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Autor	Anetta Zielińska
Tytuł	Finansowe skutki wypadków przy pracy
Title	FINANCIAL EFFECTS OF ACCIDENTS AT WORKS
Słowa kluczowe	sektor, przemysł spożywczy, wydatki, uwarunkowania ekonomiczne, wypadki przy pracy, prewencja
Key words	sector, food industry, expenses, economic conditioning, work accidents, prevention
Abstrakt	Artykuł opisuje ekonomiczne uwarunkowania prewencji i wypadków przy pracy. Badaniem zostały objęte duże przedsiębiorstwa przemysłu spożywczego na terenie województwa łódzkiego. W pracy ustalono model regresji prostoliniowej między rozpatrywanymi zmiennymi i dokonano oceny statystycznej skonstruowanego modelu. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że koszty BHP ponoszone przez przedsiębiorstwa sektora spożywczego, mimo że wzrastały, były ogólnie niewystarczające i ponoszone zbyt późno.
Abstract	The paper describes the economic conditions of prevention and occupational accidents. The study covers large enterprises of the food industry in the Lodz region. The straight line regression model between the considered variables was developed and statistically evaluated.. It can be concluded that the health and safety costs incurred by enterprises in the food sector, although they grow, are generally insufficient and incurred too late.
Cytowanie	Zielińska A. (2018) Finansowe skutki wypadków przy pracy .Roczniki Naukowe Ekonomii Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich, t. 105, z. 1: 101-110
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Pełny tekst	RNR_2018_n1_s101.pdf

Autor	Magdalena Cyrek, Piotr Cyrek
Tytuł	DIFFERENCE IN CONSUMPTION BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL HOUSEHOLDS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	consumption, well-being, households, city-countryside
Key words
Abstrakt	Levels of income, consumer expenditure and their structure display significant disproportions between areas of different degrees of urbanisation. These disproportions are reflected both in the objective comparison and subjectively perceived material situation of households. This study contains an assessment of the differences in income and consumption in rural areas and cities of Poland at a national level and in relation to the Subcarpathian Province, as a less developed region. The results of public statistic surveys were supplemented with the results of own research regarding the perception of the situation by the inhabitants of Subcarpathia. The scale of existing socio-economic disproportion in spatial layout and directions of changes in accordance to objective and subjective indicators were identified. The changes in the value of purchases of various types of products, levels of savings and living conditions were addressed. In order to verify the hypothesis of consumption convergence in the city-countryside system, a statistical analysis of national structures was carried out and the differences in change patterns typical for urban and rural households in Subcarpathia were identified. This research allows to conclude that there exist adverse disproportions in rural development and some signs of overcoming them on a national and regional level.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Cyrek M., Cyrek P.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s68.pdf

Autor	Włodzimierz Kołodziejczak
Tytuł	DECOMPOSITION OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN RURAL POPULATION ON THE BASIS OF MAIN SOURCES OF INCOME IN 2002–2009 AND 2016
Title
Słowa kluczowe	natural unemployment, labour flows, rural population
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of the paper is to present a decomposition of unemployment in the rural population into the structural and cyclical components in groups distinguished based on their main source of household income. This study was conducted using the method estimating the level of natural unemployment (equilibrium unemployment) proposed by the Centre for Economic Policy Research (1995). The analysis was based on individual, unweighted, quarterly raw data provided by the Polish LFS (BAEL) from the years 2002–2009 and 2016. The professional situation of the rural population in the analysed period improved, which was manifested in an increase in the employment rate and a reduction of the actual unemployment rate. Between the periods of 2002–2005 and 2006–2009 actual unemployment ‘followed’ the lower values of equilibrium unemployment. In 2016 the actual unemployment rate was lower than in previous periods; however, an adverse change was observed for its relation to the natural unemployment rate. If we assume that it will – as previously – strive to attain the equilibrium level, in the case of a downturn on the market for goods and services the actual unemployment among the rural population may considerably increase, particularly in the group of individuals whose main source of income is provided by unemployment benefits and the family farm.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kołodziejczak W.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s102.pdf

Autor	Włodzimierz Kołodziejczak
Tytuł	Occupational Situation of the Rural Farming and Landless Population in Poland in 2002-2016
Title	Occupational Situation of the Rural Farming and Landless Population in Poland in 2002-2017
Słowa kluczowe	labour force, rural areas, natural unemployment rate
Key words	labour force, rural areas, natural unemployment rate
Abstrakt	The Polish rural population is highly differentiated in terms of occupational situation, mainly because of the rural population’s involvement in individual farming. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the occupational situation of the rural farming and landless population in 2002, 2016 and 2017 in the context of non-farming job opportunities and unemployment risks. The study consists of two parts; the first one analyses the changes to the occupational situation of the rural population in the labour market; the second one identifies the risk of unemployment in selected groups of rural population. Aggregated weighted data and non-aggregated, non-published non-weighted BAEL (Polish LFS) data was used as source material. The study period witnessed a considerable improvement of the rural population’s occupational situation. However, if there is a slowdown in economic growth, the occupational situation of the rural population may deteriorate. In the short and medium term, people involved in individual farming and landless woman, i.e. the group where the real unemployment rate is much lower than equilibrium unemployment, will be particularly severely affected. In the longer term, the adverse impact of business cycles may also deteriorate the situation of landless men if their equilibrium unemployment level “follows” the real unemployment rate.
Abstract	The Polish rural population is highly differentiated in terms of occupational situation, mainly because of the rural population’s involvement in individual farming. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the occupational situation of the rural farming and landless population in 2002, 2016 and 2017 in the context of non-farming job opportunities and unemployment risks. The study consists of two parts; the first one analyses the changes to the occupational situation of the rural population in the labour market; the second one identifies the risk of unemployment in selected groups of rural population. Aggregated weighted data and non-aggregated, non-published non-weighted BAEL (Polish LFS) data was used as source material. The study period witnessed a considerable improvement of the rural population’s occupational situation. However, if there is a slowdown in economic growth, the occupational situation of the rural population may deteriorate. In the short and medium term, people involved in individual farming and landless woman, i.e. the group where the real unemployment rate is much lower than equilibrium unemployment, will be particularly severely affected. In the longer term, the adverse impact of business cycles may also deteriorate the situation of landless men if their equilibrium unemployment level “follows” the real unemployment rate.
Cytowanie	Kołodziejczak W. (2018) Occupational Situation of the Rural Farming and Landless Population in Poland in 2002-2016.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 2: 156-165
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n2_s156.pdf

Autor	Bogumiła Mucha-Leszko
Tytuł	Causes of the European Union's Decreasing Position in the Global Economy in 2000-2016
Title	Causes of the European Union's Decreasing Position in the Global Economy in 2000-2017
Słowa kluczowe	global economic powers, growth factors, growth barriers, EU global position
Key words	global economic powers, growth factors, growth barriers, EU global position
Abstrakt	The subject of the paper is an analysis of the economic results of the main factors affecting GDP growth in the European Union in 2000-2016. The aim is to evaluate the global position of the EU as well as to identify the main factors affecting growth of the EU’s economic potential and effectiveness. The analysis also includes the long-term development gap in the EU-15/EU-28 versus the U.S.A. Quantitative and qualitative criteria were used in the assessment. Quantitative criteria include: growth rates of GDP, investments and exports, the EU’s share in global GDP, and global exports of goods and services. The qualitative criteria are: labour productivity and total factor productivity TFP. The results of the study are as follows: 1) evaluation of the EU position in the global economy (quantitative indicators) show a decline in the EU's share in global GDP, and trade and FDI were not greater than in the U.S.A.; 2) pertaining to the qualitative criteria the United States ranks better; 3) factors contributing the most to the weakening of the global economic position of the EU are: lower investment in the ICT sector compared to the U.S., differentiation of EU members in terms of their ability to grow, socio-economic divergence and a crisis in the eurozone.
Abstract	The subject of the paper is an analysis of the economic results of the main factors affecting GDP growth in the European Union in 2000-2016. The aim is to evaluate the global position of the EU as well as to identify the main factors affecting growth of the EU’s economic potential and effectiveness. The analysis also includes the long-term development gap in the EU-15/EU-28 versus the U.S.A. Quantitative and qualitative criteria were used in the assessment. Quantitative criteria include: growth rates of GDP, investments and exports, the EU’s share in global GDP, and global exports of goods and services. The qualitative criteria are: labour productivity and total factor productivity TFP. The results of the study are as follows: 1) evaluation of the EU position in the global economy (quantitative indicators) show a decline in the EU's share in global GDP, and trade and FDI were not greater than in the U.S.A.; 2) pertaining to the qualitative criteria the United States ranks better; 3) factors contributing the most to the weakening of the global economic position of the EU are: lower investment in the ICT sector compared to the U.S., differentiation of EU members in terms of their ability to grow, socio-economic divergence and a crisis in the eurozone.
Cytowanie	Mucha-Leszko B. (2018) Causes of the European Union's Decreasing Position in the Global Economy in 2000-2016.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 1: 159-175
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n1_s159.pdf

Autor	Anna Mazurkiewicz, Katarzyna Szara
Tytuł	THE ROLE OF HUMAN, SOCIAL AND CREATIVE CAPITALS IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Title
Słowa kluczowe	human capital, social capital, creative capital, development
Key words
Abstrakt	Socio-economic development is a process of quantitative and qualitative changes that increase phenomena in the economic, social and cultural areas. Various types of capital, including human and social capitals, support this development. These capitals are often described in literature. Less information on the subject of creative capital derived from the Florida’s theory is available in the subject matter literature. The aim of the paper is to identify the role of human, social and creative capitals in socio-economic development. Against the background of the capitals characteristics, their similarities and differences were pointed out. Human capital is substitutive against social and creative ones. However, these two capitals have a complementary character in relation to human nature. The identified roles of the three capitals described in the comparative dimension in the aspect of a commune, a region and a country development are an original contribution to the paper.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Mazurkiewicz A., Szara K.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s273.pdf

Autor	Anna Mazurkiewicz, Katarzyna Szara
Tytuł	CREATIVITY AS A STIMULANT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE PODKARPACKIE VOIVODESHIP
Title
Słowa kluczowe	creativity, region, development
Key words
Abstrakt	In social and economic development, significance is primarily attributed to endogenous resources. The local conditions should play a key role in it. One of the characteristic features of the region and at the same time a key one is human capital which conditions the occurrence of creative capital. In the paper, creativity – as a resource appropriate to people, a feature of the individual – its potential for creative achievements currently or in the future will be analysed through the prism of creative capital. The aim of the article is to evaluate the conditions for the development of creative capital of the Podkarpackie municipalities in the context of their social and economic development. The evaluation will be made in regard to human resources. In order to achieve the goal of the study, the literature of the subject was analysed, numerical data published by the Central Statistical Office was used, and empirical studies were carried out in the offices of the Podkarpackie municipalities. The results of the conducted research showed that there are conditions favourable to the development of creative capital in the region. The majority of the inhabitants of the Podkarpackie Voivodeship municipalities saw the importance of creativity for the development of the commune.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Mazurkiewicz A., Szara K.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s287.pdf

Autor	Katarzyna Kłosowicz-Toborek
Tytuł	Istota protekcjonizmu w dziewiętnastym wieku oraz współcześnie
Title	The Essence of Protectionism in the Nineteenth Century and Nowadays
Słowa kluczowe	protekcjonizm, niemiecka szkoła historyczna, neoprotekcjonizm, polityka handlowa
Key words	protectionism, German historical school of economy, neoprotectionism, trade policy
Abstrakt	Pomimo działalności WTO idea protekcjonizmu jest wciąż aktualna. Większość państw oficjalnie opowiada się za liberalizmem, a przy tym ogranicza wymianę handlową. Działalność ta ulega nasileniu w okresach stagnacji gospodarczej oraz w związku z różnicami rozwojowymi między uczestnikami rynku światowego. To właśnie zacofanie gospodarcze XIX-wiecznych Niemiec wpłynęło na stworzenie wielu oryginalnych myśli, a wśród nich tych, które odnosiły się do sposobu prowadzenia handlu zagranicznego. Warto zatem zbadać i porównać neoprotekcjonizm z protekcjonizmem prezentowanym przez XIX-wiecznych ekonomistów. Analiza współczesnego i XIX-wiecznego protekcjonizmu wskazuje, że istota tych pojęć nie różni się bowiem neoprotekcjonizm i jego XIX wieczny odpowiednik realizują te same cele, aczkolwiek przy wykorzystaniu innych środków.
Abstract	Despite the buoyant activity of the WTO, the idea of protectionism is still valid. Most countries officially support liberalism while limiting trade. This activity is intensified during periods of economic stagnation and in relation to the developmental differences among the participants in the world market. The economic backwardness of nineteenth-century Germany influenced the development of many original ideas, including those related to foreign trade. Therefore, it is worth examining and comparing neoprotectionism to the protectionism presented by nineteenth-century economists. The analysis of contemporary and nineteenth century protectionism indicates that the essence of these concepts does not differ, because neoprotectionism and its nineteenth-century equivalent fulfill the same aims, but using different measures.
Cytowanie	Kłosowicz-Toborek K. (2018) Istota protekcjonizmu w dziewiętnastym wieku oraz współcześnie.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 1: 88-99
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n1_s88.pdf

Autor	Raqif Huseynov, Harshavardhan Kummitha, Michał Wojtaszek
Tytuł	Development of Agritourism in the Light of Economics: Case Studies of Italy and Poland
Title	Development of Agritourism in the Light of Economics: Case Studies of Italy and Poland
Słowa kluczowe	agritourism, local communities, economic benefits, Poland, Italy
Key words	agritourism, local communities, economic benefits, Poland, Italy
Abstrakt	Recreational activities pertaining to farmlands are receiving increased attention from both research and practice. One of the major reasons for this heightened importance attributed to farmland tourism is due partly to its potential to advance the local economy and to the benefits it brings for farmers and visitors. Thus, analyzing the role of agritourism in advancing socio-economic prosperity is of pivotal importance. With this background, the paper discusses the economic benefits of agritourism. The results reported in the paper are related to organizations located in Poland and Italy. Agritourism can bring several economic benefits in the countries and regions. What is interesting, the average income from agritourism is about one-third of the overall household income of farmers. Moreover, food service is a crucial factor in the success of agritourism as it brings extra money to farmers. It shows the importance of the relationship between the income obtained from agritourism activities and the benefits local communities gain by engaging in multiple tourism promotion activities.
Abstract	Recreational activities pertaining to farmlands are receiving increased attention from both research and practice. One of the major reasons for this heightened importance attributed to farmland tourism is due partly to its potential to advance the local economy and to the benefits it brings for farmers and visitors. Thus, analyzing the role of agritourism in advancing socio-economic prosperity is of pivotal importance. With this background, the paper discusses the economic benefits of agritourism. The results reported in the paper are related to organizations located in Poland and Italy. Agritourism can bring several economic benefits in the countries and regions. What is interesting, the average income from agritourism is about one-third of the overall household income of farmers. Moreover, food service is a crucial factor in the success of agritourism as it brings extra money to farmers. It shows the importance of the relationship between the income obtained from agritourism activities and the benefits local communities gain by engaging in multiple tourism promotion activities.
Cytowanie	Huseynov R., Kummitha H., Wojtaszek M. (2018) Development of Agritourism in the Light of Economics: Case Studies of Italy and Poland.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 1: 143-148
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n1_s143.pdf

Autor	Zoltan Gal, Raqif Huseynov, Devesh Singh, Michał Wojtaszek
Tytuł	Determining the Performance Measurement of SME from Economic Value Added: Study on Hungary, Somogy County
Title	Determining the Performance Measurement of SME from Economic Value Added: Study on Hungary, Somogy County
Słowa kluczowe	Economic value added, small and medium-sized enterprises SMEs, performance measurement, Hungary, Somogy County
Key words	Economic value added, small and medium-sized enterprises SMEs, performance measurement, Hungary, Somogy County
Abstrakt	EVA (Economic Value Added) permits commercial businesses to figure out whether the business is operating in profit and the money can be put into effect into a more profitable source. A leading EVA is a sign that the company has a greater value. The goal of this study is to identify if SMEs' actions carried out on a daily basis are able to generate economic value added for their business. The study is based on a comparative study between Hungary and 28 EU countries. The study is carried out in Hungary’s region of Somogy county. First, the variables for research were created and research was carried out at ground level. The research used the Expletory Factor analysis method to find EVA determinants. The results showed that determinants work together to reshape the regional industrial growth. The research demonstrated that finance and sluggish production are the major determinants in Somogy county. Entrepreneurs' skills and finance have the major impact, which means that to achieve a high growth in SMEs, policy makers have to solve these two problems and make the policy concentric toward finance and high skill development problem.
Abstract	EVA (Economic Value Added) permits commercial businesses to figure out whether the business is operating in profit and the money can be put into effect into a more profitable source. A leading EVA is a sign that the company has a greater value. The goal of this study is to identify if SMEs' actions carried out on a daily basis are able to generate economic value added for their business. The study is based on a comparative study between Hungary and 28 EU countries. The study is carried out in Hungary’s region of Somogy county. First, the variables for research were created and research was carried out at ground level. The research used the Expletory Factor analysis method to find EVA determinants. The results showed that determinants work together to reshape the regional industrial growth. The research demonstrated that finance and sluggish production are the major determinants in Somogy county. Entrepreneurs' skills and finance have the major impact, which means that to achieve a high growth in SMEs, policy makers have to solve these two problems and make the policy concentric toward finance and high skill development problem.
Cytowanie	Gal Z., Huseynov R., Singh D., Wojtaszek M. (2018) Determining the Performance Measurement of SME from Economic Value Added: Study on Hungary, Somogy County.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 2: 270-279
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n2_s270.pdf

Autor	Alina Klonowska
Tytuł	Analiza zmienności makroekonomicznych wielkości finansowych na przykładzie wybranych krajów Unii Europejskiej
Title	ANALYSIS OF THE VARIABILITY OF MACROECONOMIC FINANCIAL QUANTITIES WITH THE EXAMPLE OF SELECTED EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES
Słowa kluczowe	kryzys gospodarczy, wskaźniki fiskalne, wskaźniki makroekonomiczne.
Key words	economic crisis, fiscal indicators, macroeconomic indicators
Abstrakt	Celem artykułu jest próba oceny perspektyw wejścia na ścieżkę równowagi i stabilności makroekonomicznej w państwach UE. W pracy postawiono hipotezę: okres odbudowy gospodarczej państw UE po 2009 r. rodzi realne przesłanki wejścia na ścieżkę równowagi i stabilności makroekonomicznej w przyszłej perspektywie. Do zbadania zależności między popytem krajowym i PKB oraz wysokością eksportu i PKB wykorzystano współczynnik korelacji Pearsona. Natomiast ocenę sytuacji finansowej państw przeprowadzono na podstawie miar interwencji fiskalnej. Okres badawczy obejmuje lata 2000 – 2016. W rozdziale pierwszym wyjaśniono przesłanki wyboru grupy badawczej i zastosowane metody badawcze. W rozdziale drugim dokonano analizy kształtowania się wskaźników ekonomicznych. Zmiany w zakresie wskaźników fiskalnych ujęto w rozdziale trzecim. W podsumowaniu przedstawiono najważniejsze konkluzje wynikające z przeprowadzonych badań.
Abstract	The purpose of the article is an attempt to assess the prospects of entering the path of macroeconomic balance and stability in EU countries. A hypothesis was made in the work: the period of economic recovery of EU countries after 2009 raises real conditions for entering the path of macroeconomic balance and stability. The study of the relationship between domestic demand and GDP as well as the level of exports and GDP was carried out using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The assessment of the financial condition of the countries was made on the basis of measures of fiscal intervention. The research period covers the years 2000 – 2016. The first chapter explains the conditions for choosing a research group and applied research methods. The second chapter analyses the development of economic indicators. Changes in the scope of fiscal indicators are included in the third chapter. The summary presents the most important conclusions resulting from the conducted research.
Cytowanie	Klonowska A. (2018) Analiza zmienności makroekonomicznych wielkości finansowych na przykładzie wybranych krajów Unii Europejskiej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 19(68): 73-82
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2018_n68_s73.pdf

Autor	Grzegorz Paluszak, Joanna Wiśniewska-Paluszak
Tytuł	ECO-INDUSTRIAL BANK ATTENDANCE TO ECO-INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	eco-industrial bank, eco-industrial symbiosis, industrial ecology
Key words
Abstrakt	This article aims at conceptualization of new construct of eco-industrial bank and discusses its role in the development of eco-industrial symbiosis. The concept has been grounded in late theoretical streams of industrial ecology and industrial networks. The eco-industry bank plays a significant role of connecting ecology with business for the stakeholders’ economic and social benefits. According to the concept the broad objectives of the bank are to use financial resources with economic, social and environmental responsibility and to give priority to environmental interaction with business and society.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Paluszak G., Wiśniewska-Paluszak J.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s396.pdf

Autor	Mirosław Drygas, Iwona Nurzyńska
Tytuł	Uwarunkowania dyskusji nad kształtem Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej po 2020 roku
Title	Common Agricultural Policy Post 2020
Słowa kluczowe	Unia Europejska, Wspólna Polityka Rolna, płatności bezpośrednie, pierwszy i drugi filar WPR, reforma WPR
Key words	European Union, Common Agricultural Policy, direct payments, I and II pillar of the CAP, CAP reforms
Abstrakt	WPR UE, pomimo stałej, często ostrej, krytyki różnych środowisk, umożliwiała i nadal wspiera rozwój europejskiego rolnictwa i obszarów wiejskich. Aktualnie trwająca dyskusja nad jej kształtem po 2020 roku skłania do dokonania przeglądu stanowisk i wyrażenia własnych poglądów. W trwającej dyskusji od lat podnoszony jest pogląd o konieczności lepszego ukierunkowania WPR na skonkretyzowane cele dla uzyskania wyższej efektywności funduszy publicznych. Głównym celem opracowania jest dokonanie przeglądu ważniejszych wydarzeń, jakie miały miejsce w trakcie zainicjowanej w 2016 r. przez Komisję Europejską debaty, w tym sfinalizowanych konsultacji społecznych, na tle globalnych uwarunkowań politycznych, ekonomicznych, środowiskowych i technologicznych. Autorzy formułują hipotezę w następującym brzmieniu: Najbliższa reforma WPR choć przyniesie fundamentalne zmiany modelu wdrażania WPR, to jednak nie zapewni to jej znacznie silniejszego niż obecnie ukierunkowania na osiąganie zdefiniowanych i mierzalnych celów. Polityczny konsensus dotyczący wzmocnienia wsparcia na rzecz drobnych gospodarstw rolnych będzie kontynuowany kosztem ograniczenia wsparcia dla dużych operatorów. Oznacza to, że legitymizacja realizowanej polityki opierać się będzie głównie na społecznych i środowiskowych jej aspektach. Główną metodą badawczą jest przegląd i analiza obszernej literatury przedmiotu oraz dokumentów, analiz i ekspertyz.
Abstract	The CAP, despite strong criticisms from various expert cycles, enabled and still allows the development of European agriculture and rural areas. The current discussion about the CAP’s new architecture after 2020 stimulates a review of different positions and formulation of new views. For years, one of the key postulates has been better CAP targeting and a higher value for money. The objective of this publication is to present key developments that took place during this debate in the view of global political, economic, environmental and technological conditions. The authors formulated the following hypothesis: the coming CAP reform will bring about a fundamental change of the policy implementation model but the new CAP will not contribute to a stronger and measurable result-based orientation. The political consensus of supporting small farms will be continued at the expense of limiting support to the large farm operators. The main method used is online research, review of literature, and various analysis and documents.
Cytowanie	Drygas M., Nurzyńska I. (2018) Uwarunkowania dyskusji nad kształtem Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej po 2020 roku.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 2: 57-69
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n2_s57.pdf

Autor	Maiga Kruzmetra, Baiba Rivza
Tytuł	ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AS ONE OF THE SMART AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN RURAL TERRITORIES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	rural territories; sustainable development; economic activities
Key words
Abstrakt	Rural territory is an important part of the community’s living space, moreover, it is a living space for sustainable and smart development. With the growing public demand for a healthy living environment and healthy food, the role of rural territory as a living space for community and the necessity to maintain its sustainable development is increasing. However, the sustainability of rural territories as a living space will be preserved only when residents are ready for changes and if national institutions and local governments are promoting trends politically and practically. The aim of the research: to examine economic activity in the rural areas of Latvia with regard to promoting the sustainable and smart development direction during 2009–2016 and to assess the results achieved. An analysis of the information on entrepreneurship expansion used in the research allows making a number of conclusions. Even though Latvia has the lowest competitiveness rating among Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, at the same time, it is characterized by the highest growth rates and small distances among these countries. The reduction of these differences was significantly influenced by economic activity expansion, including the knowledge economy segment in Latvia. The growth of the economy in the rural territories surpasses the growth rates in major cities. The rural space has confirmed its suitability for the innovative functioning and growth of the economy.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kruzmetra M., Rivza B.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s48.pdf

Autor	Kateryna Voloshchuk, Yuliia Voloshchuk, Vitaliy Voloshchuk
Tytuł	INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	innovation, innovative development, strategy, digital economy
Key words
Abstrakt	It is determined that in economic science there is no single approach to the interpretation of the concept of ‘innovation’. It is suggested that taking into account the radical changes that are in the world economy today it is necessary to use the extended concept of innovation, which should be understood as the results of the development transformation, research, ideas and their combination into a radically new or improved technological, economic, social solution, the results of which can be applied in practice. The main indicators that determine the level of innovation development of a country or region and provide an opportunity to determine the impact on economic development are covered. The place of Ukraine in such ratings according to indicators of innovative development in 2017, 2018 and problems that cause their low level are defined. The improvement directions of the innovative development level of the country are defined and the real steps taken by the government of the country to correct the negative trends through the introduction of digital transformation of the country’s economy, the transition from raw material to high-tech production and the basis of innovative IT technologies and communications are shown.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Voloshchuk K., Voloshchuk Y., Voloshchuk V.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s62.pdf

Autor	Ioana Comanescu, Diana Foris, Tiberiu Foris
Tytuł	TRENDS IN ROMANIAN AGRITOURISM IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
Title
Słowa kluczowe	agritourism, agritourism infrastructure and accommodation capacity, tourist arrivals, sustainable development
Key words
Abstrakt	Agritourism plays an important role for sustainable development, acting as integrator for other economic sectors, like agriculture, transport, services, preserving the traditions and historical heritage. This study presents the analysis of the evolution of the agritourism infrastructure and of the main tourism indicators for Romania as agritourism travel destination, emphasizing the importance of this sector in the development of the tourism industry. Quantitative and comparative analyses were carried out regarding the total number and the existing accommodation capacity for tourist boarding houses and agritourist boarding houses and the numerical evolution for domestic arrivals and international arrivals throughout the period between 2006 and 2016. In conclusion, Romania is an important agritourism destination, well known at national and international level for its natural and anthropic resources in rural areas.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Comanescu I., Foris D., Foris T.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s81.pdf

Autor	Konrad Turkowski
Tytuł	TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE IN POLAND
Title
Słowa kluczowe	aquaculture, adaptation, sustainability
Key words
Abstrakt	In the late 1980s, inland aquaculture in Poland produced about 20 and 4 thousand tonnes of carp and trout, respectively. In 2016, the total volume of the sector’s production increased to over 35 thousand tonnes, including 18 and 16 thousand tonnes of the two species and above 1 thousand tonnes of another fish. This constitutes 94% of total catches of inland fish and about 15% including sea fishing. Globally, roughly 50% of seafood supply is produced by aquaculture, and farmed fish production exceeds that of farmed beef. The EU’s Blue Growth Strategy identifies aquaculture as a sector which could boost economic growth across Europe. The key challenges in the Polish aquaculture sector is significant production growth to 49 thousand tonnes by 2020 and increasing its competitiveness by using resources more effectively, supporting the market by building distribution chains, improving the quality of products and marketing, as well as increasing contribution to environmental protection.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Turkowski K.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s92.pdf

Autor	Bruno Chiarini, Antonella Dagostino, Elisabetta Marzano, Andrea Regoli
Tytuł	SUSTAINABILITY IN URBAN VS. RURAL AREAS: A COMPARISON OF SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE INDICATORS ACROSS EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	perception of pollution, concentration of particulate matter, cross-country comparison
Key words
Abstrakt	In this paper, starting from the approach described in Chiarini et al. (2017), who have provided a subjective measure of the environmental impact of cities (subjective EIC) at the country level, we extend the analysis comparing their indicator with the objective measure of the environmental impact of cities (objective EIC) suggested by Agenda 2030, namely mean levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10). The comparison between subjective and objective indicators of the EIC is a novelty in the panorama of the available studies, and provides useful results for policy analysis. In fact, the relative ranking of countries changes according to the metric adopted, and the analysis of association with macroeconomic indicators of development and growth reveal that subjective and objective EIC indicators might influence/be influenced by different macrofactors.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Chiarini B., Dagostino A., Marzano E., Regoli A.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s140.pdf

Autor	Grzegorz Kunikowski
Tytuł	LOW-CARBON ECONOMY PLANNING IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR
Title
Słowa kluczowe	general regional economics, alternative energy sources, government policy
Key words
Abstrakt	The article presents the results of analysis of low carbon economy planning in public administration, as well as technological and non-technological solutions present in Poland and the EU. The review of documentation, being a formal basis for dealing with problems by public administration and local authorities, and the analysis of sample programmes and plan indicate that the main determinant of low carbon economy development in Poland is the state of the natural environment, particularly air quality and availability of financial support for investments, which is dependent on the possession of specific planning documents. Technological solutions are economically verified as network parity, which indicates the importance of organizational, fiscal and financial solutions.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kunikowski G.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s103.pdf

Autor	Michal Borychowski
Tytuł	LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN THE LIQUID BIOFUELS SECTOR IN SELECTED EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	biofuels, production, turnover, job creation, labour productivity in the liquid biofuel sector
Key words
Abstrakt	The development of the liquid biofuels sector has been dynamic for more than 10 years, but from the very beginning of this process has been accompanied by a number of controversies as the production and use of liquid biofuels have both positive and negative effects. These consequences primary concern socio-economic and environmental areas. The most important economic benefits are connected with production, turnover and employment in the biofuels industry and the development of agriculture through higher demand on agricultural commodities. The aim of the paper was to quantify labour productivity in the liquid biofuels sector in European Union countries. It is hypothesized that highly developed countries (measured by GDP per capita) have higher labour productivity in the liquid biofuels industry than poorer European Union countries. The second hypothesis states that countries with high liquid biofuel production have higher labour productivity than other countries. The period under research covered the years 2009–2015. The data are mainly from Eurostat, EurObserv’ER consortium and World Bank. This research provides the general conclusion that a high level of economic development is not accompanied by high labour productivity (two types) in the liquid biofuels sector (there is no significant positive correlation). The same applies to the relation between biofuel production volume and labour productivity. The research proves that a high level of GDP per capita or the big scale of biofuel production (and use) is not a determinant of high labour productivity in this sector.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Borychowski M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s116.pdf