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Autor	Małgorzata Hybka
Tytuł	Schematy optymalizacji podatkowej europejskich struktur holdingowych
Title	Tax Optimization Schemes of the European Holding Structures
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Abstract	The aim of the article is to demonstrate the tax optimization possibilities that may be used by holding companies. The author presents the factors taken into account by the choice of holding company location, and characterizes two of the most attractive holding regimes – the Dutch and Cyprus ones. The article presents three tax optimal holding structures, most often applied. Moreover, it contains an analysis of the American and German foreign direct investment in holding companies by countries.
Cytowanie	Hybka M. (2012) Schematy optymalizacji podatkowej europejskich struktur holdingowych.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 97: 263-275
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2012_n97_s263.pdf

Autor	Tomasz Kondraszuk
Tytuł	Zasady ewidencji w uproszczonych systemach podatku dochodowego w Czechach i Polsce
Title	Simplified Income Tax System in the Czech Republic and Poland, with a Particular Emphasis on the Principles of Business Tax Records
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Abstract	The purpose of this paper is an attempt to analyze the simplified tax records in the Czech Republic and Poland. In the Czech Republic a cash register for the purpose of determining the tax costs in the SME sector is successfully used. In Poland, according to the author, using NRP does not meet the basic requirements for reducing the tax burden and reducing barriers to the establishment and operation of small businesses.
Cytowanie	Kondraszuk T. (2012) Zasady ewidencji w uproszczonych systemach podatku dochodowego w Czechach i Polsce.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 97: 249-262
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2012_n97_s249.pdf

Autor	Marek Kuźmicki
Tytuł	Aspiracje zawodowe przedsiębiorców a instytucjonalno- -systemowe uwarunkowania rozwoju przedsiębiorstw turystycznych
Title	THE CAREER ASPIRATIONS OF ENTREPRENEURS AND THE INSTITUTIONAL AND SYSTEMIC DEVELOPMENT CONDITIONS OF TOURIST ENTERPRISES
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Abstract	The aim of this study is to identify factors influencing the creation and development of tourist enterprises that provide accommodation and catering services in the Lubelskie Voivodship. It has been noted that the key determinants crucial to undertake businesses among the surveyed entrepreneurs are not only the need of self-realization and independence but also a willingness to have higher wages and better living standards. The vast majority of respondents positively evaluate the possibility of development of their businesses, despite the identification of institutional and systemic barriers. The most important barriers are the current policy of the state and local governments as well as currently functioning tax system.
Cytowanie	Kuźmicki M. (2012) Aspiracje zawodowe przedsiębiorców a instytucjonalno- -systemowe uwarunkowania rozwoju przedsiębiorstw turystycznych.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 95: 113-123
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2012_n95_s113.pdf

Autor	Natalia Maksimova
Tytuł	Tax Risks in Enterprise Activity
Title	Ryzyko podatkowe w działalności przedsiębiorstwa
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Abstrakt	W niniejszym artykule zostały omówione takie zagadnienia jak: definicja ryzyka w biznesie, istotne zagrożenia obejmujące przedsiębiorstwa, ryzyko naruszenia prawa podatkowego i ryzyko związane ze skutecznością mechanizmu podatkowego jako całości. Zostały omówione również uogólnione cechy charakterystyczne dla biznesu prowadzonego na Ukrainie. Na podstawie Ordynacji podatkowej określono także rodzaje sankcji stosowanych w przypadku popełnienia przestępstwa podatkowego.
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Cytowanie	Maksimova N. (2012) Tax Risks in Enterprise Activity.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 96: 29-39
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2012_n96_s29.pdf

Autor	Anna Kuzior
Tytuł	Odzwierciedlenie ryzyka utraty wartości aktywów w sprawozdaniu finansowym
Title	The Presentation of Risks of Impairment Losses in Financial Statement
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Abstract	The article presents problems concerning tests for impairment and impairment losses based on Polish accounting law. Impairment losses are caused by risks that the company will not obtain economic benefits from controlled assets. External and internal indications of impairment as well as the procedure of tests for impairment were described here. The values of assets which must be determined to answer the question if assets are impaired or not were depictured. Problems of differed tax assets connected with impairment losses were mentioned. Treatment and allocation of impairment losses were presented. The rules of their presentation in an income statement in a statement of changes in equity and in notes were shown.
Cytowanie	Kuzior A. (2012) Odzwierciedlenie ryzyka utraty wartości aktywów w sprawozdaniu finansowym.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 96: 143-153
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2012_n96_s143.pdf

Autor	Jarosław Mielcarek
Tytuł	Rachunek kosztów docelowych jako narzędzie analizy inwestycji w rolnictwie
Title	Agricultural Investment Analysis with Target Costing
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Abstract	The expression development for free cash flows to firm taking into account the flat-rate tax on special branches of agricultural production was necessary to use the target costing for the analysis of agricultural investment project. It made possible to present essential for this costing the appropriately changed formula for target minimum rate of return on sales therefore. The modified current unit cost for investment project was lower than the allowable cost. Discount criteria for acceptance of this project were fulfilled. The size of the safety margin and safety margin rate for current costs reached a level indicating a low risk of failure of the project.
Cytowanie	Mielcarek J. (2012) Rachunek kosztów docelowych jako narzędzie analizy inwestycji w rolnictwie.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 97: 111-125
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2012_n97_s111.pdf

Autor	Sławomir Juszczyk
Tytuł	Obciążenia fiskalne na przykładzie budżetu samorządu powiatowego
Title	FISCAL PAYMENTS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE COUNTY SELF-GOVERNMENT BUDGET
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Abstract	The paper focused on the fiscal payments of county budget in Piotrków Trybunalski. This is a case study due to the fact that this district is larger and was until 1998 the seat of the provincial government. However, the results may not be the basis for generalizations about all county self-governments. Nevertheless the results could be a basis for statement that the fiscal costs resulted from Value Added Tax (VAT) in respect of rental property. Further titles of the fiscal payments are the county government property taxes and agriculture and forestry taxes. Their level depends on the holding of the district and the applicable rates. These taxes are paid to local governments. The total fiscal payments of county self-government are relatively low and it can not be grounds to consider that as a threat of financial stability this self-government. The growing liabilities of the county self-government does not come out from the fiscal payments.
Cytowanie	Juszczyk S. (2011) Obciążenia fiskalne na przykładzie budżetu samorządu powiatowego.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 94: 99-108
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n94_s99.pdf

Autor	Wojciech Jagła, Wojciech Józwiak
Tytuł	Projekcja zmian w obciążeniach finansowych gospodarstw rolnych osób fizycznych i ich skutki
Title	Effects of the correction in the way of paying health insurance premiums and in the taxation of agricultural holdings owned by individuals
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Abstract	The incomes of agricultural holdings owned by individuals have increased about two-fold since 2004. However, the taxation, pension insurance and health insurance systems for agricultural population have remained with almost no change. As a result the share of the amount paid in form of taxes and social insurance premiums by the agricultural population in the incomes gained (about 11%) is much lower than that of other professional groups (about 24%). This article presents the results of simulation accounts based on an assumption that the farmers still pay land tax, but begin to pay also the personal income tax according to the rules valid in 2009 and health insurance premiums under existing rules. For the elaboration of the accounts empirical data of the Polish FADN, EAA and the Polish national statistic related to the period 2006–2008 was used. The results indicate that the share of these public commitments in the farm incomes increased to about 22%, but the share of growth-capable and potentially capable farms in the whole farms’ population declined from about 10 to 4%.
Cytowanie	Jagła W., Józwiak W. (2011) Projekcja zmian w obciążeniach finansowych gospodarstw rolnych osób fizycznych i ich skutki.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 94: 75-86
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n94_s75.pdf

Autor	Marta Postuła
Tytuł	System podatkowy – rozwiązania Unii Europejskiej i Polski w okresie po kryzysie
Title	The tax system – a solution the European Union and Polish in the period after the crisis
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Abstract	Financial and economic crisis faced public finances in many EU Member States with serious challenges. There is no doubt that activities designed to stimulate and maintain high economic growth rate must be accompanied by conducting a rational fiscal policy. As tax system can contribute to reducing the impact of global and European economic crisis – it is important to take deliberate actions in this respect at the level of European Union and individual member states. Therefore, this article outlines the planned changes in this field in Poland and on EU level.
Cytowanie	Postuła M. (2011) System podatkowy – rozwiązania Unii Europejskiej i Polski w okresie po kryzysie.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 94: 61-73
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n94_s61.pdf

Autor	Ryta Dziemianowicz, Renata Przygodzka
Tytuł	Podatek rolny i jego funkcje
Title	Farm Tax and Its Functions
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Abstract	The article attempts to evaluate the efficiency of the farm tax functions and to demonstrate that the farm tax does not serve any of the functions it was assigned to serve. Following the theory of taxation, it was assumed that these functions shall include: the fiscal, redistributive and the stimulating function. In order to achieve the objective and to verify the hypothesis, methods such as: studies of literature on the subject, analysis of the data contained in the reports of the local authorities, the FADN data analysis and the causal analysis were used. The carried out studies shown that the current farm tax structure does not ensure an effective implementation of its functions. It is evidenced by the fact that the farm tax is an income source for communes characterized by low efficiency since its share in the total income does not exceed 3% and the share in the own income – 2%. The redistributive function of the tax may be realized, but only when taking into account the income of farmers and other social groups. Redistribution does not occur within the sector. In turn, the incentives built into the tax structure do not encourage farmers to take the desired actions.
Cytowanie	Dziemianowicz R., Przygodzka R. (2011) Podatek rolny i jego funkcje.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 94: 49-60
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n94_s49.pdf

Autor	Olena Oliynyk
Tytuł	Agricultural Taxation in Ukraine: Challenges and Perspectives
Title	Opodatkowanie rolnictwa na Ukrainie: wyzwania i perspektywy
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Abstrakt	System opodatkowania rolnictwa na Ukrainie przekształcił się z mechanizmu fiskalnego w mechanizm dostarczenia dodatkowych środków finansowych za pomocą specjalnych zasad opodatkowania, funkcjonujących jako stały podatek rolny oraz specjalny system opodatkowania podatkiem VAT. W latach 2000–2009 podstawowy cel wprowadzenia specjalnych zasad opodatkowania w rolnictwie w postaci obniżenia ciężaru podatkowego został osiągnięty. Udział wpływów podatkowych z sektora rolnictwa w budżecie centralnym zmniejszył się o połowę. Jednocześnie na skutek wprowadzenia specjalnych zasad opodatkowania rolnictwo otrzymało znaczące środki finansowe, będące 2–3-krotnie wyższe niż wpływu podatkowe z sektora rolniczego. Mianowicie, wsparcie finansowe przez specjalne zasady opodatkowania podatkiem VAT w latach 2000–2008 wyniosło 31 mld UAH. Mimo krytyki, specjalne zasady opodatkowania rolnictwa pozostają najbardziej efektywnym instrumentem wsparcia rozwoju rolnictwa na Ukrainie, co uzasadnia ich dalsze funkcjonowanie w przyszłości, pod warunkiem korekty niektórych regulacji dotyczących stałego podatku rolnego oraz VAT.
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Cytowanie	Oliynyk O. (2011) Agricultural Taxation in Ukraine: Challenges and Perspectives.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 94: 39-48
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n94_s39.pdf

Autor	Anna Milewska
Tytuł	Podatek dochodowy z działów specjalnych w świetle obowiązujących przepisów prawnych
Title	INCOME TAX FROM SPECIAL BRANCHES IN THE EXISTING ACTS OF LAW
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Abstract	This article is devoted to the issue concerning the theoretical and practical aspects of the taxation of income from special branches of agricultural production. The article presents the basic definitions in this field as well as possibilities of income calculation and appropriate for their conduct of the taxpayer. The Author presented an analysis of the fiscal situation (the obligation to controlling the advance payment of income tax) using standard estimates of income and effects of changes in activity during the fiscal year. The results of the analysis are shown in numerical examples.
Cytowanie	Milewska A. (2011) Podatek dochodowy z działów specjalnych w świetle obowiązujących przepisów prawnych.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 94: 109-116
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n94_s109.pdf

Autor	Aleksandra Pisarska
Tytuł	Zakres stosowania przepisów podatkowych w szkołach wyższych w Polsce
Title	THE SCOPE OF TAX LEGISLATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION POLAND
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Abstract	The aim of this study is to establishment the obligation to apply (or exemption therefrom) legislation pertaining to taxation that is the category of economic income and economic events taking place at universities in Poland. In carrying out the tasks of public institutions of higher education depending on which sector operate and what is the source of funds managed by what the different ways of applying the principles of management. The entities are schools which, according to GUS were divided into thirteen groups. The study period covers the years 2005–2009. University’s core business is exempt from income tax, tax on goods and services, real estate tax, agricultural tax, forest tax, and tax on civil law as laid down in separate laws. The university is an autonomous entity in all areas of its activity, therefore, may also carry out economic activities organizationally and financially separate from the basic tasks listed. University autonomy is manifested in its actions in regard to freedom of teaching, research and freedom of artistic expression. Liberty University refers to a large extent accountable to the public on highly skilled workers, and to discover and promote the truth about the phenomena occurring in all areas of social and economic life. The tax exemption (in terms of income taxes) of all higher education institutions include basic tasks. Higher education institutions are also subject to the provisions of the Act on tax on goods and services (although the core of their business is exempt from the tax payers are his).
Cytowanie	Pisarska A. (2011) Zakres stosowania przepisów podatkowych w szkołach wyższych w Polsce.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 94: 117-131
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n94_s117.pdf

Autor	Magdalena Mądra, Mirosław Wasilewski
Tytuł	Wybrane aspekty wprowadzenia podatku dochodowego w gospodarstwach rolniczych
Title	SELECTED ASPECTS OF INCOME TAXATION INTRODUCTION IN AGRICULTURE FARMS
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Abstract	The elaboration presents farmers opinions concerning introducing income tax in agriculture farms, level of assessment rate and the legitimacy for replacing agriculture tax by lump-sum tax. The principle benefit of introducing the income tax in agriculture is the fact that the burden from this title will appear only situation when the farm obtains income. Furthermore higher income tax will be paid by farms with higher economic power. Accepted by majority assessment tax rate is 3% or 8.5%. Taxation based on income tax rules according to tax on physical and on legal bodies did not meet the approval of farmers. In farmer’s view the lump-sum tax, replacing agriculture tax, should be diversified according to financial situation in agriculture. The established amount of these tax should concern mainly the scale and type of agriculture production as well as it’s relation to cropland area.
Cytowanie	Mądra M., Wasilewski M. (2011) Wybrane aspekty wprowadzenia podatku dochodowego w gospodarstwach rolniczych.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 94: 133-147
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n94_s133.pdf

Autor	Kinga Gruziel
Tytuł	Opodatkowanie rolnictwa w krajach Unii Europejskiej
Title	Taxation of Agriculture in the UE
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Abstract	The paper identifies the main objectives of taxation of agriculture in selected countries of the European Union. Presents selected solutions of taxation of agriculture in general and preferential terms. Taxation of income from agricultural activities is a natural direction of changes in tax systems. Tax policy in the EU, in relation to agriculture, to the extent possible effect to the principle of fair taxation. Diversifying the EU rules and tax structure allows the taxation of income from agricultural activities without compromising the ability of farm development. Special treatment of agriculture in the fiscal dimension is expressed through the tax structure elements (relief, exemptions, exclusions).
Cytowanie	Gruziel K. (2011) Opodatkowanie rolnictwa w krajach Unii Europejskiej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 94: 149-158
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n94_s149.pdf

Autor	Anna Bernaziuk
Tytuł	Optymalizacje podatkowe jako przykład strategii podatkowych
Title	TAX RESTRUCTURING (I.E. TAX OPTIMIZATION) AS AN EXAMPLE OF TAX STRATEGIES
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Abstract	Tax restructuring (i.e. tax optimization) is based on analyzing assets of a company and identifying possible methods of classifying of these asset as tax deductible costs. The main goal of this classification is to reduce or entirely eliminate the tax liability. In the presented case the optimization is effectively a reduction of the tax liability by identifying assets and liabilities for tax effectiveness purposes. This presentation includes tax optimizations method applied in practice and based on empiric data. The process is based on the identification of a trade mark and subsequent contribution of the trade mark to a special purpose vehicle (SPV) which is set up as a partnership. Subsequently, the SPV charges the contributor with the resulting trade mark license fees and as a result the SPV is entitled to amortize the cost of the trade mark for tax purposes (reducing the tax liability).
Cytowanie	Bernaziuk A. (2011) Optymalizacje podatkowe jako przykład strategii podatkowych.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 94: 159-171
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n94_s159.pdf

Autor	Danuta Zawadzka
Tytuł	Znaczenie fiskalne podatku rolnego w gminach Pomorza Środkowego
Title	Fiscal importance of the agricultural tax in the municipalities of Middle Pomerania
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Abstract	The aim of this study is the evaluation the fiscal importance of agricultural tax in the municipalities of Middle Pomerania region. The evaluation was based on the analysis of the agricultural tax revenues in the municipalities of Middle Pomerania, and also on the basis of the share of these revenues in total municipalities’ revenues, the share of these revenues in municipalities own incomes, and on the evaluation of changes in the agricultural tax revenues in the years 1995–2009.
Cytowanie	Zawadzka D. (2011) Znaczenie fiskalne podatku rolnego w gminach Pomorza Środkowego.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 88: 243-256
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n88_s243.pdf

Autor	Rafał Rosiński
Tytuł	Opodatkowanie działalności rolniczej i gospodarczej w Polsce1
Title	Fiscal analysis of the tax burden of individual agricultural farms in Poland
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Abstract	Diversification of the tax burden in relation to particular sectors of the economy is dependent on the state tax policy. Analyses show that the agricultural tax as the tax burden of individual farms rather characteristic meets the property tax because it is in fact minimal relationship between paid agricultural tax and the income obtained.
Cytowanie	Rosiński R. (2011) Opodatkowanie działalności rolniczej i gospodarczej w Polsce1.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 88: 257-266
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n88_s257.pdf

Autor	Mirosław Wasilewski
Tytuł	Finansowanie rzeczowych aktywów trwałych z budżetu państwa (na przykładzie uczelni publicznych)
Title	Financing of fi xed assets from the state treasury (exemplifi ed by public institutions of higher education)
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Abstract	The aim of this paper is to find out determinants and options for purchasing fixed assets in state-operated institutions of higher education financed by the State Treasury. Based on applicable law that regulates the possibility of State Treasury’s financing of purchase or unaided production of fixed assets in public institutions of higher education, a detailed analysis was performed. An examination of the currently valid method and a procedure of fixed assets financing revealed difficulties encountered by institutions of higher education in the course of investments financed with State Treasury funds. Applicable statutory regulations concernig the limitation of financing of fixed assets with a subsidy specifically designated for the purchase or production of fixed assets contain significant complications, thus restricting operations and development of institutions of higher education. Values provided in taxation law, allowing for one-off depreciation or introducing limits for one-off depreciation are applicable to certain values, different groups of fixed assets and different businesses (that pay income tax). An institution of higher education is not a payer of income tax and as such it makes use of balance sheet regulations only (based on accounting policy), and it does not make use of tax policy. Tax reliefs do not impact on effectiveness of management of resources of an institution of higher education, and recording of one-off depreciation of fixed assets with a final value below an amount allowed for such depreciation results in the deformaion of financial result and economic/financial image of such an institution.
Cytowanie	Wasilewski M. (2011) Finansowanie rzeczowych aktywów trwałych z budżetu państwa (na przykładzie uczelni publicznych).Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 89: 5-16
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n89_s5.pdf

Autor	Daniela Zabielska
Tytuł	Uwarunkowania zasad funkcjonowania podatku VAT w gospodarstwach rolnych
Title	Conditioning of the operation of the VAT rules in agricultural
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Abstract	In the paper methods of accounting for VAT were presented and compared between flatclears farmers and farmers – payers of VAT in general principles. For example, the selected farms was showed measurable financial benefits when the farmer has been giving up the flat-rate VAT system. It was presented the views of 50 farmers from the Podlaskie voivodship about experiences with the transition to pay VAT in general principles. The results of research which shows that the main cause of change in accounting, particularly for farmers investing in fixed assets (machinery and buildings), there are high returns on the excess input tax due, taxpayers may have to spend on further development of his farm. It also showed that farmers’ knowledge on the economic benefits of altering the status of flat clearers farmer to farmer who pay VAT in general principles is more available and farmers are increasingly inclined to opt for such a solution. Farmers keeping VAT accounts and records often rely entities possessing the necessary expertise in tax matters.
Cytowanie	Zabielska D. (2011) Uwarunkowania zasad funkcjonowania podatku VAT w gospodarstwach rolnych.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 89: 61-74
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n89_s61.pdf