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Autor	Marta Wiśniewska
Tytuł	Wpływ pandemii koronawirusa (Covid-19) na zachowania inwestorów w świetle finansów behawioralnych
Title	THE IMPACT OF THE CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19) PANDEMIC ON INVESTORS’ BEHAVIOUR IN THE LIGHT OF BEHAVIOURAL FINANCE
Słowa kluczowe	pandemia koronawirusa, finanse behawioralne, decyzje inwestycyjne
Key words	coronavirus pandemic, behavioural finance, investment decisions
Abstrakt	Celem badań było poznanie opinii maklerów papierów wartościowych pracujących na GPW Warszawie, dotyczących zachowań polskich inwestorów w obliczu pandemii koronawirusa COVID-19. Badaniami objęto grupę 51 maklerów giełdowych, reprezentujących domy maklerskie o długiej historii działania. Stwierdzono, że uwarunkowania psychologiczne ludzi i nastroje panujące na giełdzie odgrywają istotną rolę w procesie decyzyjnym, a nieracjonalne zachowania inwestorów, w tym w dużej mierze efekty stadne, są podczas pandemii szczególnie widoczne. Z badań wynika, że pojawienie się koronawirusa nie wpłynęło na obniżenie aktywności polskich inwestorów. Odnotowano tym samym wyraźny wzrost zainteresowania akcjami spółek notowanych na GPW S.A. Zachowania i stosunek uczestników rynku do ryzyka był zmienny wobliczu rozwijającej się pandemii, co przejawiało się m.in. szybkim kupowaniem przecenionych walorów czy gwałtowaną wyprzedażą aktywów. Za najważniejszy czynnik wpływający na kształtowanie notowań w trakcie pandemii COVID-19 uznano ogólne zmiany na rynku krajowym i na rynkach globalnych.
Abstract	The aim of the research was to find out the opinions of stockbrokers working at the WarsawStock Exchange regarding the behaviour of Polish investors in the face of the coronavirus(COVID-19) pandemic. The research was carried out among 51 stockbrokers representingbrokerage houses with a long history of operations. It has been found that psychologicalconditions of people and stock market sentiments play an important role in the decision-makingprocess, and irrational investor behaviours, including largely herd effects, are particularly evidentduring the pandemic. The research shows that the occurrence of the coronavirus has not reducedthe activity of Polish investors. Thus, significantly growing interest in shares of companies listedon the Warsaw Stock Exchange has been noted. The behaviour and attitude of market participantstowards risk were volatile during the developing pandemic, which manifested itself in rapid buyingof overvalued assets or rapid selling of assets.
Cytowanie	Wiśniewska M. (2022) Wpływ pandemii koronawirusa (Covid-19) na zachowania inwestorów w świetle finansów behawioralnych.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 27(76): 111-122
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2022_n76_s111.pdf

Autor	Agieszka Parlińska
Tytuł	Wyzwania e-learningu w czasie pandemii w Polsce
Title	E-LEARNING CHALLENGES IN POLAND DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Słowa kluczowe	COVID-19, e-learning, nauczanie na odległość, edukacja zdalna
Key words	COVID-19, e-learning, distance learning, remote education
Abstrakt	Głównym celem pracy było ukazanie konieczności podjęcia nowych wyzwań w edukacji z wykorzystaniem metod e-learningowych w Polsce w latach 2019-2021. Nowym podejściem oraz celem i wartością dodaną opracowania było wzbogacenie wiedzy na temat wykorzystania nowych metod dydaktycznych i badawczych w sytuacji pandemii, ale także po niej.Do realizacji celu wykorzystano metodę analizy i krytyki literatury, a także analizę wskaźnikową opartą na danych historycznych z GUS, EUROSTATU i obserwacji własnej.Przeprowadzone badania pozwoliły na sformułowanie kilku wniosków związanych z czynnikami wpływającymi na e-learning, takimi jak dostęp do Internetu, stosowane narzędzia oraz kompetencje cyfrowe nauczycieli i uczniów. Przedstawiono również krótką analizę SWOT, co jest kluczowe dla przyszłości e-learningu.
Abstract	The main objective of the paper is to show the new challenges for education that arose inPoland from 2019-2021, and the use of e-learning methods. This new approach, and the purposeand added value of this study, is to enrich the knowledge of the use of new teaching and researchmethods gained during the Covid-19 pandemic and applicability to pandemics generally, as wellas continued use of these methods afterwards..To achieve the objective, the method of literature analysis and critique was used, as well as aratio analysis based on historical data from Statistics Poland (GUS), EUROSTAT and the author’sown first-hand observations as a university educator.The research results helped to formulate several conclusions regarding the factors whichinfluence effective e-learning, such as: internet access and quality; the availability of adequatesoftware, hardware and other tools; and the digital competence of teachers and students. A shortSWOT analyse is also presented to highlight key considerations that are crucial for the future of elearning.
Cytowanie	Parlińska A. (2022) Wyzwania e-learningu w czasie pandemii w Polsce.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 27(76): 80-88
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2022_n76_s80.pdf

Autor	Daniel Błażejczyk, Anna Milewska
Tytuł	Program „Rodzina 500+” szansą na rozwiązanie problemów polityki rodzinnej i demograficznej
Title	POLAND’S “FAMILY 500+” PROGRAM AS AN OPPORTUNITY TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS OF FAMILY AND DEMOGRAPHIC POLICY
Słowa kluczowe	„Program 500+”, finanse, efektywność, dzietność
Key words	“Family 500+” programme, finance, effectiveness, fertility
Abstrakt	Głównym celem artykułu było zbadanie efektów wprowadzenia programu „Rodzina 500+” w kontekście społeczno-ekonomicznym. Autorzy preferowali podejście interdyscyplinarne w badaniu konsekwencji programu. W tym celu szczególną uwagę poświęcono na weryfikację i analizę założeń, jakie stawiał sobie pomysłodawca programu. Głównym zakresem badań była dzietność, której poprawa jest kluczowym celem programu. Zestawienie tych założeń z danymi statystycznymi dało odpowiedź na pytanie, czy program jest skuteczny i spełnia swoją rolę. Do zbadania efektów programu wykorzystano dane z lat 2015-2019.Ważnym aspektem była także weryfikacja efektywności w aspekcie ekonomicznym i społecznym. Istotnym zamiarem było także przybliżenie historii programu „Rodzina 500+”, jego założeń, finansowania i zakładanej zmiany w podejściu do polityki prodemograficznej w Polsce.
Abstract	The goal of this article was to identify and characterize the socio-economic effects of theintroduction of the “Family 500+” program in Poland. The research part focused on checking theimplementation of the assumptions, which were placed on the introduction of the "Family 500+"program. The main focus of the study was fertility, the improvement of which is a key goal of theprogram.The research methods used in the article were: data analysis method - data on the number ofbirths of children in Poland, the fertility rate as well as the method of synthesis, inference andinterpretation were analyzed. On the basis of the data analysis, conclusions were drawn and theirnature explained. This was done in order to reflect on the effectiveness of public spending on the"Family 500+" program.To achieve the intended objective, research and analysis were carried out using selectedindicators and statistical data. Their results allowed to verify the effectiveness of public fundsspent on the indicated program.
Cytowanie	Błażejczyk D., Milewska A. (2022) Program „Rodzina 500+” szansą na rozwiązanie problemów polityki rodzinnej i demograficznej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 27(76): 58-67
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2022_n76_s58.pdf

Autor	Małgorzata Garstka
Tytuł	Dostęp do informacji finansowej w następstwie zmian wielkości przedsiębiorstw spowodowanych kryzysem COVID-19
Title	ACCESSIBILITY OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION IN RELATION TO CHANGES IN SIZE OF ENTITIES CAUSED BY THE COVID‐19 CRISIS
Słowa kluczowe	MSP, informacja finansowa, jakość informacji, sprawozdanie finansowe
Key words	SMEs, financial information, quality of information, financial statement
Abstrakt	Konsekwencje pandemii wirusa Covid-19 dla jakości i zakresu informacji finansowej generowanej przez rachunkowość są złożone. Zakres sprawozdania finansowego oraz obowiązek badania zależą od klasyfikacji jednostek dokonywanej ze względu na ich wielkość. Zakres ten jest węższy dla jednostek małych i mikro. Kryzys może wpłynąć na wielkość podmiotów, a tym samym na ich miejsce w tej klasyfikacji i zakres ujawnianych przez nie informacji. Celem jest wstępna weryfikacja tego czy - jeśli po pandemii nadal będzie takie zapotrzebowanie na informacje jak dawniej, zostanie ono zaspokojone. Dostęp do informacji wiąże się z poziomem bezpieczeństwa prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej. Rozwiązaniem problemu braku wystarczającej informacji może być wprowadzenie zmian w kryteriach zaliczania podmiotów do MSP oraz w obowiązku badania sprawozdań finansowych. Zastosowana metodologia to analiza regulacji i wnioskowanie. Pozwoliła ona stwierdzić, że skutki pandemii w postaci rosnącej liczby jednostek mikro i małych mogą ograniczyć dostęp do informacji. Wartością dodaną artykułu jest wskazanie i uzasadnienie potrzeby weryfikacji kryteriów klasyfikacji jednostek.
Abstract	The consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic on the quality and scope of financialinformation prepared by accounting are complex. The scope of the financial statement and theobligation to audit depend on the classification of units based on their size. The required scope isnarrower for micro and small entities than it is for larger organizations. The crisis may haveinfluenced the size of entities and by that their classification and the scope of information that theyneed to disclose. The goal of this article is to verify whether post-pandemic demands forinformation, assuming it will be the same as pre-pandemic, can be fulfilled. The accessibility ofinformation is connected with the level of security of engaging in business activities. Makingchanges in the criteria of an entity’s inclusion as an SME and in its obligation to audit can be onesolution for the problem of insufficient information. The methodology used in this study is analysisof regulations and deductive reasoning. It showed that the effects of the pandemic, particularly theincrease in the number of micro and small entities, can limit the accessibility of information. Thisarticle contributes to the scientific literature by displaying and justifying the need to verify theclassification criteria of businesses and other entities.
Cytowanie	Garstka M. (2022) Dostęp do informacji finansowej w następstwie zmian wielkości przedsiębiorstw spowodowanych kryzysem COVID-19.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 27(76): 30-42
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2022_n76_s30.pdf

Autor	Oladimeji Oladele, Danlami Yakubu
Tytuł	Determinants of Use of Climate Change Adaptation Practices by Rice Farmers in Kebbi State, North-West Nigeria
Title	Determinants of Use of Climate Change Adaptation Practices by Rice Farmers in Kebbi State, North-West Nigeria
Słowa kluczowe	climate change, smallholder farmers, Nigeria, climate adaptation, adoption, livelihoods
Key words	climate change, smallholder farmers, Nigeria, climate adaptation, adoption, livelihoods
Abstrakt	Rice productivity and sustainability are threatened by both biotic and abiotic stresses, the effects of which can be further aggravated by dramatic changes in global climate. The most viable option for rice farmers is to use climate change adaptation practices. This study therefore investigated the determinants of use of climate change adaptation practices among rice farmers in Kebbi State, North-West, Nigeria. Data were collected from a sample of 279 farmers selected using a multistage sampling procedure. The results of the data analysis revealed that the farmers used improved rice varieties, intercropping, recommended rates of fertilizers and other chemicals as climate change adaptation practices among others. Education, climate change awareness, and extension contact significantly influenced the use of climate change adaptation practices among the farmers. Other determinants of use of climate change adaptation practices among the farmers were years of cooperative membership, affordability, farming experience, weather information and farm size. It was concluded that use of climate change adaptation practices was determined by socioeconomic, institutional and technological characteristics. It is recommended among others that government policy should be geared towards encouraging the farmers especially the younger ones to acquire more formal education, larger farmlands and more climate change awareness.
Abstract	Rice productivity and sustainability are threatened by both biotic and abiotic stresses, the effects of which can be further aggravated by dramatic changes in global climate. The most viable option for rice farmers is to use climate change adaptation practices. This study therefore investigated the determinants of use of climate change adaptation practices among rice farmers in Kebbi State, North-West, Nigeria. Data were collected from a sample of 279 farmers selected using a multistage sampling procedure. The results of the data analysis revealed that the farmers used improved rice varieties, intercropping, recommended rates of fertilizers and other chemicals as climate change adaptation practices among others. Education, climate change awareness, and extension contact significantly influenced the use of climate change adaptation practices among the farmers. Other determinants of use of climate change adaptation practices among the farmers were years of cooperative membership, affordability, farming experience, weather information and farm size. It was concluded that use of climate change adaptation practices was determined by socioeconomic, institutional and technological characteristics. It is recommended among others that government policy should be geared towards encouraging the farmers especially the younger ones to acquire more formal education, larger farmlands and more climate change awareness.
Cytowanie	Oladele O., Yakubu D. (2021) Determinants of Use of Climate Change Adaptation Practices by Rice Farmers in Kebbi State, North-West Nigeria.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 21(36), z. 1: 52-69
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2021_T21(36)_n1_s52.pdf

Autor	Adenike Olayungbo
Tytuł	Land Use and Land Cover Change Detection Using Remote Geospatial Techniques: A Case Study of an Urban City in Southwestern, Nigeria
Title	Land Use and Land Cover Change Detection Using Remote Geospatial Techniques: A Case Study of an Urban City in Southwestern, Nigeria
Słowa kluczowe	land use, land cover, change detection, landsat images, supervised classification, Nigeria
Key words	land use, land cover, change detection, landsat images, supervised classification, Nigeria
Abstrakt	Many cities in developing countries are experiencing ecosystem modification and change. Today, about 10 million hectares of the world’s forest cover have been converted to other land uses. In Nigeria, there is an estimated increase of 8.75 million ha of cropland and decrease of about 1.71 million ha of forest cover between 1995 to 2020, indicating that Nigeria has been undergoing a wide range of land use and land cover changes. This paper analyses the changes in land use/cover in Ila Orangun, Southwestern, Nigeria from 1986 to 2018, with a view to providing adequate information on the pattern and trend of land use and land cover changes for proper monitoring and effective planning. The study utilized satellite images from Landsat 1986, 2002 and 2018. Remote sensing and Geographical Information System techniques as well as supervised image classification method were used to assess the magnitude of changes in the city over the study period. The results show that 26.36% of forest cover and 44.48% of waterbody were lost between the period of 1986 and 2018. There was a rapid increase in crop land by 365.7% and gradual increase in built-up areas by 103.85% at an annual rate of 3.25%. Forest was the only land cover type that recorded a constant reduction in areal extent. The study concluded that the changes in land use and land cover is a result of anthropogenic activities in the study area.
Abstract	Many cities in developing countries are experiencing ecosystem modification and change. Today, about 10 million hectares of the world’s forest cover have been converted to other land uses. In Nigeria, there is an estimated increase of 8.75 million ha of cropland and decrease of about 1.71 million ha of forest cover between 1995 to 2020, indicating that Nigeria has been undergoing a wide range of land use and land cover changes. This paper analyses the changes in land use/cover in Ila Orangun, Southwestern, Nigeria from 1986 to 2018, with a view to providing adequate information on the pattern and trend of land use and land cover changes for proper monitoring and effective planning. The study utilized satellite images from Landsat 1986, 2002 and 2018. Remote sensing and Geographical Information System techniques as well as supervised image classification method were used to assess the magnitude of changes in the city over the study period. The results show that 26.36% of forest cover and 44.48% of waterbody were lost between the period of 1986 and 2018. There was a rapid increase in crop land by 365.7% and gradual increase in built-up areas by 103.85% at an annual rate of 3.25%. Forest was the only land cover type that recorded a constant reduction in areal extent. The study concluded that the changes in land use and land cover is a result of anthropogenic activities in the study area.
Cytowanie	Olayungbo A. (2021) Land Use and Land Cover Change Detection Using Remote Geospatial Techniques: A Case Study of an Urban City in Southwestern, Nigeria.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 21(36), z. 2: 4-14
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2021_T21(36)_n2_s4.pdf

Autor	Mary Pleños
Tytuł	The Determinants of Fish Catch: A Quantile Regression Approach
Title	The Determinants of Fish Catch: A Quantile Regression Approach
Słowa kluczowe	quantile regression, fishers, catch
Key words	quantile regression, fishers, catch
Abstrakt	The goal of this study is to use quantile regression (QR) to find predictors of fishers’ catch and compare it with OLS regression. The heterogeneous association across the different quantiles of the catch distribution was investigated using QR analysis. The findings reveal that the effect changes depending on where a fisher is in the catch distribution. In the OLS, there are several non-significant predictors that appear to be significant in quantile regression. By OLS regression, demographic variables have little effect on fishers’ catch; but, in quantile regression, marital status, fishing hours, and use of motorized boats appeared to have a relatively high impact at the top of the distribution.
Abstract	The goal of this study is to use quantile regression (QR) to find predictors of fishers’ catch and compare it with OLS regression. The heterogeneous association across the different quantiles of the catch distribution was investigated using QR analysis. The findings reveal that the effect changes depending on where a fisher is in the catch distribution. In the OLS, there are several non-significant predictors that appear to be significant in quantile regression. By OLS regression, demographic variables have little effect on fishers’ catch; but, in quantile regression, marital status, fishing hours, and use of motorized boats appeared to have a relatively high impact at the top of the distribution.
Cytowanie	Pleños M. (2021) The Determinants of Fish Catch: A Quantile Regression Approach.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 21(36), z. 2: 15-21
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2021_T21(36)_n2_s15.pdf

Autor	Solomon Adesoji, Banji Adisa, Abiodun Agboola, Adedayo Ajayi, Dorcas Alabi, Julius Ayinde, Olanike Deji, Olajide Filusi, Toyin Ojo, Oladimeji Oladele, Aanuoluwapo Opayinka
Tytuł	Participatory Development of Demand-Driven Curriculum for Career-Ready E-Extension Services in Nigeria
Title	Participatory Development of Demand-Driven Curriculum for Career-Ready E-Extension Services in Nigeria
Słowa kluczowe	participatory curriculum, career- ready, e- extension services, stakeholders, Nigeria
Key words	participatory curriculum, career- ready, e- extension services, stakeholders, Nigeria
Abstrakt	This paper described and contextualized participatory development of demand-driven curriculum for career-ready e-extension services in Nigeria as introduced by the Sasakawa Africa Fund for Extension Education. The stages of participatory development were participatory need assessment, participatory stakeholders’ workshop and validation among 124 stakeholders selected as key informants in relation to agricultural extension training, delivery, end users and policy makers. The stakeholders were grouped as follows: community leaders and policy makers; extension agencies / organisations / institutions / employers; farmers; input suppliers / marketers / agro-based traders / other value actors; and potential candidate groups. Stakeholder meetings were held separately with different groups three times, and then a combined meeting took place. The aggregated major decisions/consensus were subjected to content analysis using ATLAS.ti. The validation process included reading of each agreed decision to all participants, then participants indicated their agreement or otherwise, which led to either rejection or acceptance of the decision. This paper concludes that participatory curriculum development has enhanced the stakeholders to identify areas of demand-driven training in response to community needs. The stakeholders preferred more online than face-to-face training. The major perceived advantages of e-extension were reduced risk, time and cost effectiveness while infrastructural and human challenges were the perceived challenges that could possibly hinder the smooth running of e extension.
Abstract	This paper described and contextualized participatory development of demand-driven curriculum for career-ready e-extension services in Nigeria as introduced by the Sasakawa Africa Fund for Extension Education. The stages of participatory development were participatory need assessment, participatory stakeholders’ workshop and validation among 124 stakeholders selected as key informants in relation to agricultural extension training, delivery, end users and policy makers. The stakeholders were grouped as follows: community leaders and policy makers; extension agencies / organisations / institutions / employers; farmers; input suppliers / marketers / agro-based traders / other value actors; and potential candidate groups. Stakeholder meetings were held separately with different groups three times, and then a combined meeting took place. The aggregated major decisions/consensus were subjected to content analysis using ATLAS.ti. The validation process included reading of each agreed decision to all participants, then participants indicated their agreement or otherwise, which led to either rejection or acceptance of the decision. This paper concludes that participatory curriculum development has enhanced the stakeholders to identify areas of demand-driven training in response to community needs. The stakeholders preferred more online than face-to-face training. The major perceived advantages of e-extension were reduced risk, time and cost effectiveness while infrastructural and human challenges were the perceived challenges that could possibly hinder the smooth running of e extension.
Cytowanie	Adesoji S., Adisa B., Agboola A., Ajayi A., Alabi D., Ayinde J., Deji O., Filusi O., Ojo T., Oladele O., Opayinka A. (2021) Participatory Development of Demand-Driven Curriculum for Career-Ready E-Extension Services in Nigeria.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 21(36), z. 3: 14-23
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2021_T21(36)_n3_s14.pdf

Autor	S.H. Pushpa Malkanthi
Tytuł	Outlook of Present Organic Agriculture Policies and Future Needs in Sri Lanka
Title	Outlook of Present Organic Agriculture Policies and Future Needs in Sri Lanka
Słowa kluczowe	conventional agriculture, organic agriculture, organic farming policies, Sri Lanka
Key words	conventional agriculture, organic agriculture, organic farming policies, Sri Lanka
Abstrakt	Many countries are formulating organic agriculture or organic farming policies aimed at sustainable agricultural development. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: to understand the present situation of organic agriculture policies in Sri Lanka and also in other countries where successful organic agriculture is operating; identify problems in the organic agriculture sector; and suggest potential policy measures to be implemented in Sri Lanka in future. The research was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, a thorough literature review was conducted to study the suitable policies available in other countries and also in Sri Lanka at present. In the second stage, two field surveys were carried out using pre-tested questionnaires, from December 2019 to May 2020, in order to gather farmers’ and extension officers’ information related to organic farming policy suggestions. According to the findings of the literature review, organic systems in some countries are more integrated with national strategic plans and visions. Those governments are more involved in new initiatives and farmers are encouraged to go organic through reliable and feasible policies. Although Sri Lanka has a high potential for organic agriculture, at present it is at an initial stage. While most organic products in Sri Lanka go to the export market, a small portion is kept at local markets. Demand for organic products in export as well as domestic markets is increasing. Even though there are seven international food certification agencies operating in the country as external inspection and certification bodies, a limited number of accredited certifications exist for products on the domestic market. Results of the farmers’ survey showed that even if farmers have a significant level of knowledge, few of them practice organic farming due to several existing problems. Moreover, extension officers have also identified similar types of problems that are faced by the farmers related to organic farming. Evaluation of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) related to organic agriculture in the country helped to identify key problems facing policy-makers when balancing the supply and demand sides of organic products. Also, in developing organic agriculture, an effective linkage and coordination among government and private participants is crucial. Therefore, in Sri Lanka in this context, strategic focus on policy support for organic agriculture is needed. Current organic farming programs need to be revised in order to formulate policies covering all areas related to production, handling, processing, certification, labeling and marketing, in order to bring the benefits of organic agriculture to farmers, marketers and consumers in a fair manner.
Abstract	Many countries are formulating organic agriculture or organic farming policies aimed at sustainable agricultural development. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: to understand the present situation of organic agriculture policies in Sri Lanka and also in other countries where successful organic agriculture is operating; identify problems in the organic agriculture sector; and suggest potential policy measures to be implemented in Sri Lanka in future. The research was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, a thorough literature review was conducted to study the suitable policies available in other countries and also in Sri Lanka at present. In the second stage, two field surveys were carried out using pre-tested questionnaires, from December 2019 to May 2020, in order to gather farmers’ and extension officers’ information related to organic farming policy suggestions. According to the findings of the literature review, organic systems in some countries are more integrated with national strategic plans and visions. Those governments are more involved in new initiatives and farmers are encouraged to go organic through reliable and feasible policies. Although Sri Lanka has a high potential for organic agriculture, at present it is at an initial stage. While most organic products in Sri Lanka go to the export market, a small portion is kept at local markets. Demand for organic products in export as well as domestic markets is increasing. Even though there are seven international food certification agencies operating in the country as external inspection and certification bodies, a limited number of accredited certifications exist for products on the domestic market. Results of the farmers’ survey showed that even if farmers have a significant level of knowledge, few of them practice organic farming due to several existing problems. Moreover, extension officers have also identified similar types of problems that are faced by the farmers related to organic farming. Evaluation of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) related to organic agriculture in the country helped to identify key problems facing policy-makers when balancing the supply and demand sides of organic products. Also, in developing organic agriculture, an effective linkage and coordination among government and private participants is crucial. Therefore, in Sri Lanka in this context, strategic focus on policy support for organic agriculture is needed. Current organic farming programs need to be revised in order to formulate policies covering all areas related to production, handling, processing, certification, labeling and marketing, in order to bring the benefits of organic agriculture to farmers, marketers and consumers in a fair manner.
Cytowanie	Malkanthi S. (2021) Outlook of Present Organic Agriculture Policies and Future Needs in Sri Lanka.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 21(36), z. 3: 55-72
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2021_T21(36)_n3_s55.pdf

Autor	Irena Achonen, Greta Gruodė, Jolita Variakojiene
Tytuł	Pandemic Impact on Lithuania‘s tour operators
Title
Słowa kluczowe	tour operators, COVID-19, pandemic, tourism, Lithuania
Key words
Abstrakt	Lithuania tourism market was one of the fastest growing in Europe in 2019. Allaround the globe 2019 was a year of records for travelling, but 2020 changed everything.At the moment COVID-19 pandemic is one of the most important and relevant factor forinfluencing Tourism sector. It changed the way we‘re working, travelling, communicating, ithad a huge negative effect on specific sectors there people meet, spend time together. Touroperators are one of the most affected in the business world because of economic and politicalreasons: for most of the year countries have travelling restrictions, borders closed, obligationfor testing before and after travelling and in general consumer behaviour is changed due tothe safety reasons. This paper aims to analyze the impact of pandemic to Lithuania‘s Touroperators as well as present the overview of previous year numbers of tourism. Qantativeresearch – a survey was conducted with the most active Lithuania‘s tour operators, workingwith inbound, outbound and domestic tourism in order to find out their opinion of previousyear and currently happening change. Results are presented in a paper. Topic is extreemlyrelevant these days and the paper reveal the current situation in Lithuania‘s travel market.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Achonen I., Gruodė G., Variakojiene J.
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Pełny tekst	TIRR_2021_n15_s59.pdf

Autor	Rolan Albornoz, Stanislava Kontsevaya, Svetlana Kontsevaya, Luboš Smutka
Tytuł	METHODOLOGY FOR ESTIMATION THE EFFICIENCY OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Title
Słowa kluczowe	land assets, economic efficiency, ecological efficiency, criteria, methods, soil quality
Key words
Abstrakt	Paper devoted estimation of the efficiency of agricultural land in the Russian Federation. Land is the main production factor in agriculture, hence it is important to know the effective usage of land. Land efficiency could be evaluated in different ways. In this paper, it was suggested to use as factors – feed units received from 1 ha arable land, amount of growing production in fair price in 1 ha, gross and net profit per 1 ha. Also, methodology suggested calculating potential yield and the potential cost of arable land, using a score of soil quality. The paper aims to suggest a methodology of economic efficiency. Case study base on agricultural company Kolos, Russia.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Albornoz R., Kontsevaya S., Kontsevaya S., Smutka L.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2021_n5_s56.pdf

Autor	Zuzana Bajusová, Ľudmila Dobošová, Ľubomír Gurčík, Jana Ladvenicová
Tytuł	FINANCIAL CONTROLLING AND LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC
Title
Słowa kluczowe	liquidity, indicators, agricultural companies, financial controlling
Key words
Abstrakt	Controlling as an in-house management system is not only focused on profit management and cost control,in a selected region of the Slovak Republic. Liquidity is the ability of a company to transform assets into money and pay its liabilities on time. Effective financial management is one of the basic tasks of financial control. The main source of information for this control is the financial statement of companies. Based on the data from the financial statements of agricultural enterprises operating in the Nitra Region, we quantified and evaluated the development of current, quick, and cash ratio liquidity, as well as credit less and corrected liquidity for the period 2015–2019. The Nitra Region is one of the regions where agricultural activity has favourable conditions for its development. We analysed a total of 149 farms. From the point of view of the legal form, agricultural cooperatives show more favourable results of ʽclassic’ and credit fewer liquidities in all years. On the contrary, from the point of view of the calculation of corrected liquidities, which take into account the binding of selected items of assets and liabilities, trading companies achieve better results than agricultural cooperatives.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Bajusová Z., Dobošová Ľ., Gurčík Ľ., Ladvenicová J.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2021_n5_s29.pdf

Autor	Stefaniia Belinska, Ondrej Beňuš, Peter Bielik, Miriam Buliková
Tytuł	EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF TAX POLICY ON THE ASSETS OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	agricultural enterprise, tax, tax burden, tax implications, tax policy
Key words
Abstrakt	Every taxpayer is obliged to pay tax on their profits, but if taxpayers feel that the government is opaque and ineffective with their taxes, their willingness to pay taxes is reduced. At the same time, the higher the tax rate for tax subjects, the lower their interest in paying taxes. The optimal tax burden should be a burden that encourages people to work and stimulate businesses to create value. Each state seeks to maximize tax revenues as part of its tax policy, while at the same time ensuring that the tax system does not interfere with the economy or negatively affect the business environment. The state strives to maintain the most optimal state tax system and to support the market economy and competitiveness. Therefore, the state must have a tax administration that can collect taxes efficiently, and consequently, the tax system in the state should be such that the redistribution of collected taxes will be as efficient and fair as possible. The main goal of the article is to examine the dependence of tax policy on the agricultural business economy and find an effective variant of enterprise income taxation, which should have a positive impact on the business activity and competitiveness of companies in the selected sector of the economy and such taxation still would be beneficial for the state. The article will also set out some hypotheses based on the gained theoretical knowledge, as well as on the set research question.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Belinska S., Beňuš O., Bielik P., Buliková M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2021_n5_s22.pdf

Autor	Tetiana Balanovska, Olga Gogulya, Volodymyr Kharchenko, Hanna Kharchenko
Tytuł	COGNITIVE MODELLING OF AN EFFECTIVE SYSTEM OF INFORMATION SUPPORT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	information support, cognitive approach, modelling, forecasting, poorly structured system, cognitive modelling of efficiency of functioning of the information system of agricultural entrepreneurship
Key words
Abstrakt	This article encompasses the methodology of cognitive modelling of complex poorly structured systems. Based on the expert method and with the help of this modelling methodology, the main factors that influence the effectiveness of information support of agricultural entrepreneurship were identified and the direction of their action was determined. There has been developed a cognitive map that reflects the cumulative impact of various factors on each other, as well as on the effectiveness of the information system for agricultural entrepreneurship. Hidden patterns between factors influencing the effectiveness of information support of agricultural entrepreneurship are revealed based on the cognitive map. The scenario approach is simulated based on different trends that reflect the current situation. This model allows us to further evaluate the performance of the system of information support of agricultural entrepreneurship under the influence of the environment, to predict its development, as well as to develop optimal strategic decisions that are aimed at ensuring sustainable development.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Balanovska T., Gogulya O., Kharchenko V., Kharchenko H.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2020_n4_s55.pdf

Autor	Yılmaz Toktaş
Tytuł	SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COVID-19 CASES AND GLOBALISATION IN EUROPE
Title	Analiza przestrzenna relacji między przypadkami Covid-19 a globalizacją w Europie
Słowa kluczowe	spatial analyses, Covid-19, Europe, globalisation
Key words	analizy przestrzenne, Covid-19, Europa, globalizacja
Abstrakt	With the globalisation process, economic, social and political structures have become more and more intertwined. Due to the current Covid-19 pandemic, it has been observed that epidemics such as Covid-19 are globalising and that they turn into pandemics on a global scale. In this study, it is suggested that, along with Covid-19’s distinctive abilities such as spreading rapidly, the fact that the world has become more mobile and integrated due to globalisation is considered to have an impact on the pandemic; thus, the effect of globalisation on Covid-19 cases in European countries was investigated through spatial analysis methods. The results of Moran’s I test carried out on Covid-19 cases in European countries suggest that there is positive autocorrelation. According to the LISA analysis results, it was found that the UK, the Netherlands, France, and Belgium not only have a higher number of Covid-19 cases, but also have been affected by the countries with a number of cases above the European mean. According to the results of Spatial Error Model designed to examine the effect of globalisation, it was found that globalisation had a slight but positive effect on Covid-19 cases in Europe.
Abstract	Wraz z procesem globalizacji struktury gospodarcze, społeczne i polityczne stają się coraz bardziej ze sobą powiązane. Ze względu na obecną pandemię Covid-19 zaobserwowano, że epidemie takie jak Covid-19 zglobalizują się i przekształcają się w pandemie na skalę globalną. W badaniu tym sugeruje się, że wraz z charakterystycznymi zdolnościami Covid-19, takimi jak szybkie rozprzestrzenianie się, fakt, że świat stał się bardziej mobilny i zintegrowany z powodu globalizacji, jest uważany za mający wpływ na pandemię; w związku z tym wpływ globalizacji na przypadki Covid-19 w krajach europejskich badano za pomocą metod analizy przestrzennej. Wyniki testu I Morana przeprowadzonego na temat przypadków Covid-19 w krajach europejskich sugerują, że istnieje pozytywna autokorelacja Zgodnie z wynikami analizy LISA stwierdzono, że Zjednoczone Królestwo, Niderlandy, Francja i Belgia mają nie tylko większą liczbę spraw dotyczących covid-19, ale także zostały dotknięte przez kraje, w których wiele przypadków jest powyżej średniej europejskiej. Zgodnie z wynikami modelu błędu przestrzennego mającego na celu zbadanie wpływu globalizacji stwierdzono, że globalizacja miała niewielki, ale pozytywny wpływ na przypadki Covid-19 w Europie.
Cytowanie	Toktaş Y. (2020) SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COVID-19 CASES AND GLOBALISATION IN EUROPE.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 24(73): 255-265
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2020_n73_s255.pdf

Autor	Aleksandra Nocoń, Irena Pyka
Tytuł	Polityka makroostrożnościowa w Unii Europejskiej wobec instytucji ważnych systemowo
Title	MACROPRUDENTIAL POLICY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AGAINST SYSTEMICALLY IMPORTANT FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Słowa kluczowe	polityka makroostrożnościowa, instytucje ważne systemowo, bufory kapitałowe, MREL, TLAC
Key words	macroprudential policy, systemically important financial institutions, capital buffers, MREL, TLAC
Abstrakt	Polityka makroostrożnościowa wprowadzona regulacjami bazylejskimi po globalnym kryzysie finansowym ma charakter prewencyjny, chociaż obejmuje swym zakresem szereg rozwiązań instytucjonalnych i instrumentalnych, służących zapobieganiu materializacji ryzyka systemowego. Analiza tych rozwiązań została powiązana w opracowaniu z ich ukierunkowaniem na finansowe instytucje ważne systemowo (SIFIs), działające w Unii Europejskiej. Wskazuje się w nim, że wprowadzone do polityki makroostrożnościowej rozwiązania instytucjonalne i instrumentalne zwiększają znacznie dyscyplinę regulacyjną w systemie finansowym współczesnej gospodarki, nie zawsze natomiast są przejrzyste, a ich skuteczność ograniczona, z uwagi na właściwości ryzyka systemowego. Rozproszenie regulacyjne obserwuje sie również w Unii Europejskiej w odniesieniu do finansowych instytucji ważnych systemowo. Wzmacnia ono argumenty na rzecz tezy o niskiej skuteczności polityki makroostrożnościowej w dyscyplinowaniu stabilizującej roli SIFIs w systemie finansowym gospodarki globalnej.
Abstract	The macroprudential policy implemented due to the Basel regulations after the global financial crisis has a preventive nature, although it covers a number of institutional and instrumental solutions aimed at preventing the materialisation of systemic risk. The analysis of these solutions has been linked in the article with their orientation on financial systemically important institutions (SIFIs), operating in the European Union. It is indicated that institutional and instrumental solutions, implemented through the macroprudential policy, significantly increase regulatory discipline in the financial system of the modern economy; however they are not always transparent and their effectiveness is limited, due to the nature of systemic risk. Regulatory dispersion in the European Union is also observed in relation to systemically important financial institutions. It strengthens the arguments in favor of the idea that macroprudential policy has low effectiveness in disciplining the stabilizing role of SIFIs in the financial system of the global economy.
Cytowanie	Nocoń A., Pyka I. (2020) Polityka makroostrożnościowa w Unii Europejskiej wobec instytucji ważnych systemowo.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 24(73): 189-204
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Autor	Monika Pasternak-Malicka
Tytuł	Pozytywne i negatywne konsekwencje szarej strefy postrzeganej jako „zręczność podatkowa” podmiotów gospodarczych i gospodarstw domowych
Title	POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF THE GRAY ECONOMY "TAX DEXTERITY" OF BUSINESS ENTITIES AND HOUSEHOLDS
Słowa kluczowe	szara strefa, gospodarka nieobserwowalna, oszustwa podatkowe, skutki szarej strefy
Key words	gray market, unobservable economy, tax fraud, effects of the gray economy
Abstrakt	Artykuł podejmuje problematykę szarej strefy. W pierwszej części została ujęta definicja szarej strefy w kontekście oszustw podatkowych oraz skala zjawiska w Polsce. W kolejnych przedstawione zostały negatywne i pozytywne skutki szarej strefy wymieniane w literaturze przedmiotu. W trzecim punkcie zaprezentowano fragmenty badań ankietowych dotyczących opisywanego problemu badawczego. W ostatniej części publikacji wskazano działania instytucjonalne oddziałujące na rozmiary szarej strefy w Polsce. Podstawowym celem niniejszej publikacji jest prezentacja pozytywnych i negatywnych konsekwencji występowania szarej strefy rozumianej jako oszustwo podatkowe i wskazania, które z nich przeważają w ocenie subiektywnej badanych podmiotów gospodarczych i gospodarstw domowych. W ramach artykułu zostały także zasygnalizowane rozwiązania instytucjonalne mające na celu ograniczyć badane zjawisko. Realizacja celu wymagała wykorzystania metod opisowo-statystycznych, a w szczególności analizy kształtowania się zakresu gospodarki nieobserwowalnej w Polsce i wybranych krajach. W artykule posłużono się badaniami ankietowymi z lat 2010-2019, w celu dokonania próby jakościowej oceny skutków zjawiska szarej strefy.
Abstract	The article addresses the issue of the gray economy. In the first part the definition of the shadow economy in the context of tax evasion and the scale of the phenomenon in Poland are included. The following shows the negative and positive effects of the gray economy listed in the literature on the subject. In the third part fragments of a questionnaire survey were described concerning the problem. In the last part of the article, institutional activities affecting the size of the shadow economy in Poland are presented. The main purpose of this publication is to present the positive and negative consequences of the shadow economy, understood as tax evasion, and indicate which consequences prevail in the subjective assessment of the surveyed business entities and households. The article also indicates actions aimed at limiting the studied phenomenon. The implementation of the objective required the use of descriptive and statistical methods, in particular analysis of the shape and scope of the unobservable economy in Poland and selected countries. The direct-questionnaire method was also used. The article uses fragments of author-conducted study from 2010-2019 in order to make a qualitative attempt to assess the effects of the gray zone phenomenon.
Cytowanie	Pasternak-Malicka M. (2020) Pozytywne i negatywne konsekwencje szarej strefy postrzeganej jako „zręczność podatkowa” podmiotów gospodarczych i gospodarstw domowych.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 24(73): 128-142
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Autor	Piotr Misztal
Tytuł	LIQUIDITY TRAP IN THE UNITED STATES, THE EURO AREA AND JAPAN
Title	Pułapka płynności w USA, strefie euro i Japonii
Słowa kluczowe	liquidity trap, financial crisis, monetary policy
Key words	pułapka płynności, kryzys finansowy, polityka pieniężna
Abstrakt	When a country falls into a liquidity trap it means that its central bank lacks an effective expansionary monetary policy aimed at increasing consumption and investment demand. Market participants (households and enterprises), instead of increasing demand, accumulate a growing money supply in the form of cash. Keynes argued that for an economy in a liquidity trap, the only way to increase demand in the country and to stimulate the economy is to conduct expansionary fiscal policy by increasing government spending or reducing taxes. The aim of the research is to verify the empirical hypothesis of the liquidity trap in three of the largest economies in the world, formerly known as the Global Triad (i.e. the USA, the euro zone and Japan), after the 2008 financial crisis. Research methods based on literature studies in macroeconomics and finance, as well as statistical methods, were used in the study. All statistical data came from the statistical office of the European Union – EUROSTAT, and from the statistical database of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development - UNCTADstat.
Abstract	Kiedy kraj wpada w pułapkę płynności, oznacza to, że jego bankowi centralnemu brakuje skutecznej, ekspansywnej polityki monetarnej mającej na celu zwiększenie popytu konsumpcyjnego i inwestycyjnego. Uczestnicy rynku (gospodarstwa domowe i przedsiębiorstwa) zamiast zwiększać popyt gromadzą rosnącą podaż pieniądza w postaci gotówki. Keynes argumentował, że dla gospodarki znajdującej się w pułapce płynności jedynym sposobem na zwiększenie popytu w kraju i pobudzenie gospodarki jest prowadzenie ekspansywnej polityki fiskalnej poprzez zwiększanie wydatków rządowych lub obniżanie podatków. Celem badań jest weryfikacja empirycznej hipotezy o pułapce płynności w trzech największych gospodarkach świata, znanych wcześniej jako Globalna Triada (tj. USA, strefa euro i Japonia), po kryzysie finansowym w 2008 roku. W pracy wykorzystano metody badawcze oparte na studiach literaturowych z zakresu makroekonomii i finansów oraz metody statystyczne. Wszystkie dane statystyczne pochodziły z urzędu statystycznego Unii Europejskiej - EUROSTAT oraz z bazy danych statystycznych Konferencji Narodów Zjednoczonych ds. Handlu i Rozwoju - UNCTADstat.
Cytowanie	Misztal P. (2020) LIQUIDITY TRAP IN THE UNITED STATES, THE EURO AREA AND JAPAN.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 24(73): 114-127
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2020_n73_s114.pdf

Autor	Liubov Hutsalenko, Olena Kolesnikova, Uliana Marchuk, Serhiy Zabolotnyy
Tytuł	THE HACCP SYSTEM AS A GUARANTEE FOR FOOD SAFETY IN UKRAINE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	management system, HACCP, Critical Control Point (CPC)
Key words
Abstrakt	The research points out the principal concept of the HACCP system, ensuring product safety along the whole food chain 'from the field to the table'. It focuses on HACCP as the food safety management system that proved to be effective and has been accepted globally. In recent years the HACCP system has been gradually introduced in Ukrainian business entities. The article reveals the emergence of the HACCP system and the adaptation of the legal base of Ukraine in the area of food safety requirements. It provides evidence that the harmonization of Ukrainian and international standards in the field of food quality and safety calls for the necessity to introduce HACCP-conforming technologies at all stages of production in Ukrainian companies. The results of the audits of food product safety in Ukraine for the period 2016-2019 were evaluated.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Hutsalenko L., Kolesnikova O., Marchuk U., Zabolotnyy S.
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Autor	Wojciech Lichota
Tytuł	Zastosowanie modeli logitowych do zdiagnozowania zagrożenia bankructwem przedsiębiorstw
Title	THE USE OF LOGISTIC MODELS TO DIAGNOSE THE RISK OF BANKRUPTCY IN ENTERPRISES
Słowa kluczowe	kondycja finansowa, modele wczesnego ostrzegania, analiza finansowa
Key words	logistic models, bankruptcy, risk assessment, regression analysis
Abstrakt	W artykule zostały zaprezentowane wybrane modele regresji logistycznej, które służą do analizy przedsiębiorstw w zakresie zagrożenia bankructwem jak i zmiany w sytuacji finansowej. Jak wynika z literatury z zakresu finansów do oceny kondycji finansowej przedsiębiorstwa należy zastosować odpowiednie metody. Błędna ocena może przynieść przykre konsekwencje dla przedsiębiorstwa, w postaci podjęcia nietrafionych decyzji przez zarządzających, odmowy udzielenia kredytu bankowego lub niepodjęcia współpracy przez dostawców i odbiorców. Celem artykułu była weryfikacja skuteczności predykcji 12 modeli regresji logistycznej, które pozwalają na dokonanie oceny zagrożenia bankructwem przedsiębiorstwa a także zajęcia stanowiska odnośnie przyszłej kondycji finansowej. Próba badawcza wynosiła 40 przedsiębiorstw, w tym 8 przedsiębiorstw, dla których został złożony wniosek o upadłość. Jak wynika z przeprowadzonych badań, poszczególne modele odznaczają się różną sprawnością ogólną, która wyniosła od 54% do 98%. Ponadto wykazano, że wraz ze wzrostem wskaźników analizy finansowej użytych w konstrukcji funkcji nie zwiększa się sprawność poszczególnych modeli. Autor podsumowuje, że w celu uniknięcia ryzyka przeprowadzenia niewiarygodnej oceny kondycji finansowej przedsiębiorstwa, należy zastosować co najmniej kilka modeli logitowych.
Abstract	The article presents selected logistic regression models that are used to analyze enterprises in terms of their risk of bankruptcy and changes in their financial situation. As it appears from the literature on finance, it is necessary to apply appropriate methods to assess the financial condition of an enterprise. Incorrect assessment may cause unpleasant consequences for the company, in the form of taking wrong decisions by managers, refusal to be granted a bank loan or failure to undertake cooperation with suppliers and customers. The aim of the article was to verify the effectiveness of the prediction of 12 logistic regression models, that allow for the assessment of an enterprise’s bankruptcy risk and its future financial condition. The research sample was 40 companies, including 8 enterprises for which a bankruptcy petition had been filed. As results from the conducted research, individual models have different general efficiency, which ranged from 54% to 98%. In addition, it was seen that the efficiency of particular models does not increase with an increase of the financial analysis indicators used in the construction of the function. The author concludes that in order to avoid the risk of making an unreliable assessment of the financial condition of a company, at least 10 logistic models should be used.
Cytowanie	Lichota W. (2020) Zastosowanie modeli logitowych do zdiagnozowania zagrożenia bankructwem przedsiębiorstw.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 24(73): 92-103
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2020_n73_s92.pdf