms, UAA, agricultural production
Key words
Abstrakt	The rates of increase in labour costs in non-agricultural sections and prices of means of production for agriculture, which are higher than selling prices of agricultural products in countries with a market economy have resulted in a decrease in unit profitability of agricultural production. Farmers wishing to obtain a satisfactory income must increase their production scale, mainly by increasing farm area. The study covers two intentionally selected groups of countries differing with regard to economic development specified by gross domestic product (GDP) value per capita. The reason for this selection is the dependence of the farms’ economic strength on the national economy level of analysed countries. The first group of countries with a high level of this indicator (GDP) includes: Denmark, Sweden, Ireland, the Netherlands, Austria, Germany, Belgium, Great Britain and France. The second group covers – Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. Analyses covered the changes in average farm area, share of farms with an area of 30 ha of UAA or more in the total number of farms, land use, employment and standard production in 2005 and 2016. In both groups, the following increased in the analysed period: the average farm area and share of larger farms in land use and production. In the majority of analysed countries, the share of farms with an area of 100 ha or more, when it comes to production, exceeded 50%.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Józwiak W., Mirkowska Z., Ziętara W.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s28.pdf

Autor	Tomasz Siudek, Aldona Zawojska
Tytuł	THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM’S EXIT FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION ON THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY
Title
Słowa kluczowe	Brexit, European Union, Common Agricultural Policy
Key words
Abstrakt	The two-year Brexit process, formally initiated on March 2017, is coming to an end, intensifying public discussions and concerns about the future of the EU, including the community budget and policies. This paper articulates the likely implications of the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the EU on the Common Agricultural Policy using a political economy approach. It focuses on the budgetary and agricultural trade consequences of the Brexit for the EU remaining member states. The European Commission’s proposed reduction by 5% of the CAP budget for 2021–2027 is one of the first Brexit consequences that potentially can result in a decline in EU farm incomes. The leaving the single market and customs union by the UK, traditionally taking a liberal market position, will probably affect not only the CAP, but also agricultural policies amongst WTO and G20 member countries. With lack of some kind of free trade agreement between the UK and the EU, agri-food net exports from the EU27 to the UK will decrease.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Siudek T., Zawojska A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s201.pdf

Autor	Arkadiusz Zalewski
Tytuł	Popyt na rolnicze usługi mechanizacyjne w krajach Unii Europejskiej
Title	Demand for Agricultural Mechanization Services in the European Union Countries
Słowa kluczowe	usługi rolnicze, usługi mechanizacyjne, popyt, Unia Europejska
Key words	agricultural services, mechanization services, demand, European Union
Abstrakt	Korzystanie z usług mechanizacyjnych może w istotnym stopniu przyczyniać się do obniżania kosztów produkcji umożliwiając producentom rolnym bezinwestycyjne wdrożenie postępu technicznego. W artykule próbowano określić tendencje występujące w popycie na rolnicze usługi mechanizacyjne w krajach Unii Europejskiej w latach 2010-2017. Badano zmiany wartości usług w przeliczeniu na 1 ha UR oraz zmiany udziału usług mechanizacyjnych w zużyciu pośrednim. Stwierdzono, że wartość usług w przeliczeniu na 1 ha UR średnio w UE zwiększyła się. Wzrósł również udział usług w zużyciu pośrednim. W wyniku grupowania obiektów metodą Warda otrzymano 5 skupień krajów, które różniły się między sobą pod względem zaproponowanych cech, natomiast kraje tworzące dane skupienie charakteryzowały się zbliżonymi wartościami zmiennych. Krajami w których zaobserwowano zarówno wyraźny wzrost wartości usług mechanizacyjnych w przeliczeniu na jednostkę powierzchni jak również zdecydowane zwiększenie wartości usług w zużyciu pośrednim były: Finlandia, Niemcy, Łotwa, Rumunia oraz Estonia. Wyraźny spadek popytu na usługi mechanizacyjne wystąpił natomiast w Grecji i na Litwie.
Abstract	The use of mechanization services can significantly contribute to reducing production costs, enabling agricultural producers to implement technical progress without any investment. The article attempted to identify trends in demand for agricultural mechanization services in the European Union countries in 2010-2017. Changes in the value of services per 1 ha of UAA and changes in the share of mechanization services in total expenditures incurred for agricultural production were examined. It was found that the value of services per 1 ha of UAA on average in the EU increased. The share of services in intermediate consumption has also increased. As a result of grouping objects by the Ward method, 5 clusters of countries were distinguished, which differed among each other in terms of the proposed features, while the countries that created the focus were characterized by similar values of variables. The countries in which both a clear increase in the value of mechanization services per unit area was observed as well as a significant increase in the value of services in indirect consumption were: Finland, Germany, Latvia, Romania and Estonia. A clear decline in demand for mechanization services occurred in Greece and Lithuania.
Cytowanie	Zalewski A. (2018) Popyt na rolnicze usługi mechanizacyjne w krajach Unii Europejskiej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 4: 50-59
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n4_s50.pdf

Autor	Agata Grużewska, Marek Gugała, Krystyna Zarzecka
Tytuł	Analiza rynku owoców jagodowych – wybrane elementy
Title	Analysis of the Berry Market – Selected Elements
Słowa kluczowe	owoce jagodowe, produkcja, konsumpcja
Key words	berry fruit, production, consumption
Abstrakt	Celem pracy była identyfikacja zmian zachodzących na rynku owoców jagodowych w Polsce oraz w wybranych krajach Unii Europejskiej, w latach 2006-2017. W opracowaniu dostępnych danych i prezentacji wyników badań wykorzystano metody opisowe i porównawcze. W publikacji wykorzystano dane GUS oraz FAO, dotyczące powierzchni upraw, wielkości produkcji i spożycia owoców, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem owoców jagodowych, na świecie i wybranych krajach Unii Europejskiej oraz w Polsce. Analizą objęto lata 2006–2017 dla Polski w odniesieniu do powierzchni upraw i wielkości produkcji, lata 2006-2017 w odniesieniu do wielkości spożycia, a w badaniach Polski na tle świata i wybranych krajów UE, ze względu na wielkość produkcji i powierzchnię upraw owoców jagodowych, uwzględniono rok 2016.
Abstract	The aim of the work was to identify changes taking place in the market of berries in Poland and selected European Union countries from 2006 to 2017. Descriptive methods were used to analyse the available data and present the study results. The work is based on GUS (the Main Statistical Office in Poland) and FAO data pertaining to cropped area, production volume and fruit consumption level, paying special attention to berries, in Poland, selected European Union countries and worldwide. Data for the period 2013-2017 was considered for cropped area and production volume in Poland, 2006-2017 for consumption level, and the year 2016 for production volume and area under berry plants in Poland against the background of the world and selected EU countries.
Cytowanie	Grużewska A., Gugała M., Zarzecka K. (2018) Analiza rynku owoców jagodowych – wybrane elementy.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 4: 152-161
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n4_s152.pdf

Autor	Kinga Gruziel, Małgorzata Raczkowska
Tytuł	The Taxation of Agriculture in the European Union Countries
Title	The Taxation of Agriculture in the European Union Countries
Słowa kluczowe	tax, taxation of agriculture, agricultural tax
Key words	tax, taxation of agriculture, agricultural tax
Abstrakt	The paper sets out the key principles for taxation of agriculture in selected European Union countries. The theoretical foundations of tax systems in the context of their functions and features specified as desirable in the literature are discussed. EU agricultural taxation systems are presented in reference to optimisation and tax competitiveness. Some shared features of these agricultural taxation systems were pointed out and their division in two basic models (the British model and the continental model), which was presented taking as example the countries in which these models operate. Taxation of income derived from agricultural business activity is a natural direction of changes in tax systems. The tax policy implemented in the European Union countries in relation to agriculture make use of the principle of tax justice to the highest possible extent. The diversity of the tax rules and structures applied in the EU makes it possible to tax agricultural income without limiting the development potential of agricultural enterprises (farms), and often stimulates them. The form of individual tax systems results from numerous economic, social and political circumstances. Special tax treatment of agriculture is expressed through tax construction elements, e.g. right to deduct the value of generated loss or investment expenditure from taxable income.
Abstract	The paper sets out the key principles for taxation of agriculture in selected European Union countries. The theoretical foundations of tax systems in the context of their functions and features specified as desirable in the literature are discussed. EU agricultural taxation systems are presented in reference to optimisation and tax competitiveness. Some shared features of these agricultural taxation systems were pointed out and their division in two basic models (the British model and the continental model), which was presented taking as example the countries in which these models operate. Taxation of income derived from agricultural business activity is a natural direction of changes in tax systems. The tax policy implemented in the European Union countries in relation to agriculture make use of the principle of tax justice to the highest possible extent. The diversity of the tax rules and structures applied in the EU makes it possible to tax agricultural income without limiting the development potential of agricultural enterprises (farms), and often stimulates them. The form of individual tax systems results from numerous economic, social and political circumstances. Special tax treatment of agriculture is expressed through tax construction elements, e.g. right to deduct the value of generated loss or investment expenditure from taxable income.
Cytowanie	Gruziel K., Raczkowska M. (2018) The Taxation of Agriculture in the European Union Countries.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 4: 162-174
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n4_s162.pdf

Autor	Anna Klepacka
Tytuł	Sustainable Development and Renewable Energy Sectors: Selected Indicators in European Union and Poland
Title	Sustainable Development and Renewable Energy Sectors: Selected Indicators in European Union and Poland
Słowa kluczowe	sustainable development, renewable energy, UE, Poland
Key words	sustainable development, renewable energy, UE, Poland
Abstrakt	The aim of this article was to show the position of Poland in the renewable energy subsectors among the European Union countries. The research covered the areas of biomass, solar heating and heat pumps, showing the degree of their utilization, power required to drive the system and their production in 2016. The provided information was supplemented with a revenues per employee in thousand euros in chosen subsectors of renewable energy sources in the year 2016. The main tool for carrying out the set objective was the use of descriptive and comparative methods. The results of the survey demonstrated Poland’s prominent place in the sector of liquid biofuels (1st place in EU), thanks to the significant supply of raw materials as well as development perspectives in solar energy, which is confirmed by the world's statistics indicating a record number of photovoltaic installations fitted (PV).
Abstract	The aim of this article was to show the position of Poland in the renewable energy subsectors among the European Union countries. The research covered the areas of biomass, solar heating and heat pumps, showing the degree of their utilization, power required to drive the system and their production in 2016. The provided information was supplemented with a revenues per employee in thousand euros in chosen subsectors of renewable energy sources in the year 2016. The main tool for carrying out the set objective was the use of descriptive and comparative methods. The results of the survey demonstrated Poland’s prominent place in the sector of liquid biofuels (1st place in EU), thanks to the significant supply of raw materials as well as development perspectives in solar energy, which is confirmed by the world's statistics indicating a record number of photovoltaic installations fitted (PV).
Cytowanie	Klepacka A. (2018) Sustainable Development and Renewable Energy Sectors: Selected Indicators in European Union and Poland.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 4: 250-258
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n4_s250.pdf

Autor	Włodzimierz Kołodziejczak
Tytuł	Zatrudnienie i wartość dodana brutto w sektorach gospodarki państw Unii Europejskiej w latach 2002 i 2016
Title	Employment and Gross Value Added in the Sectors of the European Union Economy in 2002 and 2016
Słowa kluczowe	sektorowa struktura zatrudnienia, wartość dodana brutto, zatrudnienie w rolnictwie, Unia Europejska
Key words	sectoral structure of employment, gross value added, employment in agriculture, European Union
Abstrakt	Celem artykułu jest rozpoznanie poziomu zatrudnienia i wytwarzanej wartości dodanej brutto w rolnictwie na tle pozostałych sektorów gospodarki w państwach Unii Europejskiej. W badaniu zastosowano analizę porównawczą i dedukcję. Wykorzystano dane EUROSTAT z lat 2002 i 2016. "Nadwyżka” zatrudnienia w rolnictwie występująca w państwach postsocjalistycznych w stosunku do średniej UE odpowiada w nich, w przybliżeniu, „niedoborowi” zatrudnienia w usługach. Proces zmian sektorowej struktury zatrudnienia będzie prawdopodobnie warunkowany przez tempo wzrostu zapotrzebowania na usługi, dostosowanie strukturalne dotyczące dopasowania cech ludności rolniczej do zapotrzebowania na siłę roboczą w sektorze usług oraz tempo przekształceń strukturalnych na wsi.
Abstract	The aim of the paper is to recognize the level of employment and gross value added in the agriculture against the other sectors of the economy in the European Union. Comparative analysis and method of deduction were used in the study. The research was based on the EUROSTAT data from the years of both 2002 and 2016. The “surplus” of employment in the agriculture in the post-socialist countries in relation to the EU average approximately corresponds to the “shortage” of employment in services. The process of changes in the sectoral structure of employment will probably be determined by the growth rate of demand for services, structural adjustment referring to matching the characteristics of the agricultural population to the demand for labour force in the services sector and the pace of structural transformations in rural areas.
Cytowanie	Kołodziejczak W. (2018) Zatrudnienie i wartość dodana brutto w sektorach gospodarki państw Unii Europejskiej w latach 2002 i 2016.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 4: 270-283
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n4_s270.pdf

Autor	Grzegorz Maciejewski
Tytuł	Ekonomiczna dostępność żywności w państwach Unii Europejskiej
Title	Economic Access to Food in Countries of the European Union
Słowa kluczowe	ekonomiczna dostępność żywności, bezpieczeństwo żywnościowe, konsumpcja żywności, dochody gospodarstw domowych, Unia Europejska
Key words	economic access to food, food security, food consumption, household income, European Union
Abstrakt	Zaspokojenie głodu i pragnienia jest podstawowym prawem przysługującym każdemu człowiekowi. Ekonomiczna dostępność żywności stanowi jeden z czterech koniecznych warunków do zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego państw i ich obywateli. Dane FAO, Parlamentu Europejskiego czy statystyki Eurostatu pokazują, że problem ekonomicznej dostępności żywności dotyczy również państw UE. Celem prezentowanego artykułu jest ukazanie wielkości problemu ekonomicznej dostępności żywności w państwach Wspólnoty. Przeprowadzone badania dowodzą, że opisywany problem nie może być lekceważony. Wydatki na żywność stanowią wciąż jedną z głównych grup wydatków gospodarstw domowych, w państwach takich jak Rumunia czy Litwa przekraczając 20% ogółu ponoszonych wydatków. Ponad połowa obywateli UE boryka się z trudnościami związanymi z pokryciem wydatków osiąganymi dochodami. Sytuację utrudnia także nierównomierny rozkład niedożywienia występujący w poszczególnych państwach.
Abstract	Satisfying hunger and thirst is a basic right of every human. The economic access to food is one of the four necessary conditions to provide food security of countries and their citizens. Data from FAO, European Parliament or statistics from Eurostat show that the problem of economic access to food concerns countries of the European Union as well. The aim of the paper is to present the magnitude of the problem of economic access to food in the EU countries. The conducted research proves that the described problem cannot be underestimated. The food expenditure still constitutes to be one of the main groups of households’ expenditures, for instance in countries like Romania or Lithuania, where it exceeds 20% of overall expenditure. More than half of the citizens of the EU struggle to cover the expenditure with earned income. The situation is even harder because of the uneven distribution of malnutrition in particular countries.
Cytowanie	Maciejewski G. (2018) Ekonomiczna dostępność żywności w państwach Unii Europejskiej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 4: 345-358
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n4_s345.pdf

Autor	Krzysztof Pawłowski
Tytuł	Rola środków pochodzących z Unii Europejskiej w rozwoju pszczelarstwa na przykładzie Wojewódzkiego Związku Pszczelarzy w Poznaniu
Title	The role of funds from the European Union in the development of beekeeping on the example of the Provincial Union of Beekeepers in Poznań
Słowa kluczowe	pszczelarstwo, Wielkopolska, fundusze unijne, wsparcie pszczelarstwa
Key words	beekeeping, Wielkopolska, EU funds, support for beekeeping
Abstrakt	Poza dostarczaniem niezwykle cennych produktów, pszczoły są jednym z gatunków zdolnych do zapylania roślin entomofilnych. Stąd wspieranie rozwoju pszczelarstwa w obliczu ich znaczenia dla ludzkości wydaje się być niezwykle istotne. W Polsce zadanie to jest realizowane także przy użyciu środków pochodzących z Unii Europejskiej w ramach Programów Wsparcia Rynku Produktów Pszczelich. Celem artykułu jest zatem określenie roli środków pochodzących z Unii Europejskiej w rozwoju pszczelarstwa w województwie wielkopolskim na przykładzie Wojewódzkiego Związku Pszczelarzy w Poznaniu. Do badań wykorzystano niepublikowane dane WZP w Poznaniu, a także wyniki przeprowadzonej ankiety. Wyniki badań wskazują na pozytywne oddziaływanie środków z UE na rozwój pszczelarstwa w województwie wielkopolskim, zwłaszcza ze względu na spore zainteresowanie mechanizmem wśród pszczelarzy.
Abstract	In addition to providing extremely valuable products, bees are one of the species capable of pollinating entomophilic plants. Hence, supporting the development of beekeeping in the face of their importance to humanity seems to be extremely important. In Poland, this task is also carried out using funds from the European Union as part of the Bee Market Program Support Programs. The aim of the article is therefore to determine the role of funds originating from the European Union in the development of beekeeping in the Wielkopolskie voivodship on the example of the Provincial Union of Beekeepers in Poznań. First of all unpublished JPA data in Poznań, as well as the results of surveys were used for the research. The results of the research indicate a positive impact of EU funds on the development of beekeeping in the Wielkopolskie voivodship, especially due to the considerable interest in the mechanism among beekeepers.
Cytowanie	Pawłowski K. (2018) Rola środków pochodzących z Unii Europejskiej w rozwoju pszczelarstwa na przykładzie Wojewódzkiego Związku Pszczelarzy w Poznaniu.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 4: 382-394
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n4_s382.pdf

Autor	Barbara Roszkowska-Mądra
Tytuł	Koncepcja i znaczenie obszarów rolniczych o wysokich walorach przyrodniczych
Title	The Concept and Importance of High Nature Value Farmland
Słowa kluczowe	definicja obszarów HNV, funkcje obszarów HNV, ochrona obszarów HNV, WPR
Key words	definition of HNV farmland (HNVf), functions of HNVf, protection of HNVf, CAP
Abstrakt	Koncepcja rolniczych obszarów HNV (ang. HNV farmland, lub HNVf) została wprowadzona do nauki i polityki gospodarczej Unii Europejskiej na przełomie dwóch ostatnich wieków, jako podstawa do skutecznych działań na rzecz przeciwdziałania dalszej redukcji bioróżnorodności na gruntach rolnych. Dotychczas ta ważna kwestia nie jest zadawalająco dyskutowana i prezentowana w piśmiennictwie polskim. W niniejszej pracy przeglądowej, stanowiącej przegląd i analizę europejskiej literatury naukowej, monografii i raportów unijnych, przedstawiono ważne zagadnienia, dotyczące definicji i typów rolniczych obszarów HNV, ich znaczenia przyrodniczego i gospodarczego oraz uzasadnienia realizacji programowej ochrony. Obszar rolniczy HNV stanowi grunty rolne, na których istnieje bogata bioróżnorodność o dużym znaczeniu dla ochrony gatunków, siedlisk i krajobrazów oraz stosowane są ekstensywne systemy rolnicze, które sprzyjają dalszemu trwaniu lub wzbogacania istniejącej tam agro-bioróżnorodności. Obszary HNV pozwalają realizować wiele funkcji oraz dostarczać dóbr publicznych, środowiskowych i społeczno-gospodarczych. Uznaje się, że najlepszym sposobem ochrony wysokich walorów przyrodniczych obszarów rolniczych jest prowadzenie na nich ekstensywnej lub niskonakładowej gospodarki rolniczej. Dla spełnienia tego postulatu UE nakłada na kraje członkowskie obowiązek wdrażania koncepcji obszarów HNV, polegający głównie na ich delimitacji oraz wielostronnym i elastycznym wspieraniu rolników na tych terenach w ramach Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej i innych polityk krajowych.
Abstract	The concept of HNV farmland (HNVf) was introduced to the science and economic policy of the European Union at the turn of the last two centuries as a basis for effective measures to stop further reduction of biodiversity on farmlands. So far, this important issue has not been successfully discussed and presented in the Polish literature. In this review paper, based on European scientific literature, monographs and EU reports, important issues have been presented regarding the definition and types of HNVf, their environmental and economic importance and the justification for the implementation of program protection. HNV farmlands include those agricultural lands where rich agro-biodiversity exists – which is important for general protection of species, habitats and landscapes – and where they are accompanied by extensive or/and low-input farming systems. HNVf allow us to perform many functions and provide public, environmental and socio-economic goods. It is recognized that the best way to protect the high nature value of agricultural areas is to conduct on them extensive or low-input farming systems. In order to meet this demand, the EU imposes on Member States the obligation to implement the concept of HNVf, consisting mainly in their delimitation and flexible support for farmers in these areas under the Common Agricultural Policy and other national policies.
Cytowanie	Roszkowska-Mądra B. (2018) Koncepcja i znaczenie obszarów rolniczych o wysokich walorach przyrodniczych.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 4: 417-425
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n4_s417.pdf