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Autor	Marian Podstawka
Tytuł	Inflacja a koszty produkcji wybranych produktów rolniczych w 2022 roku
Title	INFLATION AND PRODUCTION COSTS OF SELECTED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN POLAND IN 2022
Słowa kluczowe	produkcja rolna, inflacja, cena, prognoza
Key words	agricultural production, inflation, price, forecast
Abstrakt	Celem opracowania było przedstawienie działań podejmowanych, w ostatnich latach, przez państwowe władze publiczne wpływających na inflację w Polsce. Na tym tle dokonano oceny wzrostu cen na rolnicze kupowane środki produkcji, które skorelowano ze strukturą kosztów i na tej podstawie oszacowany został wzrost kosztów produkcji podstawowych produktów rolniczych w 2022 roku. Następnie ten prognozowany wzrost kosztów produkcji odniesiono do szacowanych przychodów. Pozwoliło to ustalić ich wzrost, który umożliwiałby utrzymanie dotychczasowego poziomu dochodów rolniczych. Działania ratunkowe rządu wywołane przez COVID-19 miały trzy główne źródła finansowania:• wydatki budżetu państwa i budżetu środków europejskich – 23,2 mld zł,• Fundusz Przeciwdziałania COVID-19 – 92,7 mld zł,• tarcze finansowe Polskiego Funduszu Rozwoju – 63,5 mld zł,O ile działania interwencyjne rządu, w warunkach kryzysu, należy ocenić pozytywnie, to ich sposoby realizacji krytycznie. Wsparcie finansowe w ramach tarcz otrzymały firmy, które wykazywały spadek obrotów spowodowany pandemią koronawirusa. W efekcie wspierano te firmy, które być może celowo tworzyły warunki do otrzymania wsparcia. Firmy dobrze prosperujące w warunkach COVID-19 takiego wsparcia były natomiast pozbawione.We wszystkich analizowanych rodzajach działalności produkcji rolniczej roślinnej w 2022 roku nastąpi wzrost kosztów ich wytwarzania o około 50-60% Wyjątkiem będzie produkcja żyta, gdzie wzrost kosztów będzie jeszcze wyższy.
Abstract	The aim of the paper is to present measures taken in recent years by state public authoritiesthat affect inflation in Poland. An assessment was made of the growth in prices for purchasedagricultural inputs, which was correlated with cost structures, and on this basis an increase in theproduction costs of basic agricultural products in 2022 was estimated. This projected increase inproduction costs was then related to estimated income. This made it possible to determine theirgrowth, which would allow the current level of agricultural income to be maintained. Thegovernment rescue measures triggered by COVID-19 had three main sources of funding:expenditure of the state budget and the budget of European funds - PLN 23.2 billion, COVID-19Counteracting Fund - PLN 92.7 billion, and financial shields of the Polish Development Fund -PLN 63.5 billion,While the government's intervention activities, under the conditions of the crisis, should beassessed positively, their methods of implementation should be assessed critically. Financialsupport under the shields was given to companies that showed a decline in turnover caused by thecoronavirus pandemic. As a result, those companies that may have deliberately created theconditions to receive support were supported. In all analyzed types of agricultural crop productionactivities in 2022, there will be an increase in the cost of their production by about 50-60%. Theexception will be the production of rye, where the cost increase will be even higher.
Cytowanie	Podstawka M. (2022) Inflacja a koszty produkcji wybranych produktów rolniczych w 2022 roku.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 27(76): 89-98
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2022_n76_s89.pdf

Autor	Daniel Błażejczyk, Anna Milewska
Tytuł	Program „Rodzina 500+” szansą na rozwiązanie problemów polityki rodzinnej i demograficznej
Title	POLAND’S “FAMILY 500+” PROGRAM AS AN OPPORTUNITY TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS OF FAMILY AND DEMOGRAPHIC POLICY
Słowa kluczowe	„Program 500+”, finanse, efektywność, dzietność
Key words	“Family 500+” programme, finance, effectiveness, fertility
Abstrakt	Głównym celem artykułu było zbadanie efektów wprowadzenia programu „Rodzina 500+” w kontekście społeczno-ekonomicznym. Autorzy preferowali podejście interdyscyplinarne w badaniu konsekwencji programu. W tym celu szczególną uwagę poświęcono na weryfikację i analizę założeń, jakie stawiał sobie pomysłodawca programu. Głównym zakresem badań była dzietność, której poprawa jest kluczowym celem programu. Zestawienie tych założeń z danymi statystycznymi dało odpowiedź na pytanie, czy program jest skuteczny i spełnia swoją rolę. Do zbadania efektów programu wykorzystano dane z lat 2015-2019.Ważnym aspektem była także weryfikacja efektywności w aspekcie ekonomicznym i społecznym. Istotnym zamiarem było także przybliżenie historii programu „Rodzina 500+”, jego założeń, finansowania i zakładanej zmiany w podejściu do polityki prodemograficznej w Polsce.
Abstract	The goal of this article was to identify and characterize the socio-economic effects of theintroduction of the “Family 500+” program in Poland. The research part focused on checking theimplementation of the assumptions, which were placed on the introduction of the "Family 500+"program. The main focus of the study was fertility, the improvement of which is a key goal of theprogram.The research methods used in the article were: data analysis method - data on the number ofbirths of children in Poland, the fertility rate as well as the method of synthesis, inference andinterpretation were analyzed. On the basis of the data analysis, conclusions were drawn and theirnature explained. This was done in order to reflect on the effectiveness of public spending on the"Family 500+" program.To achieve the intended objective, research and analysis were carried out using selectedindicators and statistical data. Their results allowed to verify the effectiveness of public fundsspent on the indicated program.
Cytowanie	Błażejczyk D., Milewska A. (2022) Program „Rodzina 500+” szansą na rozwiązanie problemów polityki rodzinnej i demograficznej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 27(76): 58-67
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2022_n76_s58.pdf

Autor	Agnieszka Gałecka, Marzena Ganc
Tytuł	Stabilność finansowa gmin wiejskich województwa lubelskiego w latach 2016-2020
Title	FINANCIAL STABILITY OF RURAL MUNICIPALITIES IN POLAND’S LUBLIN VOIVODESHIP IN 2016-2020
Słowa kluczowe	stabilność finansowa, gminy wiejskie, analiza wskaźnikowa, płynność finansowa
Key words	financial stability, rural municipalities, ratio analysis, financial liquidity
Abstrakt	Stabilność usług publicznych oraz sytuacja finansowa samorządów lokalnych ma istotny wpływ na rozwój gospodarczy kraju, jak również trwający od lat proces reform politycznych zmierzających do promowania wydajności jednostek sektora publicznego, ich zrównoważonych budżetów oraz stabilności finansowej. Jest to pojęcie różnie definiowane, co wynika m.in. z jego wieloaspektowości oraz braku precyzyjnie określonych miar do oceny tego zjawiska.Celem głównym pracy była ocena stabilności finansowej gmin wiejskich województwa lubelskiego w latach 2016-2020. W ramach celu głównego przeprowadzono analizę wskaźnikową oraz badania ankietowe. Artykuł powstał w oparciu o studia literatury przedmiotu, sprawozdania z wykonania budżetów badanych gmin publikowane przez Regionalną Izbę Obrachunkową w Lublinie oraz kwestionariusz ankiety.Na podstawie przeprowadzonych analiz stwierdzono że badane gminy w latach 2016-2020 odnotowały trwałość w zakresie polityki fiskalnej, stabilny poziom płynności finansowej i zadłużenia, aczkolwiek stosunkowo niski poziom samodzielności dochodowej. Kryzys w 2020 roku wywołany pandemią Covid-19 spowodował znaczny wzrost wydatków bieżących jednostek samorządu terytorialnego w porównaniu do dochodów, które były mniejsze niż planowano, aczkolwiek nie wpłynął na znaczne pogorszenie wyników finansowych badanych gmin. W opinii ankietowanych (wójtów) zdecydowana większość gmin wiejskich województwa lubelskiego była stabilna finansowo a pandemia Covid-19 na ogół nie miała istotnego wpływu na jej poziom.
Abstract	The stability of public services and the financial situation of local governments has a significant impact on a nation’s economic development. It also affects the long-standing process of political reforms aimed at promoting the efficiency of public sector units, their balanced budgets and financial stability. It is a concept defined in different ways, which is due, among other things, to its multifaceted nature and the lack of precisely defined measures to assess this phenomenon.The main objective of the paper was to assess the financial stability of rural municipalities in Poland’s Lublin voivodeship in 2016-2020. Within the framework of the main objective, ratio analysis and survey research was conducted. The paper was based on the study of literature on the subject, reports on the implementation of budgets in the studied municipalities published by the Regional Chamber of Accounts in Lublin, and a survey questionnaire.Based on the analyses, it was found that the studied municipalities in 2016-2020 recorded sustainability in terms of fiscal policy, and a stable level of financial liquidity and debt, albeit with a relatively low level of revenue independence. The crisis in 2020 caused by the Covid-19 pandemic caused a significant increase in the current expenditures of local government units compared to revenues, which were less than planned, although it did not significantly worsen thefinancial performance of the surveyed municipalities. In the opinion of the respondents (heads of rural municipalities), the vast majority of rural municipalities in the Lublin voivodeship were financially stable and the Covid-19 pandemic generally did not have a significant impact on theirlevels of stability.
Cytowanie	Gałecka A., Ganc M. (2022) Stabilność finansowa gmin wiejskich województwa lubelskiego w latach 2016-2020.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 27(76): 18-29
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2022_n76_s18.pdf

Autor	Agnieszka Cyburt
Tytuł	Samodzielność finansowa małych gmin województwa lubelskiego i jej znaczenie dla ich stabilności finansowej
Title	FINANCIAL INDEPENDENCE OF SMALL COMMUNES IN POLAND’S LUBELSKIE VOIVODESHIP: IMPORTANCE FOR FINANCIAL STABILITY
Słowa kluczowe	samodzielność finansowa, stabilność finansowa, analiza wskaźnikowa, jednostka samorządu terytorialnego
Key words	financial independence, financial stability, ratio analysis, local government unit
Abstrakt	Celem opracowania było ustalenie poziomu samodzielności finansowej 81 małych gmin województwa lubelskiego (do 5 tys. mieszkańców) oraz ocena jej znaczenia dla stabilności finansowej tych jednostek. Zastosowano następujące metody: analizę piśmiennictwa, analizę wskaźnikową oraz sondaż diagnostyczny. Do analizy przyjęto dane finansowe z lat 2017-2021. W badaniu ankietowym przeprowadzonym wśród zarządzających małymi gminami wzięło udział 69 wójtów. Ustalono, że w opinii włodarzy potencjał dochodowy i samodzielność finansowa stanowią ważny czynnik wpływający na stabilność finansową małych gmin, a ich niski poziom stanowi zagrożenie dla wspomnianej stabilności. Wykorzystano trzy wskaźniki służące ocenie samodzielności finansowej. Z przeprowadzonych analiz wynika, że małe gminy charakteryzował niski poziom samodzielności dochodowej i duże uzależnienie od dochodów transferowych przekazywanych z budżetu państwa, co widoczne jest w osiągniętej wartości wskaźnika samodzielności wydatkowej.
Abstract	The aim of the study was to determine the level of financial independence of 81 small communes of Poland’s Lubelskie Voivodship (up to 5,000 inhabitants per commune) and to assess its significance for their financial stability. The following methods were used: literature analysis, ratio analysis and diagnostic survey. Financial data from 2017-2021 was adopted for the analysis. 69 heads of communes participated in the conducted survey. It was established that in the opinionof these leaders, income potential and financial independence are important factors affecting the financial stability of small communes, and their low level poses a threat to this stability. Three ratios were used to assess financial independence. The analyses showed that small communes were characterized by a low level of income independence and a high dependence on revenues transferred from the state budget, which is evident in the value of the expenditure independenceratio achieved.
Cytowanie	Cyburt A. (2022) Samodzielność finansowa małych gmin województwa lubelskiego i jej znaczenie dla ich stabilności finansowej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 27(76): 5-17
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Autor	Agieszka Parlińska
Tytuł	Wyzwania e-learningu w czasie pandemii w Polsce
Title	E-LEARNING CHALLENGES IN POLAND DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Słowa kluczowe	COVID-19, e-learning, nauczanie na odległość, edukacja zdalna
Key words	COVID-19, e-learning, distance learning, remote education
Abstrakt	Głównym celem pracy było ukazanie konieczności podjęcia nowych wyzwań w edukacji z wykorzystaniem metod e-learningowych w Polsce w latach 2019-2021. Nowym podejściem oraz celem i wartością dodaną opracowania było wzbogacenie wiedzy na temat wykorzystania nowych metod dydaktycznych i badawczych w sytuacji pandemii, ale także po niej.Do realizacji celu wykorzystano metodę analizy i krytyki literatury, a także analizę wskaźnikową opartą na danych historycznych z GUS, EUROSTATU i obserwacji własnej.Przeprowadzone badania pozwoliły na sformułowanie kilku wniosków związanych z czynnikami wpływającymi na e-learning, takimi jak dostęp do Internetu, stosowane narzędzia oraz kompetencje cyfrowe nauczycieli i uczniów. Przedstawiono również krótką analizę SWOT, co jest kluczowe dla przyszłości e-learningu.
Abstract	The main objective of the paper is to show the new challenges for education that arose inPoland from 2019-2021, and the use of e-learning methods. This new approach, and the purposeand added value of this study, is to enrich the knowledge of the use of new teaching and researchmethods gained during the Covid-19 pandemic and applicability to pandemics generally, as wellas continued use of these methods afterwards..To achieve the objective, the method of literature analysis and critique was used, as well as aratio analysis based on historical data from Statistics Poland (GUS), EUROSTAT and the author’sown first-hand observations as a university educator.The research results helped to formulate several conclusions regarding the factors whichinfluence effective e-learning, such as: internet access and quality; the availability of adequatesoftware, hardware and other tools; and the digital competence of teachers and students. A shortSWOT analyse is also presented to highlight key considerations that are crucial for the future of elearning.
Cytowanie	Parlińska A. (2022) Wyzwania e-learningu w czasie pandemii w Polsce.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 27(76): 80-88
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2022_n76_s80.pdf

Autor	Aleksandra Kłosowska, Mateusz Śliwa
Tytuł	Zmiana poziomu kredytowania przedsiębiorstw w Polsce w okresie pandemii COVID-19
Title	CHANGE IN THE LEVEL OF CORPORATE LENDING IN POLAND DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Słowa kluczowe	przedsiębiorstwo, kredytowanie, interwencjonizm państwowy, COVID-19, kryzys, finanse przedsiębiorstw.
Key words	enterprise, lending, COVID-19, state interventionism, corporate finances, crisis
Abstrakt	Tematem przewodnim niniejszego opracowania jest ocena wpływu pandemii COVID-19 na kredytowanie przedsiębiorstw. Głównym celem artykułu jest analiza zmian jakościowych i ilościowych poziomu kredytowania przedsiębiorstw w Polsce. Autorzy skupiają się z jednej strony na możliwościach zaciągnięcia zobowiązań przez firmy, z drugiej zaś na zmiany zasad udzielania pożyczek przez banki na przestrzeni zmieniającej się rzeczywistości gospodarczej, obarczonej kryzysem spowodowanym przez pandemię. W poszczególnych analizach ukazano również szerszy kontekst porównawczy odwołując się do danych statystycznych przed wystąpieniem kryzysu spowodowanego wirusem. W analizowanym przypadku niepewność co do kondycji sektora MSP w okresie kryzysu zaważyła na zaostrzeniu polityki kredytowej. wzrost zapotrzebowania na finansowanie bankowe w okresie pandemii zgłaszały zarówno duże firmy, jak i mikroprzedsiębiorstwa, jednak tylko w przypadku tych pierwszych dostępność kredytów wzrosła. W związku z tym różnica między dostępnością kredytów bankowych dla sektora dużych firm i sektora MSP powiększyła się.
Abstract	The main theme undertaken in this paper is the assessment of the impact of the COVID-19pandemic on corporate lending. The main objective of the article is to analyze the qualitative andquantitative changes in the level of corporate lending in Poland. The author focuses, on the onehand, on the ability of firms to incur liabilities and, on the other hand, on the changes in banklending rules over the course of a changing economic reality burdened by the crisis caused by thepandemic. The individual analyses also show a broader comparative context by referring tostatistical data before the onset of the virus crisis. In the case under review, uncertainty about thehealth of the MSP sector during the crisis weighed on the tightening of credit policy. An increasein demand for bank financing in the pandemic period was reported by both large companies andmicro enterprises. However, only in the case of the former did the availability of loans increase.As a result, the gap between the availability of bank loans to large firms and the MSP sectorwidened.
Cytowanie	Kłosowska A., Śliwa M. (2022) Zmiana poziomu kredytowania przedsiębiorstw w Polsce w okresie pandemii COVID-19.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 27(76): 99-110
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2022_n76_s99.pdf

Autor	Bolesław Borkowski, Katarzyna Czech, Anna Górska, Joanna Kisielińska, Grzegorz Koszela, Monika Krawiec, Joanna Landmesser, Luiza Ochnio, Łukasz Pietrych, Robert Pietrzykowski, Ewa Wasilewska, Monika Zielińska-Sitkiewicz
Tytuł	Wielowymiarowa analiza danych w ekonomice rolnictwa
Title
Słowa kluczowe
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Abstrakt
Abstract
Cytowanie	Borkowski B., Czech K., Górska A., Kisielińska J., Koszela G., Krawiec M., Landmesser J., Ochnio L., Pietrych Ł., Pietrzykowski R., Wasilewska E., Zielińska-Sitkiewicz M. (2021) Wielowymiarowa analiza danych w ekonomice rolnictwa.
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Pełny tekst	MONO_2021_wielowymiarowa_analiza_danych.pdf

Autor	Elwira Laskowska, Kamil Stefański
Tytuł	Determinanty zróżnicowania regionalnego cen gruntów rolnych w Polsce
Title	Determinants of Regional Differentiation of Agricultural Land Prices in Poland
Słowa kluczowe	cena gruntów rolnych, zróżnicowanie regionalne, Polska
Key words	price of agricultural land, regional differentiation, Poland
Abstrakt	Celem badań zaprezentowanych w niniejszym artykule była próba wyjaśnienia regionalnego zróżnicowania cen gruntów ornych w Polsce w 2018 roku w aspekcie uwarunkowań przyrodniczo-ekonomicznych, wynikających zarówno z czynników charakteryzujących wielkość, strukturę i jakość gruntów, jak również poziomu rozwoju gospodarczego i potencjału rolniczego poszczególnych województw. W badaniach zastosowano analizę jakościową i ilościową danych statystycznych GUS. Wyniki przeprowadzonej analizy potwierdziły zróżnicowanie regionalne uwarunkowań przyrodniczo-ekonomicznych oraz poziomu cen i czynszów dzierżawnych na rynku gruntów rolnych w Polsce. Wśród zmiennych wyjaśniających zróżnicowanie cen gruntów znalazły się wskaźniki charakteryzujące jakość zasobu gruntów rolnych, ich dochodowość oraz potencjał rolniczy danego regionu.
Abstract	The aim of the research presented in this article was an attempt to explain the regional differentiation of arable land prices in 2018 in terms of natural and economic conditions, resulting both from factors characterizing the size, structure and quality of land, as well as the level of economic development and agricultural potential of individual voivodeships. The research used qualitative and quantitative analysis of Polish Statistical Office data. The results of the analysis carried out confirmed the regional differentiation of natural and economic conditions as well as the level of prices and rents on the agricultural land market in Poland. The variables explaining the differentiation in land prices include indicators characterizing the quality of the agricultural land resource, its profitability and the agricultural potential of a given region.
Cytowanie	Laskowska E., Stefański K. (2021) Determinanty zróżnicowania regionalnego cen gruntów rolnych w Polsce.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 21(36), z. 3: 41-54
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2021_T21(36)_n3_s41.pdf

Autor	Aneta Mikuła, Stanisław Stańko
Tytuł	Zmiany w produkcji, handlu zagranicznym i zużyciu krajowym ziemniaków w Polsce w latach 2001-2019
Title	Changes in the Production, Foreign Trade and Domestic Consumption of Potatoes in Poland in 2001-2019
Słowa kluczowe	ziemniak, produkcja, import, eksport
Key words	potato, production, imports export
Abstrakt	Przedmiotem analizy była produkcja ziemniaków, zużycie krajowe i obroty handlu zagranicznego (eksport i import) w Polsce w latach 2001-2019. W oparciu o wyniki analiz określono średniookresową projekcję (na 2025 r.) obejmującą produkcję, kierunki wykorzystania w kraju i obroty handlu zagranicznego ziemniakami i ich przetworami. Analizowane dane pochodziły z GUS oraz IERiGŻ-PIB. Produkcja ziemniaków w Polsce w latach 2001-2019 charakteryzowała się tendencją spadkową. Wolniejszy spadek zbiorów niż powierzchni wynikał z poprawy plonowania. W zużyciu krajowym występowały różnokierunkowe tendencje: spadkowa w spożyciu ziemniaków ogółem, w eksporcie ziemniaków nieprzetworzonych, w przetwórstwie w gorzelnictwie i w stratach w przechowalnictwie oraz wzrostowa w przetwórstwie spożywczym i pozostałym przemysłowym. W handlu zagranicznym zaobserwowano poprawę dodatniego salda handlu przetworami z ziemniaków oraz pogłębianie się ujemnego salda handlu ziemniakami. Z projekcji rozwoju na 2025 r. wynika, że produkcja ziemniaków w Polsce może wynosić 7250- 7540 tys. t, a zapotrzebowanie - 7430-7570 tys. t. Import niezbędny ziemniaków świeżych może wynosić rocznie 30-180 tys. t.
Abstract	The subject of the analysis was potato production, domestic consumption and foreign trade turnover (export and import) in Poland in 2001-2019. Based on the results of the analyzes, a medium-term projection (for 2025) was defined, covering production, directions of domestic use and foreign trade turnover of potatoes and their products. The analyzed data came from the Central Statistical Office and Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics- National Research Institute. Potato production in Poland in 2001-2019 was characterized by a downward trend. The slower drop in the harvest than in the area was due to the improvement in yield. There were various trends in domestic consumption: a decrease in total potato consumption, in the export of unprocessed potatoes, in processing in distilling and losses in storage, and an increase in food processing and other industrial processing. In foreign trade, an improvement in the positive balance of trade in potato products and a deepening of the negative trade balance in potatoes was observed. The development projection for 2025 shows that the production of potatoes in Poland may amount to 7,250,000- 7,540,000 thousand tonnes, and the demand – 7430 7570 thousand tonnes. The necessary import of fresh potatoes can amount to 30-180 thousand tonnes annually.
Cytowanie	Mikuła A., Stańko S. (2021) Zmiany w produkcji, handlu zagranicznym i zużyciu krajowym ziemniaków w Polsce w latach 2001-2019.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 21(36), z. 1: 33-51
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2021_T21(36)_n1_s33.pdf

Autor	Arkadiusz Weremczuk, Michał Wielechowski, Joanna Wrzesińska-Kowal
Tytuł	Developments and convergence of real housing pricesin Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic:focus on voivodeship capitals
Title
Słowa kluczowe	real estate market, housing prices, regional price convergence in housing market, COVID-19, voivodeship capitals, Poland
Key words
Abstrakt	The paper aims to present and assess the changes in real housing prices in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyse transaction prices of residential premises in a multi-family housing (apartments) in the primary and secondary markets within 16 administrative capitals of voivodeships. We use quarterly data on House Prices Database collected by the National Bank of Poland and data on quarterly price indices of consumer goods and services from Statistics Poland. The research period covers the period 2018-2021, with distinction into COVID-19- and pre-COVID-19 periods. We observe the highest housing prices in Warszawa, Gdańsk, Kraków, and Wrocław, while the lowest in Zielona Góra and Kielce. Surprisingly, the growth rate in real housing prices in the pandemic sub-period is lower than in corresponding pre-COVID-19 period. In the COVID-19 sub-period, we observe the most significant increases in real estate prices in Zielona Góra and Szczecin in the primary market, and Kraków, Lublin, and Łódź in the secondary market. Additionally, we reveal the existence of regional price convergence in the housing market in analysed cities, both in primary and secondary markets. However, we do not observe a common price convergence, but only convergence clubs (city-groups) where the housing prices tend to converge in the COVID-19 sub-period.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Weremczuk A., Wielechowski M., Wrzesińska-Kowal J.
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Pełny tekst	TIRR_2021_n16_s111.pdf

Autor	Ewa Cieślik
Tytuł	Mapowanie produktów polskiego eksportu produktów rolno spożywczych kierowanego do wybranych krajów Unii Europejskiej w 2020 roku
Title	Mapping of the Products of Polish Agri-Food Exports to Selected European Union Countries in 2020
Słowa kluczowe	eksport, produkty rolno-spożywcze, mapowanie produktów
Key words	export, agri-food products, product mapping
Abstrakt	W artykule skupiono się na poszukiwaniu perspektyw wzrostu polskiego eksportu produktami rolno-spożywczymi z gospodarkami należącymi do Unii Europejskiej i będącymi najważniejszymi rynkami eksportowymi dla Polski w zakresie dóbr rolno-spożywczych. Zidentyfikowano grupy tych towarów, które charakteryzują się dodatnimi i ujemnymi wskaźnikami ujawnionych przewag komparatywnych oraz wskaźnikami bilansu handlowego. W badaniu zastosowano metodę opartą o macierz mapowania produktów.
Abstract	The article focuses on the search for growth prospects for Polish exports of agri-food products with economies belonging to the European Union and being the most important export markets for Poland in terms of agri-food products. Groups of these goods were identified that are characterized by positive and negative indicators of revealed comparative advantages and indicators of the trade balance. The study used a method based on the product mapping matrix.
Cytowanie	Cieślik E. (2021) Mapowanie produktów polskiego eksportu produktów rolno spożywczych kierowanego do wybranych krajów Unii Europejskiej w 2020 roku.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 21(36), z. 4: 37-53
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2021_T21(36)_n4_s37.pdf

Autor	Rolan Albornoz, Stanislava Kontsevaya, Svetlana Kontsevaya, Luboš Smutka
Tytuł	METHODOLOGY FOR ESTIMATION THE EFFICIENCY OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Title
Słowa kluczowe	land assets, economic efficiency, ecological efficiency, criteria, methods, soil quality
Key words
Abstrakt	Paper devoted estimation of the efficiency of agricultural land in the Russian Federation. Land is the main production factor in agriculture, hence it is important to know the effective usage of land. Land efficiency could be evaluated in different ways. In this paper, it was suggested to use as factors – feed units received from 1 ha arable land, amount of growing production in fair price in 1 ha, gross and net profit per 1 ha. Also, methodology suggested calculating potential yield and the potential cost of arable land, using a score of soil quality. The paper aims to suggest a methodology of economic efficiency. Case study base on agricultural company Kolos, Russia.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Albornoz R., Kontsevaya S., Kontsevaya S., Smutka L.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2021_n5_s56.pdf

Autor	Dorota Pasińska
Tytuł	Handel zagraniczny produktami mięsnymi Polski z Japonią w latach 2004-2019
Title	Foreign Trade in Meat Products between Poland and Japan in 2004-2019
Słowa kluczowe	eksport, import, Japonia, bariery pozataryfowe, produkty mięsne
Key words	export, import, Japan, non-tariff barriers, meat products
Abstrakt	Głównym celem artykułu jest charakterystyka zmian w handlu zagranicznym produktami mięsnymi Polski z Japonią w latach 2004-2019. Zastosowano następujące metody: analiza porównawcza w czasie eksportu produktów mięsnych oraz wchodzących w jej skład głównych grup produktowych, analiza struktury towarowej tego eksportu. Otrzymane wyniki mogą być wykorzystane przez różnych uczestników łańcucha dostaw (np. przetwórców czy handel), mogą stanowić wsparcie nie tylko dla polityki gospodarczej państwa w zakresie kształtowania relacji handlowych, ale także dla przedsiębiorstw eksportujących, które są zainteresowane określeniem swojej pozycji konkurencyjnej na rynku (np. mogą oszacować swój udział w eksporcie do Japonii określonych grup asortymentowych) czy rozważyć ewentualne uplasowanie swoich produktów na tym rynku. W badaniach wykorzystano dane OECD, ITC Trade Map i niepublikowane dane roczne dotyczące eksportu i importu Ministerstwa Finansów z lat 2004-2019.
Abstract	The main purpose of the article is to describe the changes in foreign trade in meat products between Poland and Japan in the years 2004-2019. The following methods were used: comparative analysis over time of the export of meat products and its main product groups, analysis of the commodity structure of these exports. The obtained results can be implemented by various participants in the supply chain (e.g. processors or trade), they may support not only the economic policy of the state in terms of shaping trade relations, but also exporting enterprises interested in determining their competitive position market (e.g. they can estimate their share in exports to Japan of certain product groups) or consider the possible placement of their products on this market. The research used OECD, ITC Trade Map data and unpublished annual data on exports and imports of the Ministry of Finance from 2004 to 2019.
Cytowanie	Pasińska D. (2021) Handel zagraniczny produktami mięsnymi Polski z Japonią w latach 2004-2019.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 21(36), z. 1: 16-32
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2021_T21(36)_n1_s16.pdf

Autor	Oleg Kucher, Nataliia Pokotylska, Zoia Pustova, Natalia Pustova
Tytuł	ORGANIC MARKET FORMATION IN UKRAINE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	organic market, organic production, organic products, certification, organic production marking
Key words
Abstrakt	The article examines modern state and prospects of the development of organic market in the context of rationalization of the available natural-resource potential of Ukraine. Basing on the analysis of key organic production indicators it is relevant to conclude that during last year’s there is stable positive dynamics in growing of the area of farmlands that take part in the certified reduced production. Due to the improvement of the organic production recycling the level of organic production consuming and number of certified manufacturers have significantly increased. Consumers of Ukrainian organic production are predominantly the EU countries. Ukraine is interested in the organic market development and there are inevitable resources that can be found in every region of the country. We have characterized the legal principles that enable the organic market and the establishing of relation that are linked to the organic production development which are regulated by the Law of Ukraine and other legislative acts that are related to the issue. Basing on the data of the article and estimation of the organic production consuming level in Ukraine in 2010-2019 there were evaluated forecast indicators of the Ukrainian organic market capacity until 2023.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kucher O., Pokotylska N., Pustova Z., Pustova N.
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Pełny tekst	TIRR_2021_n16_s55.pdf

Autor	Oladimeji Oladele, Danlami Yakubu
Tytuł	Determinants of Use of Climate Change Adaptation Practices by Rice Farmers in Kebbi State, North-West Nigeria
Title	Determinants of Use of Climate Change Adaptation Practices by Rice Farmers in Kebbi State, North-West Nigeria
Słowa kluczowe	climate change, smallholder farmers, Nigeria, climate adaptation, adoption, livelihoods
Key words	climate change, smallholder farmers, Nigeria, climate adaptation, adoption, livelihoods
Abstrakt	Rice productivity and sustainability are threatened by both biotic and abiotic stresses, the effects of which can be further aggravated by dramatic changes in global climate. The most viable option for rice farmers is to use climate change adaptation practices. This study therefore investigated the determinants of use of climate change adaptation practices among rice farmers in Kebbi State, North-West, Nigeria. Data were collected from a sample of 279 farmers selected using a multistage sampling procedure. The results of the data analysis revealed that the farmers used improved rice varieties, intercropping, recommended rates of fertilizers and other chemicals as climate change adaptation practices among others. Education, climate change awareness, and extension contact significantly influenced the use of climate change adaptation practices among the farmers. Other determinants of use of climate change adaptation practices among the farmers were years of cooperative membership, affordability, farming experience, weather information and farm size. It was concluded that use of climate change adaptation practices was determined by socioeconomic, institutional and technological characteristics. It is recommended among others that government policy should be geared towards encouraging the farmers especially the younger ones to acquire more formal education, larger farmlands and more climate change awareness.
Abstract	Rice productivity and sustainability are threatened by both biotic and abiotic stresses, the effects of which can be further aggravated by dramatic changes in global climate. The most viable option for rice farmers is to use climate change adaptation practices. This study therefore investigated the determinants of use of climate change adaptation practices among rice farmers in Kebbi State, North-West, Nigeria. Data were collected from a sample of 279 farmers selected using a multistage sampling procedure. The results of the data analysis revealed that the farmers used improved rice varieties, intercropping, recommended rates of fertilizers and other chemicals as climate change adaptation practices among others. Education, climate change awareness, and extension contact significantly influenced the use of climate change adaptation practices among the farmers. Other determinants of use of climate change adaptation practices among the farmers were years of cooperative membership, affordability, farming experience, weather information and farm size. It was concluded that use of climate change adaptation practices was determined by socioeconomic, institutional and technological characteristics. It is recommended among others that government policy should be geared towards encouraging the farmers especially the younger ones to acquire more formal education, larger farmlands and more climate change awareness.
Cytowanie	Oladele O., Yakubu D. (2021) Determinants of Use of Climate Change Adaptation Practices by Rice Farmers in Kebbi State, North-West Nigeria.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 21(36), z. 1: 52-69
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2021_T21(36)_n1_s52.pdf

Autor	Adenike Olayungbo
Tytuł	Land Use and Land Cover Change Detection Using Remote Geospatial Techniques: A Case Study of an Urban City in Southwestern, Nigeria
Title	Land Use and Land Cover Change Detection Using Remote Geospatial Techniques: A Case Study of an Urban City in Southwestern, Nigeria
Słowa kluczowe	land use, land cover, change detection, landsat images, supervised classification, Nigeria
Key words	land use, land cover, change detection, landsat images, supervised classification, Nigeria
Abstrakt	Many cities in developing countries are experiencing ecosystem modification and change. Today, about 10 million hectares of the world’s forest cover have been converted to other land uses. In Nigeria, there is an estimated increase of 8.75 million ha of cropland and decrease of about 1.71 million ha of forest cover between 1995 to 2020, indicating that Nigeria has been undergoing a wide range of land use and land cover changes. This paper analyses the changes in land use/cover in Ila Orangun, Southwestern, Nigeria from 1986 to 2018, with a view to providing adequate information on the pattern and trend of land use and land cover changes for proper monitoring and effective planning. The study utilized satellite images from Landsat 1986, 2002 and 2018. Remote sensing and Geographical Information System techniques as well as supervised image classification method were used to assess the magnitude of changes in the city over the study period. The results show that 26.36% of forest cover and 44.48% of waterbody were lost between the period of 1986 and 2018. There was a rapid increase in crop land by 365.7% and gradual increase in built-up areas by 103.85% at an annual rate of 3.25%. Forest was the only land cover type that recorded a constant reduction in areal extent. The study concluded that the changes in land use and land cover is a result of anthropogenic activities in the study area.
Abstract	Many cities in developing countries are experiencing ecosystem modification and change. Today, about 10 million hectares of the world’s forest cover have been converted to other land uses. In Nigeria, there is an estimated increase of 8.75 million ha of cropland and decrease of about 1.71 million ha of forest cover between 1995 to 2020, indicating that Nigeria has been undergoing a wide range of land use and land cover changes. This paper analyses the changes in land use/cover in Ila Orangun, Southwestern, Nigeria from 1986 to 2018, with a view to providing adequate information on the pattern and trend of land use and land cover changes for proper monitoring and effective planning. The study utilized satellite images from Landsat 1986, 2002 and 2018. Remote sensing and Geographical Information System techniques as well as supervised image classification method were used to assess the magnitude of changes in the city over the study period. The results show that 26.36% of forest cover and 44.48% of waterbody were lost between the period of 1986 and 2018. There was a rapid increase in crop land by 365.7% and gradual increase in built-up areas by 103.85% at an annual rate of 3.25%. Forest was the only land cover type that recorded a constant reduction in areal extent. The study concluded that the changes in land use and land cover is a result of anthropogenic activities in the study area.
Cytowanie	Olayungbo A. (2021) Land Use and Land Cover Change Detection Using Remote Geospatial Techniques: A Case Study of an Urban City in Southwestern, Nigeria.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 21(36), z. 2: 4-14
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2021_T21(36)_n2_s4.pdf

Autor	S.H. Pushpa Malkanthi, S.D. Dilini Rathnachandra
Tytuł	Female Farmers’ Agricultural Information Needs and Food Production: A Case Study of Imbulpe ds Division in Sri Lanka
Title	Female Farmers’ Agricultural Information Needs and Food Production: A Case Study of Imbulpe ds Division in Sri Lanka
Słowa kluczowe	agricultural information, Imbulpe, information needs, Sri Lanka, women farmers
Key words	agricultural information, Imbulpe, information needs, Sri Lanka, women farmers
Abstrakt	The study was conducted to find out female farmers’ agricultural information needs and their impact on food production, in the Imbulpe DS Division in Sri Lanka. Of the female farmers in the area, 238 were taken as the sample for the study from seven selected Grama Niladhari (GN) divisions in the area. Female farmers were selected by using a simple random sampling method from these purposively selected GN divisions. A pre-tested, interviewer-administered questionnaire survey was used as the primary data collection method from March to July 2019. Data analysis was done by using descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis. The result revealed that the majority (62.6%) of respondents were middle aged (40-59 years), married, and belonged to families with 4-5 members. Most respondents (64.3 %) had studied up to junior secondary education level. Their average farm land size is 0.84 acres and they have farming experience of about 15 years. Most of the respondents mentioned that they had obtained higher levels of information needs about improved crop varieties. In addition, female farmers reported that they moderately need information on application of agrochemicals, improved market systems and modern farming technologies. Extension agents and other female farmers act as their major sources of agricultural information and ICT equipment acts as the least important agricultural information source in this area. Moreover, there is a significant positive association between the agricultural information needs and food production. Therefore, providing necessary agricultural information and enhanced utilization of ICT tools for agricultural information sources, and encouraging female farmers to participate in farming societies will lead to enhanced food production in this area.
Abstract	The study was conducted to find out female farmers’ agricultural information needs and their impact on food production, in the Imbulpe DS Division in Sri Lanka. Of the female farmers in the area, 238 were taken as the sample for the study from seven selected Grama Niladhari (GN) divisions in the area. Female farmers were selected by using a simple random sampling method from these purposively selected GN divisions. A pre-tested, interviewer-administered questionnaire survey was used as the primary data collection method from March to July 2019. Data analysis was done by using descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis. The result revealed that the majority (62.6%) of respondents were middle aged (40-59 years), married, and belonged to families with 4-5 members. Most respondents (64.3 %) had studied up to junior secondary education level. Their average farm land size is 0.84 acres and they have farming experience of about 15 years. Most of the respondents mentioned that they had obtained higher levels of information needs about improved crop varieties. In addition, female farmers reported that they moderately need information on application of agrochemicals, improved market systems and modern farming technologies. Extension agents and other female farmers act as their major sources of agricultural information and ICT equipment acts as the least important agricultural information source in this area. Moreover, there is a significant positive association between the agricultural information needs and food production. Therefore, providing necessary agricultural information and enhanced utilization of ICT tools for agricultural information sources, and encouraging female farmers to participate in farming societies will lead to enhanced food production in this area.
Cytowanie	Malkanthi S., Rathnachandra S. (2021) Female Farmers’ Agricultural Information Needs and Food Production: A Case Study of Imbulpe ds Division in Sri Lanka.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 21(36), z. 2: 22-32
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2021_T21(36)_n2_s22.pdf

Autor	Amurtiya Michael, Shuaibu Mshelia, Justice Onu, Samuel Upev
Tytuł	Poverty and its Alleviating Strategies among Rural Farming Households in Benue State, Nigeria
Title	Poverty and its Alleviating Strategies among Rural Farming Households in Benue State, Nigeria
Słowa kluczowe	poverty, alleviating strategies, rural, farming household, Nigeria
Key words	poverty, alleviating strategies, rural, farming household, Nigeria
Abstrakt	The study analysed rural farming households’ poverty status and alleviating strategies in Benue State, Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study were to: describes the rural household heads’ socio-economic characteristics; determine the poverty status of the respondents and its determinants; and identify poverty alleviating strategies of the respondents. Data for the study was collected from 420 respondents selected using a multi-stage sampling technique. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty measurement index, and the Binary Logistic regression model. The findings of the study revealed a very high incidence of poverty (70%), having a gap of 0.34, and severity of 0.17. Poverty in the area is positively associated with the age of the household head and household size, while gender, educational level, off-farm activity, membership of a group, farm size, and land ownership are negatively associated with poverty. The common poverty alleviation strategies identified were agricultural wage labour (48.6%), rental services (45.0%), and transportation business (36.7%). Therefore, it was recommended that the government and other stakeholders should initiate sustainable social protection schemes that can assist rural residents in alleviating poverty until their condition improves.
Abstract	The study analysed rural farming households’ poverty status and alleviating strategies in Benue State, Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study were to: describes the rural household heads’ socio-economic characteristics; determine the poverty status of the respondents and its determinants; and identify poverty alleviating strategies of the respondents. Data for the study was collected from 420 respondents selected using a multi-stage sampling technique. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty measurement index, and the Binary Logistic regression model. The findings of the study revealed a very high incidence of poverty (70%), having a gap of 0.34, and severity of 0.17. Poverty in the area is positively associated with the age of the household head and household size, while gender, educational level, off-farm activity, membership of a group, farm size, and land ownership are negatively associated with poverty. The common poverty alleviation strategies identified were agricultural wage labour (48.6%), rental services (45.0%), and transportation business (36.7%). Therefore, it was recommended that the government and other stakeholders should initiate sustainable social protection schemes that can assist rural residents in alleviating poverty until their condition improves.
Cytowanie	Michael A., Mshelia S., Onu J., Upev S. (2021) Poverty and its Alleviating Strategies among Rural Farming Households in Benue State, Nigeria.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 21(36), z. 2: 33-44
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2021_T21(36)_n2_s33.pdf

Autor	Bozhidar Ivanov, Vassil Stoychev
Tytuł	COMPARISON OF COMPETITIVENESS BETWEEN BULGARIA, EU, USA, AND NEW ZEALAND DAIRY SECTORS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	dairy, index of competitiveness
Key words
Abstrakt	Defining the state of competitiveness for a particular agricultural sector is of great importance. By retaining a competitive market position sustainable economic development of the specific agricultural production is supported. Continuation of its multiple economic functions like providing raw materials for the processing industry, securing rural employment, and utilization of scarce agricultural resources is the focus of competi_x0002_tiveness goals. In the economic theory, there is no unified definition for competitiveness, while there are a va_x0002_riety of approaches to measure it, which is reflected in different applied theoretical frameworks. The research aims to compare the competitiveness of the Bulgarian dairy sector versus the EU, the USA, and New Zealand dairy sectors on the world market for the period after the accession of Bulgaria in the EU. Therefore, a con_x0002_ceptual framework has been chosen developed by Canada’s Task Force for Competitiveness. The framework is based on the ability to gain and sustainably maintain market share. For the chosen period the results show a trend of decline in the competitiveness of the Bulgarian dairy sector and improvement in the competitive_x0002_ness of the EU dairy sector. For the EU comparison, indexes of competitiveness have been calculated for the USA and New Zealand. The USA’s index slightly decreased at the end of the explored period reflecting the increased competition on the world markets while New Zealand’s high index values reveal its position as a leading dairy products exporter.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Ivanov B., Stoychev V.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2021_n5_s70.pdf

Autor	Radovan Savov, Xénia Szarková
Tytuł	THE CONTRIBUTION OF BREWERIES TO THE V4 ECONOMY
Title
Słowa kluczowe	excise duties, direct employment, V4, the brewing industry
Key words
Abstrakt	The consumption of beer can be considered a cultural element of many European countries. Therefore, it rep_x0002_resents a great contribution to Central European economies mainly in terms of employment, value-added or taxes and duties. Since beer has a plentiful history and permanent popularity, the most powerful global multi_x0002_nationals gradually took over the global market over the last few decades. Therefore, globalization highly af_x0002_fected the structure of the brewing industry that caused the homogenization of products. The aforementioned and also other factors have led to the increase in the establishment of local craft breweries which produce the beloved beverage characterised by traditional recipe and uniqueness. Hence, in this article, we are focus_x0002_ing on the selected macroeconomic indicators like employment or excise duties generated by breweries in Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. Since there is no separate economic data available on industrial and craft beer yet, we focused on the economic impacts of the brewing industry in general, during the period 2010–2019. In the first part of the results, we provide the rate of excise duty on beer as opposed to other alcoholic beverages and in the second part, we focus on direct employment in the industry. The last part focuses on the relation between these two variables by using regression analysis.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Savov R., Szarková X.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2021_n5_s76.pdf