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Autor	Mirosław Wasilewski
Tytuł	Strategia płynności finansowej przedsiębiorstw rolniczych w zależności od rentowności aktywów
Title	Financial liquidity strategy of agricultural enterprises depending on the return on assets
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Abstract	The paper presents the identifi cation and interpretation of partial financial liquidity strategies according to the risk-return concept in the agricultural enterprises, depending on the rate of return on assets. The research embraces 100 enterprises. The study period was 2008. In the research the substantial dependence between the character of partial liquidity strategies according to risk-return concept and the rate of return of agricultural enterprises was determined. High financial results were accompanied by the high level of working capital, in particular the most liquid assets. The managers of the enterprises that generated losses revealed extremely aggressive approach to the strategy of liquidity.
Cytowanie	Wasilewski M. (2011) Strategia płynności finansowej przedsiębiorstw rolniczych w zależności od rentowności aktywów.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 91: 49-60
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n91_s49.pdf

Autor	Justyna Franc-Dąbrowska
Tytuł	Pułapka płynności Keynesa a dylematy oceny płynności przedsiębiorstw rolniczych
Title	The Keynes liquidity trap and dilemma for liquidity estimation in agricultural enterprises
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Abstract	Definition of liquidity and liquidity management was challenged in this paper Liquidity issues were analysed from different perspectives including motives proposed by Keynes and Keynes’s liquidity trap. It was found that in agricultural enterprises, current ratio can not be considered as a reliable source of information and cash flow analysis is recommended.
Cytowanie	Franc-Dąbrowska J. (2011) Pułapka płynności Keynesa a dylematy oceny płynności przedsiębiorstw rolniczych.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 91: 5-16
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n91_s5.pdf

Autor	Olga Stefko
Tytuł	Zróżnicowanie między płynnością a wypłacalnością polskich producentów ogrodniczych na tle Unii Europejskiej
Title	Differentiation between liquidity and solvency Polish horticultural producers against the European Union
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Abstract	The article demonstrated the separateness between liquidity and solvency for the horticultural. Both in Poland and European Union horticultural farms shown considerable excess liquidity. It was not however associated with the use of external financing. With a large capital characterized the industry, this can lead to growth inhibition and reduce the competitiveness of both countries and the individual production units.
Cytowanie	Stefko O. (2011) Zróżnicowanie między płynnością a wypłacalnością polskich producentów ogrodniczych na tle Unii Europejskiej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 90: 143-153
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n90_s143.pdf

Autor	Agnieszka Gałecka, Mirosław Wasilewski
Tytuł	Płynność finansowa gospodarstw rolniczych położonych w województwie lubelskim
Title	The financial liquidity of agriculture farms situated in Lubelskie voivodeship
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Abstract	The elaboration presents the level of financial liquidity in agriculture farms depending on cropland area, agriculture type and European Size Unit. The researched farms has rained current, quick and cash financial liquidity ratios on similar level. The highest level of financial liquidity noticed in “field crops” and “mixed” agriculture type, while the lowest in “rother grazing livestock” type of farms. Low liquidity level recorded rather in bigger farms in the aspect of their economic power, whereas higher ratio described on the contrary small and medium farms. The highest financial liquidity ratio was an attribute of farms with small cropland area, and was a result of limited range of short-term credit utilization. The most efficient way of managing on the financial liquidity level by farmers ascertained in the largest area farms. In this group the liquidity was the lowest, however this level reflected appropriate relation between current assets and liabilities components.
Cytowanie	Gałecka A., Wasilewski M. (2010) Płynność finansowa gospodarstw rolniczych położonych w województwie lubelskim.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 82: 267-279
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2010_n82_s267.pdf

Autor	Maria Zuba
Tytuł	Wpływ wstąpienia Polski do UE na rentowność i bezpieczeństwo finansowe wybranych spółdzielni mleczarskich
Title	Impact of Polish accession to the European Union on the profi tability and financial security of selected milk cooperatives
Słowa kluczowe	rentowność, bezpieczeństwo finansowe, wpływ wstąpienia do UE, spółdzielnia mleczarska.
Key words	profitability, financial security, impact of accession to the EU, milk cooperative
Abstrakt	Badaniami objęto 41 spółdzielni mleczarskich w okresie czterech lat (2002-2005). Badania wykazały, że wejście Polski do UE miało pozytywny wpływ na poziomy rentowności sprzedaży, majątku, kapitału własnego i zatrudnienia. Stopień płynności bieżącej i szybkiej z czasem uległ nieznacznemu obniżeniu, a gotówkowej podwyższeniu. Jednak poziomy te utrzymały się w granicach dla nich standardowych. Badane mleczarnie po wejściu Polski do UE poprawiły swoją sprawność finansową przez szybsze odzyskiwanie środków pieniężnych zaangażowanych w aktywa obrotowe. Wzrosło nieznacznie ich średnie zadłużenie, jednak nie dotyczyło ono zadłużenia długoterminowego, które pozostało na niezmienionym poziomie. Ich zdolność do obsługi zadłużenia była słaba, chociaż poprawiła się w większości przypadków.
Abstract	The investigation concerned 41 milk cooperatives in years 2002-2005. The results indicate that Polish accession to the European Union positively influenced the levels of sales profitability, assets value, own capital and employment. The degree of current liquidity slightly diminished but that of cash liquidity increased. All those levels were maintained within standard limits. The surveyed dairies improved their financial efficiency after the accession through faster recovering of money engaged in current assets. Their average indebtedness slightly increased but it did not concern the long term indebtedness which stayed at the same level. Their ability to serve the indebtedness was weak although it improved in the majority of cases
Cytowanie	Zuba M. (2010) Wpływ wstąpienia Polski do UE na rentowność i bezpieczeństwo finansowe wybranych spółdzielni mleczarskich.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 10(25), z. 2: 130-141
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2010_T10(25)_n2_s130.pdf

Autor	Serhiy Zabolotnyy
Tytuł	Metodyczne aspekty modelowania struktury majątku obrotowego w koncepcji synchronizacji zarządzania płynnością finansową
Title	Methodical aspects of current assets’ structure modeling according to matching principle in strategy of liquidity
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Abstract	In the article the metod of identification and evaluation of the relations between the seasonality of sales and structure of current assets are viewed on the expample of a manufacturing joint-stock company Wilbo S.A. An approach to the optimalization of the actual strategy of liquidity according to the matching principle is presented. The research indicated the relations between the level of current assets and sales seasonality: sales growth determined the increase of current assets and sales reduction led to decrease of current assets. According to matching principle no relations were determined between the structure and level of the components of current assets and seasonality. An optimalization of current assets’ structure enabled reduction of inventory level and increase of accounts receivable in the periods of sales’ maximization along with the maximization of cash in periods of sales’ decrease.
Cytowanie	Zabolotnyy S. (2010) Metodyczne aspekty modelowania struktury majątku obrotowego w koncepcji synchronizacji zarządzania płynnością finansową.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 82: 215-227
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2010_n82_s215.pdf

Autor	Jan Dworniak
Tytuł	Strategie finansowania spółdzielni mleczarskich
Title	Financial Strategies in dairy cooperatives
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Abstract	The elaboration presents chosen results of conducted research in dairy cooperatives in the 2000–2008 in aspect of efficiency of financial strategies. It evidenced the increased progression of improvements in cooperatives profitability. The strongest influence of these ratios was noticed in dairies which had had the highest equity and shareholders funds. Furthermore in these group noted also weaker relation between these funds and financial liquidity, whereas this financial indicator recorded stability and favorable level comparing to remain groups. The cooperative dairies which noticed higher profits and equity capital, decided to enlarge shareholders funds. It had resulted in secure of further development conducted activity. The application of net profit in cooperatives was useful in effectiveness’ of financial situation assessment
Cytowanie	Dworniak J. (2010) Strategie finansowania spółdzielni mleczarskich.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 82: 203-213
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2010_n82_s203.pdf

Autor	Joanna Żurakowska-Sawa
Tytuł	Sytuacja finansowa przedsiębiorstw przemysłowych według faz cyklu życia
Title	The financial situation of industrial enterprises according to the phases of the life cycle
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Abstract	In this paper presented the financial situation of industrial enterprises according to the phases of the life cycle. The studies included 65 companies listed on the Stock Exchange in Warsaw. The period of research covered the years 2004–2008. All group of companies in 2008. have achieved lowest profitability. With foreign capital to the greatest extent benefited the companies in the growth phase. The companies in the growth phase characterized the highest level of financial liquidity.
Cytowanie	Żurakowska-Sawa J. (2010) Sytuacja finansowa przedsiębiorstw przemysłowych według faz cyklu życia.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 82: 171-181
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2010_n82_s171.pdf

Autor	Magdalena Hodun
Tytuł	Strategie gospodarowania kapitałem obrotowym netto a sytuacja finansowa przedsiębiorstw przemysłowych
Title	Working capital management strategies and financial situation of industrial companies
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Abstract	In this paper investigate the relationship between working capital management strategies, and financial situation of industrial companies. Autor used sample of 65 companies listed in the Polish Stock Exchange for the period of 2004–2008. The empirical findings show a relationship between working capital management strategies, and profitability and financial liquidity. A moderate strategy in the scope usually allowed to gain the highest level of effectiveness. Opposite approaches to working capital management usually do not ensure the optimal level of profitability and financial liquidity
Cytowanie	Hodun M. (2010) Strategie gospodarowania kapitałem obrotowym netto a sytuacja finansowa przedsiębiorstw przemysłowych.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 82: 139-150
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2010_n82_s139.pdf

Autor	Agnieszka Gałecka, Mirosław Wasilewski
Tytuł	Rentowność kapitału własnego gospodarstw rolniczych w zależności od bieżącej płynności finansowej
Title	Return on equity in relation to current financial liquidity of agriculture farms
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Abstract	The elaboration estimated relation between return on equity and current financial liquidity in agriculture farms, situated in lubelskie voivodeship. The utilization of equity capital in farms was viable. In general, in research appeared tendency of higher return on equity in farms together with growing level of financial liquidity. The highest increase of return on equity noticed in farms which did not possess any current liabilities. At the same time this group characterized by the lowest return on equity. The highest return on equity was ascertained in farms of “grazing livestock” agriculture type. Together with growing European Size Unit, farms enhanced their efficiency of equity capital utilization. It suggests that farms which, were the strongest from the economic point, enhanced their competitiveness in this area comparing to farms with low economic power.
Cytowanie	Gałecka A., Wasilewski M. (2010) Rentowność kapitału własnego gospodarstw rolniczych w zależności od bieżącej płynności finansowej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 81: 231-240
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2010_n81_s231.pdf

Autor	Tomasz Rokicki
Tytuł	Wpływ zmiany zasad dotowania na chów i hodowlę owiec w Polsce i UE
Title	Influence of changes in subsidizing principles on the sheep breeding in Poland and in the EU
Słowa kluczowe	dotacja, pogłowie owiec, produkcja owczarska, mięso jagnięce
Key words	subsidy, sheep population, ovine production, lamb meat.
Abstrakt	Niższy poziom wsparcia w Polsce i innych krajach UE spowodował spadek pogłowia owiec. Niższe dochody z produkcji owczarskiej wpływały na rezygnację rolników z chowu owiec. W związku z tym produkcja owczarska w wielu krajach UE wymagała dodatkowego wsparcia krajowego. Z mniejszym pogłowiem owiec związana była niższa produkcją mięsa jagnięcego i wyższe jego ceny. W Polsce poziom wsparcia producentów owiec również obniżył się. Zmniejszyło się pogłowie i produkcja mięsa, a ceny utrzymywały się na podobnym poziomie od kilku lat. Produkcja owczarska wymaga więc większego wsparcia, gdyż zmiana sposobu dotowania przyczyniła się do spadku dochodów rolników i pogorszeniu się sytuacji całego sektora owczarskiego
Abstract	The influence of the changes in subsidizing principles on the sheep breeding in Poland and in the EU countries is presented. The lower level of support in Poland and in the other EU countries is influencing a reduction of sheep population. Growing costs of the means of production and a lack of financial liquidity have contributed to the liquidation of many flocks of sheep. The lamb meat production has been decreasing. Its imports and exports have stagnated. Production trends have been identical in Poland and in the EU countries. Ovine production requires subsidies from the state budget or other forms of support
Cytowanie	Rokicki T. (2010) Wpływ zmiany zasad dotowania na chów i hodowlę owiec w Polsce i UE.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 10(25), z. 1: 106-115
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2010_T10(25)_n1_s106.pdf

Autor	Aldona Zawojska
Tytuł	Spekulacja jako forma aktywności ekonomicznej – aspekty moralne i etyczne
Title	Speculation as a form of economic activity, moral and ethical issues
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Abstract	The paper examines strands related to speculation. Some of the common criticisms and benefits of speculation were discussed. Additionally, distinction between investments, speculation and gambling were drawn. For centuries, speculation has been criticized and found “morally questionable” since speculators neither produce things, nor improve them for sale, however they profit by losses of others. Legitimate speculation helps risk transfer, provides market liquidity and contributes to price uncovering, while manipulative speculation can exacerbate harmful price bubbles.
Cytowanie	Zawojska A. (2010) Spekulacja jako forma aktywności ekonomicznej – aspekty moralne i etyczne.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 83: 81-93
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2010_n83_s81.pdf

Autor	Sławomir Juszczyk, Artur Nagórka
Tytuł	Fundusze parasolowe i lokaty bankowe jako miejsce gotówki przedsiębiorstwa
Title	The umbrella funds and bank locations as the place for cash of companies
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Abstract	Financial liquidity is one of the most important factors for the company growth and everyday operations. Since the mid of XX century there have been some attempts to find a right level of cash to be held by a company. Similar research was involved in deciding what to do when there is a surplus of cash that is going to be kept by the company for future purposes. The bank location could be good solution, but investment fund as the place for placing cash for a period of time is probably better. The rules of investment funds in Poland prevent an investor from any risk of fraud. Simultaneously there are some investment risks according to the profile of the given fund. From this point of view majority of investment funds are not suitable to serve as the place of investment for companies. The good solution is a money market fund due to the fact that only very low risk, or almost no risk, papers are in the portfolio of such funds. Obviously never very high yields are anticipated but still they are higher than deposits and far more flexible. The money market fund is particularly suitable for an investment when money can be shifted to a more aggressive fund at the steady growth market conditions. The mechanism of conversion between the funds allows it but in normal circumstances the profits are taxed straight after the operation. In order to avoid it the companies that run legal investment funds in Poland (TFI) introduced so called “umbrella funds” where the money market fund is one of the subfunds and money could be easily moved to another fund without immediate taxation. Therefore the money market fund within the umbrella fund could be the good place to keep company cash surplus.
Cytowanie	Juszczyk S., Nagórka A. (2009) Fundusze parasolowe i lokaty bankowe jako miejsce gotówki przedsiębiorstwa.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 77: 19-30
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2009_n77_s19.pdf

Autor	Dorota Hałaburda
Tytuł	Analiza płynności finansowej jednostek samorządu terytorialnego
Title	The liquidity fi nancial analysis of local governments
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Abstract	A financial analysis of local government is different than corporate. A budget is a instrument of financial management in local governments. Financial analysis of budgets should be considered one of more important instruments aimed at identification and estimation of a number of financial processes and phenomena occurring in local self-government units. The local government’s revenues achieved from taxes and the method of budget was the cash basis accounting. The analysis of financial indicator used in corporate like level of liquidity, may be used by local governments but it requires modification.
Cytowanie	Hałaburda D. (2009) Analiza płynności finansowej jednostek samorządu terytorialnego.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 77: 151-161
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2009_n77_s151.pdf

Autor	Mirosław Wasilewski, Serhiy Zabolotnyy
Tytuł	Sytuacja finansowa przedsiębiorstw o odmiennych strategiach zarządzania kapitałem obrotowym
Title	Financial situation of the enterprises of different working capital strategies
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Abstract	In the article the relations between opposite approaches to working capital management and chosen financial ratios are defined on the example of stock companies from food processing industry. In the enterprise Kofola S.A. using an aggressive working capital strategy a low level of liquidity, short cycles of current assets’ conversion and negative cycles of cash conversion appeared. Profitability of business and the value of EVA were low in this company. In the enterprise Wilbo S.A. using conservative strategies, high level of liquidity ratios, longer cycles of current assets’ conversion and cash conversion. Conservative strategy of Wilbo S.A. was characterized by negative rates of profitability and negative rate of return for owners built on EVA. Opposite approaches to working capital management do not ensure required rates of return from invested capital for shareholders. That is why the synchronization of partial strategies of the enterprise is very important.
Cytowanie	Wasilewski M., Zabolotnyy S. (2009) Sytuacja finansowa przedsiębiorstw o odmiennych strategiach zarządzania kapitałem obrotowym.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 78: 5-20
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2009_n78_s5.pdf

Autor	Jan Dworniak
Tytuł	Fundusze własne a sytuacja finansowa spółdzielni mleczarskich
Title	Financial situation of dairy cooperatives in relation to equity funds
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Abstract	The elaboration presents chosen results of conducted research in cooperative dairy in the 2000–2005 in aspect of possessed equity and shareholders funds on financial results ground. It could be ascertained that together with increasing value of equity and shareholders fund noticed higher level of average price of milk, being paid to farmers. It evidenced the increased progression of improvements in cooperatives profitability. The strongest influence of these ratios was noticed in dairies which had had the highest equity and shareholders funds. Furthermore in these group noted also weaker relation between these funds and financial liquidity, whereas this financial indicator recorded stability and favourable level comparing to remain groups. The cooperative dairies which noticed higher profits and equity capital, decided to enlarge shareholders funds. It had resulted in secure of further development conducted activity. The applications of net profit in cooperatives was useful in effectiveness’ of financial situation assessment
Cytowanie	Dworniak J. (2009) Fundusze własne a sytuacja finansowa spółdzielni mleczarskich.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 78: 21-32
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2009_n78_s21.pdf

Autor	Serhiy Zabolotnyy
Tytuł	Sytuacja finansowa spółek giełdowych z wybranych branż produkcyjnych
Title	Financial situation of stock companies from selected branches of industry
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Abstract	The author analyzes financial condition of selected manufacturing branches in Poland on the example of stock companies quoted on Warsaw Stock Exchange. Among the branches under consideration are food, metal, machine-engineering and construction materials’ industries. Asset and capital-asset structure as well as liquidity and profitability ratios are analyzed. In 2003–2007 companies from all selected branches except of metal industry increased the value of fixed assets relating to current assets. The structure of current assets was gradually changed with more liquid assets such as receivables and cash in bank accounts. High ratios of liquidity together with a significant share of long-term capitals in liabilities structure indicated a more conservative approach to the liquidity risk. The highest and most variable rates of return were noticed in metal industry, food and machine-engineering branches were characterized by lower but constant profitability ratios in the whole period
Cytowanie	Zabolotnyy S. (2009) Sytuacja finansowa spółek giełdowych z wybranych branż produkcyjnych.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 76: 121-133
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2009_n76_s121.pdf

Autor	Aleksandra Pisarska, Mirosław Wasilewski
Tytuł	Płynność finansowa w małych i średnich przedsiębiorstwach
Title	The financial liquidity in small and medium enterprises
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Abstract	The highest financial liquidity described enterprises with the highest value of possessed capital. In general companies from the group of average value of capital had noticed the financial liquidity on lower level than the enterprises with the lowest and the highest value of capital. The financial liquidity ratio had amounted to quite low level in group of companies with the highest value of fixed assets. In the enterprises with the average level of these assets had appeared the risk of the financial liquidity lack. In group of micro enterprises had recorded difficulties with marinating the financial liquidity, especially the treasury ratio. In researched period had ascertained slight improvement in this aspect. Whereas the financial liquidity level in small and medium enterprises had formed almost on similar level, particularly in quick and treasury ratio. This group of enterprises had recorded lower level of financial liquidity, which in case of smaller scale of production was substantiated, because of decreasing risk of bankruptcy.
Cytowanie	Pisarska A., Wasilewski M. (2009) Płynność finansowa w małych i średnich przedsiębiorstwach.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 76: 187-200
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2009_n76_s187.pdf

Autor	Aleksandra Pisarska, Mirosław Wasilewski
Tytuł	Gospodarowanie rzeczowymi aktywami trwałymi w przedsiębiorstwach z sektora MSP
Title	Fixed assets management in enterprises of SME sector
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Abstract	The paper deals with the analysis of the relationship between efficiency and effectiveness of SME sector enterprises in respect to size of the employment and fixed assets value. The enterprises were characterized by fixed assets diversity and value of investments outlay. The micro enterprises used possessed fixed assets quite effective. Definitely the lowest participation of long term financing was recorded in enterprises which noticed small value of fixed assets. In enterprises which had the highest value of this assets noted profitable situation in aspect of financial liquidity, whereas the lowest was ascertained in group with an average value of this assets. The fixed assets turnover was higher in enterprises which characterized by the lowest level of fixed assets In these group noticed the highest effectiveness of equity capital utilization. The rate on sale, in group divided according to fi xed assets value, remained at relatively similar level, andcould be assessed as low
Cytowanie	Pisarska A., Wasilewski M. (2009) Gospodarowanie rzeczowymi aktywami trwałymi w przedsiębiorstwach z sektora MSP.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 78: 209-221
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2009_n78_s209.pdf

Autor	Magdalena Forfa
Tytuł	Przepływy pieniężne w zarządzaniu finansami przedsiębiorstw
Title	Cash flow in the management of fi nancial enterprise
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Abstract	The study presents the importance of cash flow in the management of financial enterprise. Cash flow is used for management of liquidity, bankruptcy prediction and credit risk assessment. The ratio analysis in research based on cash flow complements information about the financial situation and regards to cash approach. The traditional indexes calculated on the basis of data from the balance sheet and income statement do not provide complete information about the financial situation of the enterprise. This reflects from financial results which are considered as non-cash transactions, such as depreciation. Cash flow rules emphasized the importance of cash in a free market economy. The enterprise could generate the profit but due to the lack of liquidity it goes bankrupt. It is not mandatory for all enterprises to draw up the cash flow statement. For this reason, the analysis of cash flow is often ignored.
Cytowanie	Forfa M. (2009) Przepływy pieniężne w zarządzaniu finansami przedsiębiorstw.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 78: 248-260
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2009_n78_s248.pdf